Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi
Fisheries College was started at Thoothukudi by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in October, 1977 as the second fisheries college in India. It was brought under the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) on 19th September, 1989. The college was renamed as Fisheries College and Research Institute (FC & RI) in 1990 to focus more on research and extension activities. The FC&RI has four campuses: the Main Campus, the Shore Laboratory Campus and the campus that houses staff quarters and Mariculture Research Farm Facility located at Tharuvaikulam, a coastal village 17 km away from the main campus, for undertaking Mariculture / Coastal Aquaculture activities. Fisheries College and Research Institute is adequately staffed with a sanctioned strength of 43 teaching positions and 90 non-teaching positions. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi has been accredited by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Govt. of India, New Delhi for a period of 5 years from 2016-17 to 2020-21.
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ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION BEHAVIOR OF VANNAMEI FARMING AMONG THE FARMERS OF NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, 2017) K. ARUNPRASATH, B.F.Sc.; Dr. K. VEERABHADRAN; Dr. R. SANTHAKUMAR; Dr. P. PADMAVATHYFisheries in India is a very important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials, which provides valuable foreign exchange and employment to the millions of people. Aquaculture is recognized as the best alternative to meet the world’s protein demand. Brackishwater aquaculture in India is concentrated around the culture of exotic, white leg shrimp, penaeus vannamei, however, has attracted the farmers’ attention because of its fast growth, low incidence of native diseases, availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) domesticated strains and culture feasibility in wide salinity range. Constant growth of aquaculture production in recent years would contribute to reducing the fishing pressure on natural fish stock. Due to disease and poor farm management by the farmers resulted low production at farmer’s door. So, knowledge about new farming techniques and better management practices (BMPs) is a prerequisite for precaution of outbreak of disease and to get better yield.Currently P.vannamei culture is facing different issues and challenges to achieve sustainability related to iseases out breaks, lack of availability of quality seeds, high feed costs, unauthorized farming, international price fluctuation, less demand in the domestic market. If the farmers implement better managementpractices and biosecurity in Vannamei culture supported by the government policies, the sustainability can achieved. Keeping in this view with the broad objectives, this study was conducted in five taluks of Nagapattinam district. The total of 150 shrimp farmers were selected proportionally to the number of shrimp farmers of each taluk. Data were collected by personal interview with the help of well-structured and pretested interview schedule. The data were analyzed by using the computer package i.e. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). The salient findings of the study are as follows: The half of the respondent (50.00 per cent) were middle aged. 80.67 per cent of shrimp farmers had undergone formal education ranging from primary to collegiate level and majority (86.67 per cent) of the respondents had shrimp farming as their main occupation and more than two-fifth (42.67 per cent) of the respondents had undergone farming experience range from upto 6 – 10 years. More than one-third (42.67 per cent) of the respondents were found to be medium farmers. The majority (20.67 per cent) of the respondents had the annual income ranging from Rs. 20,00,001 – Rs. 30,00,000 and 36.67 per cent of the respondents had the annual expenditure ranging from Rs. 10,00,001 – Rs. 15,00,000. The farming implements utilization is good among the shrimp farmers in Nagapattinam, because 89.33 per cent of respondents had medium level of shrimp farm implements. The extension agency contact (62.00 per cent), economic motivation (52.00 per cent), credit orientation (62.67 per cent), social participation (78.00 per cent), scientific orientation (70.67 per cent), risk orientation (72.66 per cent), mass media exposure (77.33 per cent), information seeking behaviour (68.67 per cent), innovativeness (65.33 per cent), decision making behaviour (80.00 per cent) and knowledge level (58.00 per cent) where reported at medium level. Better results were observed in respect of adoption of individual practices. Most of the respondents were found to have fully adopted three practices viz., water quality management (100.00 per cent), feed management (100.00 per cent), and shrimp health management (100.00 per cent). In the case of few practices viz., waste water management (53.33 per cent), Biosecurity measures (48.00 per cent) and farm hygiene management (27.33 per cent), a majority of the respondent reported as partial adoption. Further, it has been found that a few of the respondent have not adopted some of the practices viz., biosecurity measures (16.67 per cent), seed selection and stocking (16.00 per cent), farm hygiene management (14.67 per cent), waste water management (12.00 per cent). The majority (79.33 per cent) of the shrimp farmers felt poor quality seeds as reason for failure crop in shrimp culture as a main constraints in adoption of Vannamei farming followed by high tariff for electricity (75.33 per cent), high cost of chemicals and fertilizers (68.00 per cent), high feed cost (65.33 per cent), price fluctuations (64.67 per cent), prevalence of disease outbreak (60.00 per cent), running mortality (51.3 per cent), lack of cold storage facilities (46.00 per cent), short supply of water (43.33 per cent), high labour cost for harvesting (26.00 per cent), low net returns (25.33 per cent), lack of scientific knowledge (20.67 per cent) and non-availability of skilled labor (12.66 per cent). Out of the 19 independent variables, only 15 of the independent variables had positive relationship with dependent variable and remaining 4 variables exhibited negative relationship. Among 15 variables that exhibited positive relationship to the adoption, five independent variables viz., farming experience, farm implements, social participation, extension agency contact, mass media exposure and innovativeness had significant relationship at one per cent level. While economic motivation, risk orientation, credit orientation and knowledge had significant relation with adoption at 5 per cent levels. Six independent variables viz., shrimp farm size, annual income, annual expenditure, decision making behavior, scientific orientation, information seeking behavior had non-significant relationship with the dependent variable. Among 4 variables that exhibited negative relationship to extent of adoption that two dependent variables viz., occupational status and credit orientation had non-significant relationship with the dependent variable. Independent variables namely age had significant at 1 per cent level while educational status had significant at 5 per cent levels. Lack of good quality seed, high cost of chemicals and drugs, high cost of feed, price fluctuations, prevalence of disease outbreak, high electricity tariff, non -availability of skilled labor and lack of scientific knowledge were the important constrains for the non-adoption of different practices of vannamei farming. Shrimp farmers suggested that adequate credit facilitates, insurance coverage, extension of training period, adequate subsidy facilities, extension education effort and technical guidance would increase the adoption level of vannamei farming. The study was carried out to identify constrains for adopting the better management practices of vannamei farming and to draw suitable strategy to overcome or remove the barriers. This findings can be used to increase the adoption level of different better management practices of vannamei farming.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF HYGIENIC FISH HANDLING PRACTICES BY FISHERMEN(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, 2009) YUMLEMBAM JACKIE SINGH, B.F.Sc.; Dr. R. SANTHAKUMAR; Dr. N.V. SUJATHKUMAR; Dr. K. RATHNAKUMARHygienic fish handling practices onboard holds a lot of importance since people are mostly concerned about the HACCP in fish processing plants and industries and they are not concerned on hygienic fish handling practices onboard. Proper handling of fish onboard is very essential to keep the fish fresh and safe for human consumption for a longer period of time. Moreover, certain amount of the fish catch is spoiled due to improper handling practices and as such the total fish catch is not fully utilized in terms of both food and resource value. Adopting proper handling practices will serve as an efficient measure to check these problems and eventually will help in enhancing the quality and quantity of fish exported. The present study was carried out to find out adoption of hygienic fish handling practices by fishermen in Thoothukudi district. The villages viz. Tharuvaikulam, Thoothukudi South and Thoothukudi North were selected based on majority of the fishermen involved in fishing activities. One hundred and twenty fishermen were selected randomly from the selected villages and the data were collected through interview schedule and analysed with statistical tools. Most of the respondents were middle age group (47.50%), educated up to middle level (40.83%) and married (96.67%). Majority of the farmers (88.33%) had nuclear family and family size upto 5 members. A total of 61.67 per cent of the fishermen had fishing as primary occupation. Most of the fishermen (58.33%) had medium annual income. Majority of the respondents (84.16 %) listened to radio programmes. Most of the respondents (49.17 %) had medium level of economic motivation and 57.50 per cent of the respondents occasionally participated with fishermen co-operative societies. Majority of the respondents (51.67%) had medium level of mass media exposure and 64.17 per cent of the respondents had above 16 years experience in fishing. Most of the fishermen occasionally had contact with Fisheries Co-operative Society (57.50%), Universities/Colleges (43.33%), Department of Fisheries (25.83%) and NGOs (15.83%). Most of the respondents (65.83%) had medium level of scientific orientation and 68.33 per cent of the respondents had undergone training on hygienic fish handling practice. Majority of the respondents (72.50%) had high level of innovativeness and 55.83 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge. Most of the respondents (54.42%) did not adopt the hygienic fish handling practices while 45.58 per cent of them adopted the practices.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF ORNAMENTAL FISH CULTURE TECHNOLOGY AMONG FISH FARMERS(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, 2008) K. SATHISHKUMAR, B.F.Sc.; Dr. R. SANTHAKUMAR; Dr. N.V. SUJATHKUMAR; Dr. J.D. JAMESONOrnamental fish farming is one of the important technology which play an important role in the economic development of the nation. The hobby of keeping ornamental fishes can be sealed up as source of self-employment by taking various types of ancillary activities. Likewise, it can also be used as a source of income generation especially for trained unemployed youths by maintaining aquarium at hotels, airports, parks and similar public places. Compared to other organisms of aquaculture, value of the ornamental fishes are unique by their excellence in beauty and delightful movements. The present study was carried out to find out adoption of ornamental fish culture technology among fish farmers in Madurai and Dindigul districts. The blocks namely, Tirumangalam, Madurai East and Chellampatti from Madurai district and Nilakottai, Dindigul and Attur from Dindigul district were selected based on majority of the farmers involved in ornamental fish farming and ornamental fish marketing. One hundred and twenty farmers were selected randomly from the selected villages and the data were collected through interview schedule and analysed with statistical tools. Most of the respondents were middle age group (52.50%), educated up to middle level (43.34%) and married (78.33%). Majority of the farmers (84.17%) had nuclear family and family size upto 5 members. A total of 56.66 per cent of the farmers had ornamental fish farming as primary occupation. Most of the farmers (52.50%) had upto 5 years of farming experience. Majority of the farmers (87.50%) had own land and had medium level of income (54.16%). Most of the members (62.22%) could read newspaper, listen to radio and view TV regularly. Majority of the farmers (70.84%) had medium level of material possession. Most of the farmers (42.50%) farmers had monthly contact with Marine Products Export Development Authority and occasionally contact with MPEDA, fishermen co-operative society, Panchayat Union and Self Help Groups (36.67%). Around one-third farmers (37.50%) occasionally contacted extension agency. Half of the respondents had (50.83%) undergone training on ornamental fish culture. Most of the respondents (54.16%) had medium level of scientific orientation, medium level of risk orientation (55.83%) and mass media exposure (49.17%). Vast majority of respondents (85.83%) marketed fishes in local market. More than half of the respondents (52.50%) possessed medium level of knowledge. Most of the respondents (78.92%) adopted the ornamental fish culture practices while 21.08 per cent of them did not adopt.ThesisItem Open Access Agrowaste based biochar in the bioremediation of shrimp farm effluent(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Ms. A. Aswini B.F.Sc.; Dr. P. Padmavathy; Dr. V. Rani; Dr. R. ShaliniShrimp farm effluent possess huge amount of organic matter and other pollutants which should be treated before discharging them into the environment. The present study was carried out to assess the efficiency of agrowaste in the treatment of shrimp farm effluent. Agrowastes such as orange peel, pomegranate peel, coconut husk and rice husk were collected from the local markets of Thoothukudi. The pyrolysis of the agrowastes were carried out at 300oC to transform them into biochar. To compare the efficiency of biochar using different combinations of agrowaste, six possible combinations such as orange peel and pomegranate peel (O+P), pomegranate peel and coconut husk (P+C), orange peel and coconut husk (O+C), rice husk and orange peel (R+O), rice husk and coconut husk (R+C), pomegranate peel and rice husk (P+R) were chosen. Wastewater samples were collected from brackish water shrimp farms in Thoothukudi. The initial physicochemical parameters in the effluent were analysed and the treatment process were carried out as batch adsorption experiment in laboratory. The wastewater samples (100 ml) were taken in conical flask and treated with 3 different dosage levels viz., 0.05g, 0.25g and 1.25g using an orbital shaker (250 rpm) under 3 different contact times (30, 60 and 90 minutes). The concentration of water quality parameters were compared before and after treatment. During treatment, the concentration of parameters were significantly (P95% after treatment with specific and combination biochars. Comparatively maximum BOD and COD removal efficiency was recorded in O+P treated effluent as 99.62 ± 0.77% and 97.4 ± 1.33% respectively. In comparison with four specific and six combination biochars, maximum ammonia removal efficiency was recorded as 50.87 ± 1.24% after treatment with coconut husk biochar. Nutrients such as nitrite and nitrate removal efficiency were found to be higher in combination biochars such as O+C (45.11 ± 1.64 %) and P+C (27.60 ± 1.45%) respectively. Other parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Solids (TS) removal efficiency were found to be maximum in O+C (38.18 ± 1.26%), O+P (62.45 ± 2.15%) and O+C (32.78 ± 1.25%) combinations respectively. The presence of functional groups, surface morphology and elemental composition of the biochar, before and after wastewater treatment were identified by FTIR, FESEM and EDS analysis. This helped to characterize the biochars used in the present work. With the findings it is evident that the best dosage and contact time for the treatment of shrimp farm effluent with the biochars were found to be 1.25g and 90 minutes respectively. In this study, the high concentrations of ammonia, BOD and COD observed in raw shrimp wastewater were reduced by biochar treatment to the standard level for effluent discharge as prescribed by Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) of India. Thus, biochar obtained from agrowastes when used as an adsorbent either specifically or as combinations serves as a potential bio remediators in the treatment of shrimp farm effluent. Besides that, pyrolysis technique is found to be promising, efficient, cost-effective and eco-friendly effluent treatment method.ReprintItem Open Access Analysis of Design Features of Fish Trawls and Shrimp Trawls of Thoothukkudi Coast(ANALYSIS OF TRAWL DESIgN, 2003) Neethiselvan, N; Brucelee, GThe investigation deals with the comparison of body ProPortions of fish trawls and coastal shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast with each other and with those of a standard FAO fish cum shrimp trawl. Significant variations could be noticed between fish trawls and coastal shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast with respect to Parameters viz. length of bottom wing, breadth of top bosum, breadth of bottom bosum, breadth and length of second belly as evidenced from low percentages of overlapping (<25%). The deviations observed in certain morphometric measurements of fish and coastal shrimP trawls from that of standard FAO fish cum shrimp trawl design stressed the need for improving the design features of the existing trawls of Thoothukkudi coast. The study suggested to increase the length of bottom wing and to reduce the belly breadth, belly depth, breadth of top and bottom bosum in fish trawls. Irrespective of the q?e, all trawls invariably had the cod end mesh size of 20mm. The study recommends fitting of square mesh panel of 30-mm mesh size in the cod end of fish and shrimp trawls of Thoothukkudi coast to exclude juvenile fishesThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF DESIGN, OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE OF GILLNETS OF THARUVAIKULAM FISHING VILLAGE, SOUTHEAST COAST OF TAMIL NADU(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2016-09-08) HARSHA, K; Dr. Sundaramoorthy, B; Dr. Neethiselvan, N; Dr. Athithan, SThe present study was carried out for a period of one year from July 2015 to June 2016 to analyse and document the design, operation and performance of gillnets of Tharuvaikulam, a coastal fishing village of Tamil Nadu. Seven types of gillnets are being operated from Tharuvaikulam, of which, four are drift net types and three bottom set gillnets. Based on the vessel type and number of days per fishing trip, the fishing in Tharuvaikulam was categorized into three types namely, motorized single day, motorized multiday and mechanized multiday. The distance of fishing ground, depth of operation, type of fishing gear etc. vary for each category of fishing vessels. The CPUE was calculated for each category and found to be maximum for mechanized multiday fishing (319.58 kg/day) during the month of June and the minimum (44 kg/day) for motorized single day fishing boats during the month of February. Significant difference was noticed in CPUE values of motorized multiday vs motorized single day and mechanized multiday vs motorized single day fishing categories. The catch composition, size and weight ranges of fishes caught from different types of gillnet were documented for Tharuvaikulam coast. The large mesh gillnet locally called ‘Paru valai’ was recorded with 14 species including two tuna species namely, Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis that shared around 63 % in the catch. The catch composition of full beak net had 13 species, of which the targeted full beak species constituted 51.71% of the total catch. The other drift gillnets namely, half beak net and flying fish net operated along Tharuvaikulam coast was recorded with only four and three species in the catch respectively. Bottom set gillnets showed high species diversity in the catch but poor ability in targeting the commercial species. Per day fuel usage for different fishing category of Tharuvaikulam was estimated as 53.3 l, 50 l and 15 l for mechanized multiday, motorized multiday and motorized single day sectors respectively. The carbon emission intensity was calculated high (0.708 kg of CO2/ kg fish) for single day and low (0.104 kg of CO2/kg fish) for mechanized multiday fishing. In addition, the gear loss intensity, bycatch, discards, disturbance pattern of scheduled species and catch quality were studied to estimate the ecosystem effects of fishing by different types of gillnets of Tharuvaikulam. The drift gillnets scored as good, whereas, the bottom set nets were rated as average because of its low target species performance to catch. The present study concludes that the drift net fishing of Tharuvaikulam is well within the guidelines laid out for Responsible Fishing by the FAO, and could be promoted as a model for adoption.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF FISHING PRESSURE BY DEMERSAL TRAWLING ON CERTAIN COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FINFISHES ALONG KANYAKUMARI COAST(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, 2015) K. SATISH KUMAR, B.F.Sc.,; Dr. N. NEETHISELVAN; Dr.B.SUNDARAMOORTHY; Mr.N.JAYAKUMARA study was undertaken to analyze the fishing pressure on ten commercially important finfishes along Kanyakumari coast owing to the operation of demersal trawl nets. The study was under taken for one year from June 2010 to April 2011. The length frequency and catch effort data were collected for ten commercially important finfish species viz. Scomberomorus commerson, Aluterus monoceros, phyraena jello, Saurida tumbil, Nemipterus japonicus, Parupeneus indicus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Scolopsis bimaculatus, Lethrinus lentjan, and Stolephorus indicus. Apart from them, 65 finfishes were reported to form notable fishery in the trawl nets of Chinnamuttom fishing harbour. Fishing pressure was analyzed using the computer software FiSAT II on the selected ten commercially important finfish species. Length at first maturity was worked out for all the ten species taken for study. The study revealed that a complete change in the trawl fleet structure and trawl net designs have been taken place over the past eight years. Further scope for increasing fishing effort to capture Nemipterus japonicus and Aulterus monoceros was evidenced from the very low exploitation ratios of 0.072 and 0.086 respectively. Sphyraena jello was found to suffer both due to growth and recruitment over fishing. The study revealed the existence of recruitment over fishing for five species viz. Saurida tumbil, Nemipterus japonicus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Scolopsis bimaculatus and Stolephorus indicus due to the operation of trawl nets along Kanyakumari coast. The study suggested for revising the closed season from 1st April to 31st May to reduce the risk of recruitment over fishing on many commercially important finfishes due to trawling along Kanyakumari coast.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF GILL NET SELECTIVITY ON THE CARANGID FISHERY OF THOOTHUKUDI COAST(Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2006) MANOJ KUMAR; Dr. NEETHISELVAN, N; Dr. GOPALAKRISHNAN, P; Dr. RATHNAKUMAR, KA study on the selectivity of big-meshed gill net with three different mesh sizes (90, 110 and 140 mm) on the fishery of four commercially important species of carangids viz. Caranx ignobilis, C. sexfasciatus C. heberi and Alectis indicus revealed a clearcut selectivity and enmeshing pattern. The peak fishing season of carangids in the big-meshed gill nets of Thoothukudi coast was found to be from June to September. Among the gill nets of three different mesh sizes analysed, the net 'A' with the mesh size 9cm may be discouraged as it captured mainly immature and maturing animals of all the four species of carangids studied. The enmeshing factor derived during this investigation clearly indicated the influence of snagging and wedging on the mean selection length of different species caught in gill nets of different mesh sizes. Capturing of A. indicus by the big-meshed gill nets in Thoothukudi coast may be discouraged since either juveniles or maturing groups of this species are found to form the fishery irrespective of mesh size used. The optimum length capture of C. ignobilis, C. sexfasciatus. C. heberi and A. indicus was 55.0, 57.5, 62.5 and 45.0cm respectively. The optimum mesh size for the commercial exploitation of C. ignobilis, C. Sexfasciatus, C. heberi and A. indicus was 10.5, 11.8, 12.5 and 10.5cm respectively. When the mesh size was increased, a clearcut shift in the enmeshing pattern from snagging to wedging could be observed. The technical status of the big meshed gill nets of Thoothukudi coast can be further improved by replacing the stone sinkers with lead sinkers of 20 gm each and evenly distributing them in foot rope.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF ENGINE POWER INCREMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT SIZE CLASS TRAWLERS OF THOOTHUKUDI(2016) AMALA SHAJEEVA, J; Dr. Neethiselvan, NA study was carried out to analyze the impact of increased engine power on the performance of different size class trawlers of Thoothukudi .The study revealed three different size class trawlers with the OAL of 40- 50’, 50- 60’ and above 60’.About 50 % of the trawlers were found to be with the OAL exceeding 60 feet powered with the engines ranging from 400 to 600 hp. Seven trawl designs were reported and were analyzed for nine parameters namely (i) relation between engine power and head rope length, ii)drag resistance based on twine surface area,(iii)optimum towing power based on speed length ratio and displacement, (iv)optimum operational speed, (v) fuel consumption during free running, (vi) fuel consumption during trawling, (vii)total and excess carbon emission,(vii) net profit and (ix)Benefit cost ratio of trawling. Five parameters namely (i) total length,(ii) length at water line,(iii) breadth at water line ,(iv) depth and (v) draft were measured for three different size class trawlers. Trawls operated from vessels with the OAL ranging from 60 to 65 feet were found to have 2 times excess breadth of webbing along overhang. The increased breadth was found to be responsible for the increased drag in all the seven designs studied. The study stressed the need for reducing the drag resistance through the introduction of effective designs without complicated take up ratios at belly .The engine power was found to be high tohave higher free running speed which was found to be mainly responsible for the increased fuel consumption particularly for higher size class vessels. It was found that vessels with the OAL exceeding 60 feet are mere suited for multiday fishing thus paving way for reducing fuel consumption per trip through reduced voyage time and operating the vessel at optimum free running speed of 8.4 knots instead of 11.5knots. Fuel consumption during towing alone account for 40.5 to 48.3 % of the total fuel consumption. Reducing the drag resistance through the introduction of fuel efficient trawl design besides optimizing the trawling could result in a daily saving of about 130 and 140 liters of fuel by trawlers with the OAL of 50 – 60’ and above 60’ respectively. The analysis on the CO2 emission indicated that about 5,78,600 kg of CO2is released daily due to the operation of trawlers in Thoothukudi during peak fishing season, out of which about 75.2 % was contributed by the trawlers with the OAL exceeding 60 feet.This can be reduced by about 40 % through efficient trawl design and allowing higher class vessels with the OAL exceeding 60’ for multiday fishing. The BCR indicated reduced profitability of trawling which may be attributed to economic over fishing.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF LONG LINE SELECTIVITY ON THE LETHRINID FISHERY OF THOOTHUKKUDI COAST(Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2003) Durai, V; Dr. Gopalakrishnan, P; Dr. Neethiselvan, N; Dr. Venkataramani, V.KA study on the selectivity and fishing pressure by six different hook sizes revealed the existence of notable selectivity by different hook sizes on six species of Lethrinus such as Lethrinus lentjan, L. mahsena, L. ramak, L. elongatus, L. conchyliatus and L. nebulosus. The peak fishing season of Lethrinus spp. in the long lines of Thoothukkudi coast was found to be from January to May. Fishermen of Thoothukkudi coast were found to use imported Mustad hooks of six different hook numbers. The use of correct type of baits such as lesser sardines and squid mantles following correct method of attachment were observed. The study revealed the dominance of L. lentjan in the fishery in the place of L. nebulosus reported by earlier workers during the period from 1985 to 1989 owing the use of multiple size hooks presently instead of hook No. 7 alone. Considering the hooking rate and length at first maturity, the optimum hook size for the commercial exploitation of L. lentjan, L. mahsena, L. ramak, L. elongatus, L. conchyliatus and L. nebulosus were found to be 11, 9, 10, 8, 8, and 7 respectively. The use of hook No. 12 may be discouraged in Thoothukkudi coast as it captured juveniles of all the six species studied. The study suggested to improve the design of the long line units of Thoothukkudi coast incorporating basic components such as sekiyama, swivel and snood wire in the branch lines.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF TRAWL DESIGNS OF KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT OF TAMILNADU(Fisheries College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2003) BRUCELEE, G; Dr. NEETHISELVAN, N; Dr. Sundaramoorthy, BA survey was undertaken to study the body proportions of trawls operated for fish and shrimp from 40 to 48’ and 50 to 60’ trawlers of Kanyakumari district. The survey covered 17 parameters under each category of trawls. The body proportions of trawls surveyed were expressed as percentage of head rope length and used for comparison. The trawls were compared based on the percentage overlapping of body proportions. To estimate the catch per unit effort (CPUE) for different size class of trawls, catch effort analysis was made. The study revealed the need for gross modifications in fish trawls designs of both 40 – 48’ vessels and 50 – 60’ vessels, while the shrimp trawl designs of 40 – 48’ vessels of Kanyakumari district showed resemblance in most of the body proportions of FAO recommended trawl designs of Pajot (1987). Regarding shrimp trawls of 50 – 60’ vessels, attachment of jib, lengthening of belly besides marginally reducing the width of the belly were found to be the major modifications to be made to match the design of FAO recommended shrimp trawl of Akrehamn (1978). The study also revealed the general awareness of fishermen of Kanyakumari district on the cutting rate to be followed in the top and bottom wings of two seam demersal fish and shrimp trawls. The analysis of catch and effort revealed the maximum CPUE of 2.45 tonnes for fish trawls operated from 50 – 60’ size class vessels.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF TUNA FISHERY ALONG THOOTHUKUDI COAST OF TAMIL NADU(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2017) RAMESH KUMAR; SUNDARAMOORTHY, B; NEETHISELVAN, N; ATHITHAN, SThe present study was carried out from June 2016 to May 2017 to analyse of tuna fishery along Thoothukudi coast of Tamil Nadu. The data on tuna fishery were collected from Tharuvaikulam, Therespuram, Thoothukudi Fishing Harbour and Kombudurai fish landing centers of Thoothukudi coast. Fishing crafts such as mechanized and motorized gillnetters (13.41 to 18.28 m OAL), trawlers (12.19 to 27.43 m OAL) and FRP boats (8.22 to 10.05 m OAL) and fish gears namely drift gillnets (mesh size 120 to145 mm), longlines (hook size 5 to 7), handline (hook size 4 to 7) and trawl nets (codend mesh size 20 mm) were found employed in exploitation of tuna fishery resources of Thoothukudi coast. Of the four types of fishing gears employed in exploitation of tuna fishes along Thoothukudi coast, only drift gillnets were found operating by targeting tuna. There were 43 tuna fishing grounds reported from the distance of 9 to 110 Nm from shoreline along Thoothukudi coast. The fishing crafts were operated for both single day and multiday at a depth ranging from 20 to 500 m. Tuna fishery of Thoothukudi was supported by six species including four coastal tuna (Euthynnus affinis, Auxis thazard, Auxis rochei and Sarda orientalis) and two oceanic tuna (Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis). Out of six, four species of tuna viz. Thunnus albacares, Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis and Auxis thazard were reported throughout the year, whereas two species Auxis rochei and Sarda orientalis landed seasonally. Tuna fishing was recorded throughout the year along Thoothukudi coast with peak during June to September. Of the six tuna species reported along Thoothukudi coast, two oceanic species namely T. albacares (56.25 %) and K. pelamis (19.46 %) were found to contribute to as much as 75.71 % in the total tuna catch. The coastal tunas such as E. affinis (16.85 %), A. thazard (6.03 %), A. rochei (1.09 %) and S. orientalis (0.33 %) together contributed 24.29 % to the total tuna catch. Maximum tuna catch was contributed by large meshed drift gillnets with 98.75% of total tuna catch followed by longlines, trawl nets and handlines with 0.75%, 0.42% and 0.08% respectively. Fish landing center-wise analysis of tuna catch shows that Tharuvaikulam, Therespuram, Thoothukudi Fishing Harbour and Kombudurai contributed 75.03%, 24.18%, 0.42% and 0.37% of the total catch respectively. The maximum CPUE was recorded for drift gillnet multiday fishing (454.22 Kg/day) during July 2016 and minimum (0.35 Kg/day) for trawl net single day fishing during November 2016. Maximum CPUE was observed for yellowfin tuna (267.24Kg/day) during July 2016 and minimum for little tuna (4.97 Kg/day) during April 2017 in large meshed drift gillnet. Length frequency distribution, growth parameters, mortality parameters and fishing pressure were studied for the four species of tuna by using FiSAT II software package. In the present study, the exploitation ratio (E) was obtained as 0.59, 0.55, 0.57 and 0.65 for the species T. albacares, K. Pelamis, E. affinis and A. thazard respectively. In the case of T. albacares the fishing pressure was observed the maximum on the length group of 65 cm, before its first maturity. Hence, the existing mesh size of large meshed drift gillnets needs to be increased to make the young T. albacares escape and allow to breed. Three tuna species namely K. pelamis, E. affinis and A. thazard showed a similar pattern of fishing pressure on the length group that is well above the length at their first maturity. In addition to the gillnets, the fishermen of Thoothukudi may be encouraged to go for deepsea long lining.ThesisItem Open Access An analysis on the utilization pattern of reservoir cage farming in Khammam district of Telangana state(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Mr. Shetty Shiva Shanker; Dr. K. Veerabhadran; Dr. T. Umamaheswari; Dr. P. Padmavathy; Dr. Vidhyasagar ReddyNow a day’s reservoir cage farming is one of the effective methods of utilizing natural resources for enhancing better production in a limited time. Against this background, the present study was carried out to document the socio-economic profile, technology adoption practices and constraints faced by the reservoir cage farmers of Khammam district of Telangana state. In Khammam district, three reservoirs viz., Palair, Wyra and Lankasagar were purposively selected due to the predominance of cage farming in the selected reservoirs. A total of 120 progressive cage farmers were selected randomly and the first-hand information were collected through pre-structured interview schedule and the collected data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tools. Totally, 15 independent variables were selected keeping the objectives in view. The results revealed that most of the cage farmers belonged to old (39.17%) and young (30.83%) age group and about 42.50 per cent of the respondents were illiterate. About 45.00 per cent of the respondents had fisheries as their primary occupation and 85.84 per cent of them were married. It was observed that about 51.67 per cent of the farmers had an annual income of ₹ < 3.0 lakhs and 54.16 per cent of them had 2-4 years of experience in cage farming. It is noteworthy to mention that medium level of information seeking behavior, social participation, mass media exposure, risk orientation, contact with extension agencies and scientific orientation were observed among 70.84 per cent, 65.84 per cent, 75.84 per cent, 58.34 per cent, 65.84 per cent and 67.50 per cent, respectively. Similarly, medium level of decision making behavior and participation in trainings were noticed among 66.66 per cent and 55.00 per cent of the reported farmers, respectively. While use of anchors and bottom weights, farming technologies, fish seed quality and type of marketing practices were mainly adopted by 56.66 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 51.66 per cent and 50.83 per cent of the reservoir cage farmers, respectively, periodic sampling and grading (58.33%), disease diagnosis (57.50%), water quality management (54.16%), use of minerals and chemicals (54.16%) and application of fish feed and organic manure (54.16%), record maintenance (54.16%) were partially adopted. Age (X1), Experience in cage farming (X6), Participation in trainings (X15) showed significance at 1.00 per cent level and found to be positively correlated. Occupational status (X3), Annual income (X4), Information seeking behavior (X5), Contact with extension agency (X12), and Decision making behavior (X14) had positive correlation at 5.00 per cent level of significance. The estimated R2 value was 0.524 which clearly indicate that 52.40 per cent of the variations observed among the independent variables were explained in the extent of adoption of farming practices by the cage farmers. Among the identified constraints (15 nos.), less market price (I), slow growth rate of fish (II) and lack of technical knowledge in cage farming were reported as the most significant constraints by 91.66 per cent, 90.00 per cent and 89.16 per cent of the surveyed farmers, respectively. Establishment of Aqua feed mills and shops on Public Private Partnership (PPP) and fish hatcheries and seed rearing centers and imparting Skill development training and awareness programs on cage farming practices and usage of ICT tools shall encourage the farmers to adopt the advanced cage farming practices intensively.ThesisItem Open Access ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE ASCIDIANS AGAINST HUMAN AND FISH PATHOGENIC BACTERIA(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2011) RAJA PRIYANKA MARY, M; Dr. Sugumar, G; Dr. Velayutham, P; Dr. Sundaramoorthy, BThe antagonistic properties of marine ascidians and the bacteria associated with them were investigated. Solitary and colonial ascidians were collected from submerged structures along the coast of Thoothukudi and were characterized. Solitary ascidians were identified as Cnemidocarpa areolata, Herdmania momus, Microcosmus exasperatus, Phallusia nigra and Polycarpa sp. Colonial ascidians were Didemnum psammathodes, Diplosoma swamiensis, Eudistoma viride and Lissoclinum fragile. The bacteria associated with the surface and whole body homogenate of selected ascidians were studied quantitatively and qualitatively. Epibiotic bacterial load varied from 3.0 × 102 to 8.4 × 105cfu/sq.cm., while the bacterial load from whole body homogenate of ascidians ranged from 5.7 × 104 to 1.2 × 107 cfu/ g. A total of 590 bacterial isolates were characterized up to generic level. The generic composition was dominated by Bacillus and Arthrobacter. All the bacterial isolates were tested for antagonistic property against indicator bacteria and 71 isolates were recognized as antagonistic, however, only 9 of them could effectively inhibit test organisms that included Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Salmonella Paratyphi (MTCC 735), Salmonella Typhi (Clinical isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 27853), Vibrio cholerae (Clinical isolate), Vibrio harveyi (Shrimp larval isolate) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96). The inhibitory activity of the crude extracts of extracellular products (ECP) of selected antagonistic bacteria was weak against test organisms, but the ethyl acetate crude extracts of both cells and cell free supernatants of antagonistic bacteria showed strong inhibitory activity. Extracts from some of the antagonistic bacteria (DS13, DP41 and P19) showed a high degree of inhibition with zone of inhibition of ≥30mm dia against most test organisms. Methanol crude extract of one of the ascidians, Eudistoma viride showed good inhibitory activity against test organisms. The inhibition was strong against Vibrio cholerae and V. harveyi with zone diameter of 26 and 28 mm respectively. The MIC and MCC levels against V. cholerae and V .harveyi were also very low suggesting a very strong antibacterial activity. The results have clearly demonstrated that some ascidians produce strong antibacterial compounds and bacteria from marine sources have good antagonistic activity. These bioactive compounds could be harnessed for newer drugs in therapeutical applications.ReprintItem Open Access Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from Environmental Samples of Thoothukudi CoastChrisolite, B.; Sugumar, G.The incidence and antibiotic rqsistance pattern of E. croli and Saltrll.:lwlla from water, beach sand and fish collected from four fish Ianding centres of Thoothuktrdi were studied. Presence of E. coli was confirmed in 90%, 92./. and 797o of watet beach sand and fish samples .respectively, while Salnronclla was detected in 25% of water and sand samples and 77Yo of fish samples. The isolates rl'ere tested against fifteen antibiotics by disc diffusion method. tlfi.le ;jl ihe 5 .lll: isolates r\'ere resistant to bacikacin, erythromycin and rifampicin, none of the isolates was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulphafurazole Among Saln,tonella isolates, all were resistant to bacitracin and most were resistant to ampicillin, colibtin, erythromycin and rifampicin. None of the Salnronella isolates was resistant to bhl6ramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Muliiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was higher than 0.2 in all strains of E. coli arrd Salmonelln revealing that they might have orlgihated from high-risk sources of contamination such as humans.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BIOPEPTIDES EXTRACTED FROM FISH PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, 2013-09-24) VINOTH KUMAR, L; Dr. Shanmugam, S.A; Dr. Jeya Shakila, R; Dr. Karal Marx, KFish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were prepared from skin and muscle of fifteen fin fishes using commercial protease enzymes viz. alcalase, trypsin, pepsin and papain by optimizing different concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) and reaction times (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, 225 and 240 min) with constant pH (7.0 for alcalase, 8.0 for trypsin, 2.0 for pepsin and 6.0 for papain) and temperature (500C for alcalase, 370C for trypsin, pepsin and papain). Based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH), the enzymatic hydrolysis process conditions were optimized. Generally, DH increased when the reaction times and enzyme concentrations increased. However, the rate of DH was faster during the initial phase of 60 min and thereafter the rate of DH was very low in the cases of trypsin, pepsin and papain treated samples, while the DH was stationary after 60 min with alcalase enzyme. The maximum DH of 82% was obtained within 60 min of reaction time with alcalase enzyme, followed by 51% DH with papain after 225 min, 50% DH with trypsin after 210 min and 29% DH with pepsin after 225 min at 1.00% concentration. Based on the results obtained, the process conditions optimized for enzymatic hydrolysis were: enzyme concentration 1.00%, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 500C and pH 7.0 for alcalase; enzyme concentration 1.00%, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 370C and pH 8.0 for trypsin; enzyme concentration 1.00%, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 370C and pH 2.0 for pepsin and enzyme concentrations 1.00%, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 370C and pH 6.0 for papain enzyme. Using the optimized process conditions, FPHs were prepared from the muscle and skin of 15 species of finfishes viz. Nemiptereus sp, Arius sp, Caranx sp, Plectorhinchus sp, Mugil cephalus, Hemiramphus sp, Scomberoides sp, Synaptura sp, Scomberomorus sp, Gerres sp, Lycenchelys scaurus, Epinephelus sp, Leiognathus sp, Rastrelliger kanagurta and Arothron stellatus and they were subjected to antimicrobial activity test against nine bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes. None of the FPH prepared from fish muscle exhibited antimicrobial property, whereas FPH extracted from puffer fish skin using trypsin and alcalase showed some antimicrobial activity. Alcalase (1.00%) enzyme showed maximum antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (7 mm) and Escherichia coli (6 mm). Trypsin had maximum antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (10 mm) followed by Enterobacter cloacae (6 mm) and Escherichia coli (5 mm). None of the biopeptides fractionated from trypsin derived fish skin protein hydrolysates showed antimicrobial activity against the selected bacterial pathogens. However, the biopeptide fraction (<30 KDa) derived from alcalase alone exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (2mm). Further research on sequencing of biopeptides having antimicrobial properties will be attempted.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF CUTTLEFISH INK COLLECTED FROM SELECTED CUTTLEFISH LANDED AT THOOTHUKUDI COAST(Fisheries college and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 2016) BRITA NICY, A; Dr. Velayutham, PThe ink sac of cuttlefish, generated as a by-product during processing has low market value and has the potential to cause environmental pollution. The ink has been recognized as a source of bioactive compounds by several authors. The removal of melanin not only increases its appeal but also widens its application. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude squid and cuttlefish ink has been widely studied but there are few reports on the bioactive properties of melanin free ink. In this study, melanin from the ink of three species of cuttlefish viz., Sepia pharaonis, S. prabahari and S. ramani was removed by diluting the ink with equal amount of distilled water and then ultra centrifuging at 50,000 rpm for 1h to obtain melanin free ink. The protein content of the melanin free ink of Sepia pharaonis, S. prabahari and S. ramani were recorded as 2.63±0.05, 2.30±0.20 and 3.33±0.17, respectively. The pH of the melanin free ink of Sepia pharaonis, S. prabahari and S. ramani were recorded as 8, 7.8 and 8, respectively. Two bands centered around 3256cm-1 and 1632cm-1 were found in MFI of all the three species of cuttlefish in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.The in-vitro antibacterial activity of the melanin free ink of the three species was studied using disc diffusion method but none of them showed antibacterial activity against the five test organisms viz. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1430,Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Vibrio cholera VCV 154, Listeria monocytogenes MTCC 1143 and Salmonella Typhimurium MTCC 98. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the melanin free ink of the three species were studied using DPPH radical scavenging assay and metal chelating assay. The result showed that melanin free ink of S. prabahari had high DPPH radical scavenging activity of 20.12% at 40μg/ml protein concentration and high metal chelating property of 22.82% at 5μg/ml protein concentration than the other species. MFI of S.prabahari showed high antioxidative activity and it was further selected for in-vivo antioxidant assay in minced sardine fish model system. The results indicated that lipid oxidation was prevented by MFI of S.prabahari as the maximum TBARS value attained was 2.26 mg malonaldehyde / kg of minced meat of fish, as against the control with 12.93 mg malonaldehyde/kg of fish during their storage in ice for a period of 15 days. Hence it is concluded that melanin free ink of S. prabahari could serve as a natural antioxidant to retard lipid oxidation in food products.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS ON SARDINE FISH UNDER CHILLED CONDITION(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, 2019) PRIYANKA DHRUW, B.F.Sc.; Dr. P. VELAYUTHAM; Dr. D. SUKUMAR; Dr. N. NEETHISELVANThe natural antioxidants from different fruit peel (pomegranate, orange and pineapple) and their combined peel extracts was extracted using methanol and crude extracts were obtained in rotary evaporator under low pressure and low temperature. Inorder to prevent the oxidation in sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) muscle during chilled storage. The antioxidant substances such as total phenols and total flavonoids were determined and the potential of pomegranate peel extract (PPE), orange peel extract (OPE), pineapple peel extract (PAPE) and combined fruit peel extracts (CFPE) was assessed using in vitro assays DPPH radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were found to be 226 mg/g GAE, 152 mg/g GAE, 141.66 mg/g GAE, 137 mg/g GAE and 177.33 mg/g QE, 88.66 mg/g QE 189.33 mg/g QE, 111.33 mg/g QE respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of PPE at 4 μg/mL concentration was 88.46%, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) showed 91.87% of inhibition while CFPE, PAPE and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) showed the radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 6 μg/mL i.e. 83.09%, 76.85%, 89.54% respectively. Whereas, OPE showed the radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 8 μg/mL i.e. 81.53 %. Standardization of effective dose application of different fruit peel and their combined extracts for sardine was done based on the biochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters at 4±1 ˚C for 72 hours. Synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT were taken as standard dose was also done for comparison. After standardization the pomegranate peel extracts at 1% and 3% concentration along with were selected BHA to retard lipid oxidation in sardine during storage study 15 days at 4±1 ˚C chilled storage condition. Changes in lipid was assessed by (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Apart total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), total plate count (TPC), sensory evaluation. The parameters revealed that the TP3 was more effective than TP1 and TB. However, when the TP1, TP3 and TB treated samples were compared with the changes in control samples, PPE (TP1 and TP3) was found to offer protective effect to certain extent against lipid oxidation. Thus, it can be concluded that the antioxidant compounds present in the different fruit peel extracts can be used effectively as natural antioxidants for controlling the oxidative rancidity in fish and fishery products.