PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad
Browse
Browsing PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad by Subject "Livestock Production and Management"
Now showing 1 - 18 of 163
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAT TOLERANCE IN DECCANI AND NARI SUWARNA SHEEP(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2022-03-29) LINGAM LIKHITHA; Dr. R.M.V. PRASADA comparative study on heat tolerance in Deccani and NARI Suwarna sheep was conducted to know the impact of heat stress on Deccani and NARI suwarna sheep breeds. Various parameters such as physiological, haemato-biochemical and behaviours were recorded by using suitable techniques and the same were compared. Twenty four young female sheep of 7-8 months age were selected (12+12) from Deccani and NARI Suwarna breeds. Care was taken to see that the selected sheep were of uniform body weight. The animals were maintained under standard housing and management conditions as practiced in the Livestock Farm Complex, college of veterinary science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The investigation was carried out for a period of 120 days, during the summer season (March-June 2021). The physiological parameters studied were rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate. The mean morning rectal temperature in Deccani and NARI Suwarna recorded during March, April, May and June respectively were 101.8 ± 0.08, 102.2 ± 0.07, 102.4 ± 0.51, 101.8 ± 0.08 and 102.1 ± 0.26, 102.6 ± 0.23, 102.8 ± 0.12, 101.0 ± 0.06 0F. The mean noon rectal temperature in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the months of March to June were found to be 103.6 ± 0.07, 104.7 ± 0.08, 104.9 ± 0.06, 102.7 ± 0.08 and 103 ± 0.08, 104.2 ± 0.12, 104.8 ± 0.07, 102.9 ± 0.16 0F respectively. The mean morning respiration rate (BPM) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna sheep recorded during March, April, May and June respectively were 30.23 ± 0.97, 31.13 ± 0.77, 31.12 ± 0.46, 35.15 ± 0.79 and 30.66 ± 0.79, 32.15 ± 0.79, 34.23 ± 1.41, 33.44 ± 0.85 BPM. Whereas, mean noon respiration rate in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the months of March to June were found to be 36.15 ± 0.77, 37.08 ± 0.64, 47.44 ± 1.71, 45.93 ± 1.04 and 35.12 ± 0.46, 38.40 ± 0.85, 47.56 ± 0.97, 46.61 ± 1.12 BPM. The mean morning heart rate (bpm) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna sheep recorded during March, April, May and June respectively were 75.60 ± 0.92, 77.37 ± 1.12, 80.54 ± 1.167, 84.14 ± 0.93 and 76.00 ± 0.02, 77.63 ± 0.98, 82.13 ± 1.38, 81.95 ± 1.44. The mean afternoon heart rate (bpm) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the months of March to June were found to be 85.0 ± 1.02, 89.86 ± 1.68, 102.1 ± 2.42, 101.0 ± 1.03 and 90.6 ± 0.96, 91.66 ± 1.56, 103 ± 1.13, 101.4 ± 1.25. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in morning and afternoon recordings of various physiological parameters studied in Deccani and NARI Suwarna breeds. The overall mean physiological parameters studied in Deccani and NARI Suwarna breeds during the study period revealed that there was no significant difference between the breeds. Various haematological parameters such as Hb, RBC, PCV, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were studied in the present investigation. The mean haemoglobin (g/dl) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were 8.67 ± 0.34, 8.82 ± 0.40, 10.80 ± 0.78 and 8.50 ± 0.52, 9.08 ± 0.52, 10.36 ± 0.64 respectively. The mean RBC (106/μl) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 8.81 ± 0.44, 8.80 ± 0.49, 9.11 ± 0.64 and 8.81 ± 0.73, 8.83 ± 0.66, 9.12 ± 0.79. The mean PCV (%) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were 26.33 ± 1.47, 25.41 ± 1.27, 33.25 ± 2.13 and 24.72 ± 1.66, 25.69 ± 1.72, 30.96 ± 1.90 respectively. The mean WBC (103/μl) in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 9.42 ± 0.71, 9.05 ± 0.94, 9.40 ± 0.63 and 8.78 ± 0.79, 7.38 ± 0.62, 8.80 ± 0.55. The mean values of MCV (fl), MCHC (g/dl) and MCH (pg) in Deccani at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were 32.58 ± 1.66, 30.58 ± 0.84, 10.75 ± 0.28, 29.00 ± 0.62, 26.82 ± 0.19, 10.09 ± 0.21, 35.56 ± 2.41, 32.72 ± 1.50 and 11.90 ± 0.67 respectively. The mean values of MCV (fl), MCHC (g/dl) and MCH (pg) in NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 31.58 ± 1.38, 30.41 ± 0.69, 10.27 ± 0.46, 29.83 ± 1.16, 28.66 ± 0.11, 10.32 ± 0.42, 35.81 ± 1.08, 32.03 ± 1.23 and 11.18 ± 0.61. The results showed that significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the stages of the experiment in both Deccani and NARI Suwarna but, the differences between the breeds were not found to be significant in all the haematological parameters that were studied. The various biochemical parameters such as urea (mg/dl), blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dl), creatinine (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), SGPT (IU/L) and SGOT (IU/L). The mean values of urea in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were 36.63 ± 2.00, 33.78 ± 1.36, 36.02 ± 2.11 and 35.58 ± 2.61, 35.61 ± 0.87, 37.39 ± 2.12 mg/dl, respectively. The mean values of BUN in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were 16.56 ± 0.83, 15.78 ± 0.63, 17.23 ± 0.89 and 16.90 ± 0.59, 16.84 ± 0.39, 18.08 ± 0.86 mg/dl, respectively. The mean values of creatinine in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 1.385 ± 0.04, 1.398 ± 0.04, 1.458 ± 0.05 and 1.418 ± 0.04, 1.447 ± 0.08, 1.508 ± 0.07 mg/dl, respectively. The mean values of total protein in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 7.50 ± 0.33, 6.74 ± 0.12, 7.17 ± 0.15 and 7.50 ± 0.33, 7.79 ± 0.12, 7.60 ± 0.27 g/dl, respectively. The mean values of albumin in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at beginning, mid and end of the experiment were found to be 2.3 ± 0.12, 3.3 ± 0.12, 3.4 ± 0.09 and 2.3 ± 0.12, 3.6 ± 0.10, 3.6 ± 0.17 g/dl, respectively. The mean values of SGPT in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 41.48 ± 3.31, 35.86 ± 3.85, 34.01 ± 1.61 and 36.48 ± 2.56, 33.55 ± 2.26, 38.87 ± 2.67 IU/L, respectively. The mean values of SGOT in Deccani and NARI Suwarna during the three stages of experiment were 150.6 ± 1.36, 165.2 ± 1.87, 159.2 ± 1.05 and 147.9 ± 1.33, 161.0 ± 1.42, 155.8 ± 1.02. The results showed that significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the stages of the experiment in both Deccani and NARI Suwarna but, the differences between the breeds were not found to be significant. The various behaviours that were studied viz., foraging, standing, rumination, drinking, lying, walking and elimination. The mean percentage (%) values of foraging behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. at hourly intervals for six hours were 95.10, 88.16, 71.91, 39.14, 24.27, 29.12, 18.71 and 90.55, 86.09, 78.2, 37.49, 22.40, 28.02, 16.6. The mean (%) values of standing behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. at hourly intervals for six hours were 15.25, 13.16, 13.16, 67.61, 61.66, 76.91, 77.63 and 13.85, 14.40, 15.01, 66.05, 64.5, 78.09 and 78.30. Whereas, the same for rumination in Deccani and NARI Suwarna were 4.16, 7.62, 24.15, 28.46, 32.22, 48.15, 44.16 and 5.55, 6.85, 28.16, 26.53, 34.99, 46.12, 48.91. The mean number of animals that had shown drinking behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. were 14.84, 15.54, 20.85, 24.85, 28.84, 53.76, 53.38 and 12.08, 12.77, 23.46, 26.25, 24.15, 51.53, 51.15. with highest number of Deccani sheep had shown drinking behaviour at 11:00 A.M. wheras, the same for NARI Suwarna was at 1:00 P.M. The mean (%) values of lying behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna observed from10:00 A.M to 4:00 P.M. were 10.23, 6.23, 12.07, 26.23, 24.84, 22.76, 22.31 and 12.77, 7.38, 10.77, 28.32, 26.22, 24.52, 23.32. The results in the present study about walking behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna at 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00 and 4:00 hours respectively were 80.39, 71.78, 21.78, 4.01, 2.99, 2.42, 4.16 and 73.62, 72.47, 22.77, 6.38, 2.12, 1.76, 1.73. The mean (%) values of elimination behaviour in Deccani and NARI Suwarna from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. at hourly intervals for six hours were 39.83, 35.66, 32.88, 27.25, 33.41, 23.41, 28.02 and 33.22, 31.92, 31.44, 29.25, 31.40, 21.01, 27.00. The results showed that the differences between the breeds were not found to be significant at hourly intervals for all behaviours that were studied. The mean cortisol (μg/dl) at the three stages of experiment viz., beginning, mid and end of experiment in Deccani and NARI Suwarna, respectively were 2.35 μg/dl, 2.48 μg/dl, 3.32, 3.48 μg/dl, 2.12, 2.14 μg/dl and the mean body weights at the three stages of experiment were found to be 26.6 and 29.9kg, 24.2 and 27.81 kg, 25.5 and 30.1 kg respectively. There was increase in cortisol levels during the heat stress period i.e during mid of the experiment. NARI Suwarna sheep had shown a non-significantly higher values when compared to that of Deccani. There was a non-significant change in body weights in the Deccani and NARI Suwarna. The average coefficient values obtained through Iberian heat tolerance test regarding heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) studies during different months under study were found to be 104.75 in Deccani and 102.75 in NARI Suwarna and the average index values obtained through Benezra heat tolerance test were found to be 2.36 in Deccani and 2.37 in NARI Suwarna.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARISON OF ALL ROUGHAGE RATION VERSUS ROUGHAGE WITH CONCENTRATE RATIONS IN MILCH BUFFALOES(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 1969-09-28) B. V. JOSHI; Dr.V.D.SADEKARThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON BUFFALO HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2009-06-15) K.KISHORE; Dr. M.MAHENDERThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON DAIRY HERD STRUCTURE, HUSBANDRY PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINT PERCEIVED BY DAIRY FARMERS IN NORTH TELANGANA(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2020-01-29) CHIMALA ASHOK BABU; Dr. A. SARAT CHANDRADairy farming plays an important role in social and economic livelihood of the farmers of Telangana state. An investigation was carried out to study the socio-economic characteristics, dairy herd structure, management practices followed, knowledge level of the farmers on dairy management practices, constraints perceived by the farmers in dairying in Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Jagitial, and Peddapalli districts of Northern Telangana. Data were collected from 240 farmers from 24 villages of 8 mandals belonging to the above 4 districts. The 240 respondents were interviewed as per the questionnaire. Majority of the dairy farmers had small herd size (1-5 animals) and belonged to middle-aged group, medium-size family and had membership in one organization. The educational status of the farmers was mostly primary level and were from backward class community. Most of the respondents (45.0%) were found to be marginal whereas (82.5%) of respondents had agriculture and dairy as the main occupation. Majority (32.92%) of respondents had extension contact with gopala mitra, para veterinarians, VAS/AD (AH) and 59.58% had mass media exposure with newspaper. Majority of the farmer provided kutcha type of housing (59.58%) and they provide shelter nearby their dwelling. Majority of the respondents had animal housing in the east-west direction. Most of the farmers had single line housing system, provided optimum size of houses, adequate floor space, good lighting, ventilation and other minor housing facilities. Majority of the farmers were practicing grazing, group feeding and did not cultivate green fodder. Paddy straw was mostly used as dry fodder. Majority of respondents fed homemade and compound cattle feed as concentrates to their milking animals based on the milk production. Majority of respondents were offering soaked concentrates during milking. Feeding mineral mixture and salt to their dairy animals was observed among majority farmers. Studies revealed that majority of the farmers were able to recognize the animals in heat by observing the symptoms, followed artificial insemination and bred their animals in mid-heat after heat detection. Most of the respondents preferred crossbreeding and bred their animals after 2 to 3 months of calving. Majority of the respondents practiced pregnancy diagnosis. Most of the respondents followed the treatment for anoestrus and repeat breeders. Only few (4.17%) kept breeding records of their animals. All the respondents milked their animals twice in a day and followed most of the good milking practices. All the farmers allowed the calf to suckle at both the times, 33.75% of the respondents offered concentrate feed and practiced teat manipulation for milk letdown. Most of the farmers milked the animals at the same place by using scientific milking pails and adopted the practice of drying off their dairy animals two months before calving. Most of the respondents didn‟t follow teat dipping. Majority (99.17%) respondents followed cleaning of milking utensils with tap water. Most of respondents sold their milk to village dairy co-operative society and none of the respondents followed testing for mastitis and sealing of teat canal at the end of lactation in their dairy animals. All the respondents in four districts practiced regular vaccination however deworming was not done regularly. Majority farmers followed ecto-parasite control methods and paid attention towards sanitary condition of animal sheds. Majority of the respondents informed that they go their sick dairy animals treated by a qualified vet or para veterinarians as per availability, but only few isolated the sick animals from healthy animals. Majority of the respondents attended calving and took care of the calves soon after parturition but 88.33 % of respondents did not practice ligation and disinfection of the navel cord and left to fall off itself naturally. Most of the respondents were feeding colostrum to the newborn calves within one hour of birth and allowed one teat for suckling. Majority of the respondent weaned the calves at the age of three months. Green fodder was fed to the calves from the age of two months. Majority of the respondents (87.92%) did not follow the disbudding of calves and practiced deworming regularly. Majority farmers (98.8%) sold the male calves. The knowledge levels of farmers in the study area showed that majority of the respondents had high knowledge on the colostrum, balanced feeding and the process of silage making but most of the farmers did not have awareness on advantage of chaffing of fodders. It was found that majority of the respondentshad high knowledge on the oestrous cycle period and correct time of conceiving cow/ buffalo after coming into heat. Majority of the respondents had knowledge on artificial insemination and following it however if the animal failed to conceive even after three inseminations the farmers got the animal served by a desi/improved bull. Most of the farmers followed full hand milking method and had complete knowledge about washing of teat and udder before milking ajority of the respondents had complete knowledge regarding the vaccination, deworming of animals. Constraints faced by the dairy farmers in the study area in the order of rankings were non-remunerative price for milk, repeat breeding problems in dairy cattle, distant location of veterinary hospital, lack of own capital, non-availability of green fodders round the year, lack of irrigation facilities high construction cost, high cost of veterinary medicine, non-availability of veterinarian / paravet and lack of knowledge in clean milk production. It can be concluded that the majority of the respondents in the study area were marginal farmers of middle aged, belonging to backward caste, educated upto primary level but had high knowledge on the oestrous cycle period, artificial insemination, vaccination, deworming of animals, cleanliness of animal houses and had extension contact with gopala mitra, para veterinarians, VAS/AD (AH) but to overcome the constraints faced by the farmers trainings at local institutions and exposure visits at organized dairy farms should be organized. Knowledge levels of farmers with regard to feeding, breeding and health care should be improved making them knowledgeable with regard to animal husbandry activities, green fodder in sufficient quantity round the year should be made available to at a cheaper rate, frequent infertility treatment camp should be organized at village and crossbred animals should be made available from government farms at a reasonable price, milk chilling facility should be provided at village level and round the year remunerative price for milk should be assured.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2010-07-21) DASINEM SURESH BABU; Dr.K.SARJAN RAOThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DAIRY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN - "SUCCESS STORY OF MULUKANOOR WOMEN COOPERATIVE DAIRY"(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2012-01-12) SURESH RATHOD; Dr.K.SARJAN RAOThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON IMPACT OF RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA (RKVY) PROJECT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES OF PIGGERY UNITS(SVVU, 2013-08-24) A. LAVANYA; Dr.G.GANGARAJUThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON IMPACT OF RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA (RKVY) PROJECT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES OF PIGGERY UNITS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2013-08-24) A. LAVANYAThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS OF GOAT REARING FARMERS IN MAHABUBNAGAR DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2021-10-08) BIKYA BANAVATH; Dr. R.PRASANNA KUMARThe present study was taken up to focus on socio economic characteristic, management practices followed and various constraints faced by the goat rearing farmers in MahabubnagarDistrict, Telangana. The data was collected from 250 goat keepers of five mandals, five villages from each mandal and ten framers from each village purposively as the area is highly populated. The data was collected through personal interview with the help of structured interview schedule prepared for this purpose. Majority of the (42.00 %) goat keepers belongs to old and middle age group followed by young age (14.80%). Most of the goat keepers were illiterate (83.20%), they do not posses any education and followed by primary education (8.80%), secondary education (2.4%), higher secondary (4.8%) and very few are graduate and above (0.80%). Majority of the goat keepers belongs to Backward Class (77.20%).The average family size of the goat keepers was 5 members. 72 per cent of the goat keepers possess medium size family followed by small (20.80%) and large (7.20%) families. The land holding pattern among the goat keepers in the study area was, most of farmers were marginal farmers, possess up to 1.00 hectare land followed by small farmers (1-2ha.), medium farmers (2-4 ha.) and no farmers were found in large farmers category. The goat keepers in the study area had low (51.20%) and medium (41.20%) level of annual income, whereas, 7.00% of them had high level annual income. The source of income of the respondent was from agriculture and goat rearing. The average flock size of the goat was 24 goats. The reason for this might be due to lack of grazing land and non-availability of infrastructure facility. 50.60 per cent of the goat keepers were using medium sources of information, whereas, 31.60 and 8.80 per cent of the goat keepers were using low and high sources of information respectively. Most of the (72.40%) goat keepers were under low level of scientific orientation, whereas, 25.50 per cent of the respondent appeared in medium and 2.40 per cent of them are at high level of scientific orientation. 78.40 per cent of the goat keepers had low level of social participation, while 20.80 per cent medium level and negligible per cent (0.80%) had high level of social participation.More number of goat keepers in the study area (83.60 per cent) had low, up to 10 years of goat keeping experience. Majority of the goat keepers had medium level of knowledge with adoption on recommended goat rearing practices. Further 78.0 and 20.80 per cent of the goat keepers posses complete and partial knowledge about dual purpose breads, 70.00 and 28.0 per cent had the complete and partial knowledge regarding meat purpose breeds respectively. Whereas, 55.00 per cent of the goat keepers adopted management of dual purpose and meat purpose breeds completely, 31.60 and 42.80 per cent had adopted partially. 99.60 per cent goat rearers had complete knowledge of extensive system of rearing and only 20.80, 20.40 per cent had the partial knowledge about semi-stall and stall feeding respectively. In respect of adoption 97.6% of the goat keepers following grazing, while, 11.60 per cent adopted semi stall feeding and almost none of the goat keepers following stall feeding practices. Majority of the goat keepers were not having the knowledge nor adoption about cultivation of forage crops. 98.00 percent of goat keepers were knowing about the proper selection of male and female for breeding, 76.00 per cent had the knowledge on selection of doe and buck for twining and triplets, 64.4 and 32.00 per cent of the farmer maintaining sex ratio completely and partially, 98.0 percent of the goat keepers had knowledge of using the bucks at the age of 2-5 years for breeding purpose and more than 60.0 percent of the goat keepers having knowledge of signs of oestrus, whereas, the adoption level on breeding management was 60.00 and 14.00 per cent completely and partially. Majority (98.0%) of the goat keepers had the knowledge about pregnancy management such as drying of pregnant does, not to break the water bag, taking help of veterinarian in case of dystokia, expulsion of placenta as a completion of act of kidding and don’t pull out the placenta by force. The similar activity was adopted by 58.00 per cent of the goat keepers. Knowledge of kid management was possessed by 58.40 per cent against 90.00 per cent of the goat keepers adopted clearing of mucus membrane from natural orifices and allow the mother to lick new born (54.60%). Whereas, only 18.40 per cent of goat keepers having knowledge about cutting of navel cord with sterilized blade and application of tincture iodine with the adoption level of 2.80 %. 34.0 per cent goat rearers don’t have knowledge to offer colostrum of one doe to kids of other doe and the adoption rate was 17.20 per cent partially and 9.60 per cent completely. 40 per cent of the goat keepers possess knowledge about feeding of cow milk if necessary. 0.80 per cent of the goat keepers had complete and partial knowledge about castration of male kids before one month of age for fattening purpose. Whereas,74.40 per cent of goat keepers were not adopted feeding of cow milk to kids if necessary with partial adoption of 21.60%. About 82.40 per cent of goat keepers knew about quantity of milk feed up to 15 days to the kids as per the standard, while, 68.80 per cent not adopted. 78.0 per cent of the farmers don’t have the knowledge and adoption about starting of fodder feeding from 1 month onwords, similarly 98.40 per cent lacking knowledge (99.20%) about feeding concentrates along with fodder. Most of the goat keepers does not have knowledge and adoption about scientific feeding to the bucks. The adoption and knowledge level on vaccination practices of goat farmers were very poor in the study area, whereas, more than 96% of goat keepers had knowledge of deworming and tick control with adoption level of above 36.00% and 50.80% respectively. 22.40, 21.20 and 28.80 per cent of goat keepers had knowledge about vaccination against enterotoxaemia, hemorrhagic septicaemia and blue tongue diseases respectively, while 74.00 per cent of goat keepers possess knowledge about vaccination against PPR. Among the goat keepers 99.00 per cent had complete knowledge about selection of goat whereas, most of the goat keepers (40.62%) not adopted criteria to be taken for selection. Most the goat keepers had knowledge about marketing of goats, whereas, 55.20 per cent shows partial knowledge on fixation of market price of goat according to the live weight (40.60 % complete adoption), knowledge on sale of bucks at the age of 6-8 months, dispose of animals having diseases and breeding problems and sale of maximum animals when there was huge demand were 92.00%, 91.20% and 75.20% respectively with 50 per cent adoption. 80.00 per cent of goat keepers were not aware about credit availability and adoption of facility (98.00%). 98.00 per cent of goat keepers were not knowing about the goat insurance and insurance companies. One third of the goat keepers were not having the knowledge about the maintenance of goat records viz. date of birth, weight of kids, vaccination, diseases and milk yield etc. accordingly the adoption level was poor (98.80%) on this activity. The relationship between age, education land holding and annual income of the goat keepers with their knowledge level on goat management practice was non significant, whereas, positive and highly significant relationship was observed between knowledge level and family size (0.3125), source of information (0.4752), social participation (0.6356), scientific orientation (0.1856) and goat keeping experience (0.4524) at one per cent level and flock size (0.1466) at 5 per cent. The non significant relationship between age (0.0117), family size (-0.115), education (0.0211), land holding (0.04370), flock size and annual income (-0.1253) with adoption of approved goat management practices was observed. 100% of the farmers were meeting their financial crisis through the sale of goat, 92.8 percent meeting family health requirement, about 88.0percent managing their family and children education, 61.2 percent expressed that they are treated respectively from society and family, they are also involving in all the programmes of the society but there was no improvement in agriculture incomes as the income from goat rearing was utilized for agriculture. Majority of the goat rearers (99.2%) revealed that non availability of support from Government organization for the rearing of goats was the major constraints, followed by lack of credit facility (98.4%), lack of grazing facility (88.4%), lack of knowledge about feeding of goats as per their needs (86.0%), lack of proper marketing facilities for sale of goats (71.6%) were ranked from 1-7, whereas, non availability of improved prolific breed of goat (68.8%), high mortality of kids and adult animals due to diseases (62.4%), involvement of middle man in the marketing of goats (61.2%), lack of breeding buck and use of breeding buck (51.60%), non availability of veterinary facility within the reach (50.40%) and encounter of abortion in the pregnant animal (31.2%) were prioritized as 7th,8th,9th,10th,11th and 12th ranks respectively. Since the area taken for investigation falls under semi arid zone, it required special attention to develop the fallow land, community and waste land for the grazing purpose. Similarly the attention must be paid towards cultivation of suitable fodder varieties to the area, creation of awareness on nutritional requirement and feeding of balanced diets to the goats, breeding management and health management etc. There is a need to train the goat farmers how to get finance from different organization and support by the government to reduce complications in goat rearing and marketing. Key words: Goat farming, Management, Constraints and Socio- economics.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MIGRATORY SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN NARAYANPET DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2021-12-16) GADDAMEEDI NIJANAND; Dr. N. RAJANNAA study was conducted to analyse the socio-economic profile of migratory shepherds, management practices followed, migratory pattern and constraints faced by the shepherds in Narayanpet district of Telangana. A total of 125 sheep farmers from 25 villages in five mandals were selected by multistage random sampling method. These sheep farmers were divided into three flock sizes based on the flock strength for analysis of the data. A study on socio-economic condition of the shepherds revealed that majority (67.2. %) of the shepherds belonged to middle age group and the mean age of sheep farmers was 38.66 ± 11.72 years. Majority (77.60%) of the sheep farmers were illiterates and only 22.40 percent of farmers were literates. The average sheep farming experience of shepherds was 23.65 ± 12.58 years and the average family size in study area was 4.67 ± 1.67. Nuclear family (71.20%), type was most prevalent in three flock sizes of Narayanpet district. All the shepherds (100%) among three categories of flocks in the surveyed area were belonged to the backward caste (BC) only. Among the shepherds, majority (93.6%) of the sheep farmers were having sheep rearing as a major occupation in the study area. The overall mean land holding (acres) of shepherds in study area was 2.02 ± 0.08 and about 35.2 percent shepherds belonged to large farmers category. The average annual income of the shepherds was Rs 85760 ± 55808.1/- and 80.00 percent of shepherds had medium annual income of Rs 29952/- to Rs 141568.1/-. A significant (P<0.01) relationship between annual income of shepherds and category of flock size was observed amongst three flock categories. With regard to material possessed, about 36.8 percent were having mobile phone, all shepherds were having T.V. at their home. About 24.8 percent shepherds were having pump set, only 6.4 percent were possessing the bullock cart and no sheep farmer had car in the study area. It was noticed that 57.60 percent and 42.40 percent of the shepherds were residing in pucca and kutcha houses, respectively during their nonmigratory period in the study area. The mean flock size in the study area was 157.84 ± 125.17. Majority (72.0%) of the shepherds possessed medium flock size of 33 to 283 sheep followed by large flock size (15.2%) of above 283 and small flock size (12.8%) of less than 33 sheep. It was observed that the sheep flock comprised of 79.34 percent breeding ewes, 2.51 percent breeding rams, 10.69 percent female lambs and 7.46 percent male lambs in the surveyed area. None of the sheep farmers provided proper housing, however, all most all (100.0%) shepherds were penned their sheep during night time to provide night shelter and all shepherds provided lamb enclosures for new born lambs. With regard to grazing and feeding practices it was found that majority (34.4%) of the shepherds utilized all types of lands (community lands, forest, waste barren lands) followed by waste barren lands (20.8%), community lands (16.8%), forest alone (16.0%) and forest + waste lands (12.0%) for grazing their sheep in the study area. None of the farmers offered supplementary feed to their sheep. In case of watering source, majority (59.2%) of the shepherds reported that they used ponds/tanks for watering their sheep. The mean grazing time (hrs) and distance (km) in summer was 8.38 ± 0.08 and 9.35 ± 0.07, respectively whereas mean grazing time (hrs) and distance other than summer months was 5.14 ± 0.07 and 5.66 ± 0.08, respectively. The average sex ratio in the flocks was 33.80 ± 1.74 and the rams were put to service at the age 16.79 ± 0.10 months. The overall recorded mean retention time of breeding ram in the flock was 4.48 ± 0.06 years and all the shepherds (100%) followed the flock mating system to breed their sheep. Majority (58.4%) of shepherds reported that they obtained one lamb crop in 12 months and none of the shepherds followed the practicing of weaning in the study area. All the shepherds followed the practice of deworming but the frequency varied amongst flock sizes. Majority (55.2%) of the shepherds dewormed their flock four times in a year. Majority of the flock owners (58.40%) dewormed their flock by the combination of on their own and on the advice of Veterinarian. All the flock owners (100%) were followed the practice of vaccination to their sheep flocks. Majority (56.0%) of the shepherds got their flocks vaccinated on their own by procuring the vaccines from the veterinary drugs stockiest. All most all the shepherds have vaccinated their sheep against F&MD followed by PPR (92.0 %), blue tongue (62.4) and sheep pox in the surveyed area. Majority of the flock owners (58.40%) sold their excess sheep at 3-6 months of age followed by 7-8 months (24.0%) and 9-12 months of age (17.60%) in the study area. The price of their sheep was fixed mainly on the basis of physical appearance (67.20%), followed by physical appearance + age (24.80%) and physical appearance + age + sex (8.0%). Majority (42.40%) of the shepherds sold their sheep to meet the family needs, followed by 28 percent from fear of diseases, 19.20 percent for purchase of inputs, and remaining 10.40 percent to maintain their flock. Majority (72.0%) of the flock owners disposed the carcass by throwing into open fields followed by burial method (20.0%) and only 8.0 percent of shepherds consumed the meat of carcass in the study area. A total of nine major and three minor migratory tracts were identified in the study area. The duration was ranged from 175 to 196 days with a mean value of 187.44 ± 1.40 days. The radial distance covered in migratory tracks was ranged from 130 to 426 km with a mean distance of 300.11 ± 33.28 km in major migratory tracts. Whereas, the duration was ranged from 161 to 181 days with a mean value of 169.00 ± 6.11 days and the radial distance covered ranged from 79 to 90 km with a mean distance of 85.00 ± 3.21 km in minor migratory tracks. The constraints perceived by the migratory shepherds were identified and classified into breeding, feeding, health care and marketing constraints. Among the breeding constraints, non-availability of good breeding rams (62.24%) was the major constraint followed by poor knowledge on breeding (61.65%), lack of knowledge on pregnant ewe care (59.46%), and less conception rate (57.25%) were ranked from I to IV, respectively. With regard to feeding constraints, scarcity of grazing lands (66.49%) was the major constraint followed by a scarcity of drinking water (60.22%), the high market price of concentrate feed (56.34%), and lack of knowledge on balanced feeding (55.96%) in the surveyed area. Among healthcare constraints high incidence of diseases (65.48%) as a major constraint followed by high lamb mortality (58.63%) poor veterinary services (56.60%), and lack of knowledge of prevention of control diseases (54.82%). With regard to marketing constraints, exploitation by middlemen (71.49%) ranked as major constraint followed by unorganized market (66.1%), lack of weight-based pricing (60.1%), nonremunerative price (58.01%) in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MILK SUPPLY CHAIN IN SANGAREDDY DISTRICT OF TELANGANA(PVNRTVU, HYD, 2023-02-03) SHREE RAM CHARAN DASS; Dr. M. Kishan KumarExploratory design was selected to carry out a study on milk supply chain in Sangareddy district of Telangana. Three mandals in Sangareddy district and three villages from each of the mandal were selected to carry out the survey. From each village 10 numbers were selected randomly thus a total of 90 farmers and 10 numbers from each value chain actors i.e. middlemen, retailers and tea/sweet sellers and 10 numbers of consumers were selected randomly from the study area. Thus a total of 90 dairy farmers, 30 value chain actors and 10 consumers total of 130 respondents were selected randomly. The data was collected through a pre tested interview schedules and the data was classified and tabulated, processed, analyzed and interpreted. Majority of the farmers (71.11%) were middle aged group, having experience from 8 to 21 years in the dairy farming, majority (91.11%) were male and educated up to high schooling (33.33%). Majority (74.44%) of the farmers were having medium level of annual income (Rs 1.37 to 4.55 lakhs) and having agriculture and dairying as their main occupation. 42.22 percent were small farmers (2.5 to 5.0 acres) and their principal source of income based on agriculture besides animal husbandry. The farmers possessed small sized herds and most of them possess buffaloes than cows. Majority (61.11%) of the farmers housed their animals in loose housing system and maintained in kuccha type of housing. Majority (81.11%) of the farmers were practicing vaccination of their animals, deworming of calves (67.78%), consulting Veterinarians for treatment (66.67%). Majority (64.44%) of the farmers were providing the roughages, concentrates and mineral mixtures to their animals, but the farmers were not providing the feed and fodder as per the standards and as per the requirement to the animals. 53.33 percent of the farmers were providing clean drinking water to their animals. The mean cost of milk production was Rs 35.87 and Rs 27.77 per liter of milk for buffalo and cow, respectively. The net returns were Rs 13.51 and Rs 8.98 per liter for buffalo and cow milk, respectively. The feed cost observed as highest and followed by labour cost, fixed costs, veterinary, transportation and miscellaneous costs. The cost of milk production (Rs 35.87 per liter), sale price of milk per liter (Rs 49.38 per liter), net return (Rs 13.51 per liter) and benefit cost ratio (1.37:1) were higher for buffalo milk than cow milk. Five marketing channels in milk supply chain were farmer to consumer directly, through the middlemen, through the retailer, to the dairy co-operatives and through tea / sweet seller. Majority of the buyers were middlemen in the un-organized marketing of milk. The sale price and net returns were highest in buffalo milk in the channel-I (direct to consumer). The tea/ sweet sellers were selling the milk after value addition to the consumers with a market margin of Rs 62.79 per liter which was highest market margin, but the producer’s share in consumer price was least at 34.57 percent. The price spread was higher (Rs 29.50) in channel-II and zero in the channel-I in case of liquid milk, while the price spread was Rs 94.09 in the channel-V after value addition. The market margin noted as highest in channel-I and followed by 2.87, 2.03, 1.56 and 0.53 in channel –IV, III, II and V, respectively. The average milk production was highest (27.5 liters per farmer per day) in the channel-II and the milk consumption by farmer was highest (1.85 liters per day) in channel-IV, while the marketed surplus noted as highest (94.91%) in channel-II. The majority (52.22%) of the criteria for fixing the price of milk at the time of purchasing from the farmer was decided by the buyers. Majority of the milk was marketed at producer’s home/farm. Most of the value chain actors were between young and middle aged, and most of them were males, had education up to school level. The occupation of value chain actors was milk vending, having high experience of more than 12 years and had annual income of Rs < 3.00 lakhs per anum. Majority (40.00%) of the middlemen fixed the purchase price for milk from the farmers while majority of the retailers purchased the milk based on existing market rates. Regarding criteria for fixing the sale price of milk, majority of the value chain actors fix the price themselves and sale the milk/value added product to the consumer. Majority of the families consume more than 1.00 liter of milk at an average of 322 grams per day. Majority of the consumers purchased from retailers in the form of unpacked milk. The non-remunerative price for milk was the main constraint faced by the dairy farmers followed by involvement of middlemen, transportation charges for milk, cost of fodder and feed to milch animals, high cost of milch animals, labour problem. The results indicated that the farmer, who is selling the milk directly to the consumer, is getting reasonable profits. Milk bought by value chain actors from dairy farmers fetch them more profit, but the milk producers got little profits due to high input costs, lack of marketing facilities, lack of milk price fixing based on fat and SNF content of milk and labour expenses. It can be concluded that the dairy sector is a value chain based development activity in the study area in which milk producers, value chain actors and consumers are equally essential in developing the dairy sector.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE PERFORhIANCE OF JERSEY X SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN PROGENY TESTING IMPLEMENTED AREAS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2011-10-31) A. REDDY VARA PRASAD; Dr. T.RAGHUNANDANThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED BROILER RABBITS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2014-10-07) R. LAVANYA; Dr. M. MAHENDERThesisItem Open Access A STUDY TO PREDICT IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND CO2 INCREASE ON QUALITY OF MAIZE AS LIVESTOCK FEED(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2021-07-24) SINGIRALA KATYAAYANI; Dr. A. SARAT CHANDRAA study was conducted to assess the impact of increasing temperature and carbon dioxide on the quality of maize fodder (stems and leaves) grown as livestock feed with recommended package of practices in the CTGC chambers under four set of environmental conditions (a) Reference (ambient temperature and carbon dioxide i.e., 27 ± 0.5ºC and 380 ± 25 ppm CO2), (b) Chamber with temperature gradient of 5 ± 0.5°C over reference and referred as elevated temperature (eTemp), (c) Chamber with elevated CO2 concentration of 550 ± 50 ppm with temperature gradient 5 ± 0.5°C over reference referred as elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp) and (d) Chamber with elevated CO2 concentration of 550 ± 50ppm referred as elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2). Leaf and stem portion of maize fodder at milking stage were screened by proximate, Vansoest, energy content, in vitro dry matter degradability, in vitro gas production technique and digestibility of nutrients through a digestibility trial on Nellore Ram lambs. Higher (P < 0.05) dry matter, Ash, ADL, ADF and cellulose per cent were found both in leaves and stem of the maize fodder grown under elevated temperature (eTemp) environmental conditions. Organic matter and crude protein content were found highest (P < 0.05) at the ambient temperature. Growing maize under elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp) environmental conditions increased (P < 0.05) NDF and hemicellulose contents both in leaves and stem. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher crude fibre content in stem was found in the maize grown under elevated temperature, whereas in leaves higher CF content was observed under elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp). A non-significant increase in ether extract was observed in stem of maize fodder grown under elevated temperature, but it was the highest (P < 0.05) at ambient temperature conditions in leaves. NFE in stem was the highest (P < 0.05) at elevated carbon dioxide, whereas in the leaves the highest value (P < 0.05) was found at ambient temperature. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) of stem and leaf portion in the maize fodder grown under carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05). The highest IVDMD (%) in maize stem was found in the maize fodder grown in eCO2 (51.1 ± 0.12), whereas the lowest value (43.6 ± 0.84) was recorded under eTemp environmental chamber conditions. Leaf of maize fodder grown at ambient (reference) (55.3 ± 0.12) had the highest IVDMD, whereas the lowest (50.1 ± 0.43) under eTemp environmental chamber conditions. Leaf portion of the maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05) in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) content (ppm), whereas comparable in zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) content. However, in stem portion of the maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05) in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) content and comparable in zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) content. Among different chambers, the highest (P < 0.05) DE (MJ/kg DM) was found in the stem and leaf of the maize fodder grown in eCO2 chamber. DE in maize stem and leaf decreased (P < 0.05) from G1 to G5 as temperature increased in both the eTemp and eCO2+ eTemp chambers. A similar trend was observed in Metabolizable energy (ME) content of maize stem. Cumulative gas production (ml/g-1DM) from stem and leaf of maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed in leaf portion of maize fodder grown in CTGC. Average dry matter (DM) digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) of 68.40 ± 0.93, 64.26 ±1.04, 66.92 ±1.14 and 65.58 ± 0.76 per cent were recorded for ambient, e Temp, eCO2 and eCO2 + eTemp, respectively, for the maize fodder grown in CTGC under different environmental conditions. Similarly, crude protein (CP) digestibility coefficients were 71.46 ± 0.42, 66.32 ± 0.62, 68.06 ± 0.48 and 69.22 ± 0.56 per cent and crude fibre (CF) digestibility coefficients were 60.43 ± 0.52, 58.12 ± 0.74, 59.26 ± 0.43 and 58.54 ± 0.65 per cent for ambient, e Temp, eCO2 and eCO2 + eTemp, respectively for the maize fodder grown in CTGC under different environmental conditions. The study indicated that nutritive value of maize fodder in terms of CP and DE/ME would decrease under elevated temperature and elevated carbon dioxide & temperature environmental conditions. Further, growing maize fodder under elevated temperature and elevated carbon dioxide & temperature would results in lower digestibility in small ruminants.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SAHIWAL AND JERSEY x SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2011-08-16) SURATANI SREEDHAR; Dr.K.SARJAN RAOThesisItem Open Access AMMONIATION OF SORGHUM STRAW WITH UREA/ANHYDROUS AMMONIA FOR IMPROVED UTILIZATION AMONG CROSSBRED CATTLE(APAU, HYD, 1987-08-20) C. NARENDER REDDY; Dr. M. RAJ REDDYThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2010-05-25) ANANDA RAO.K; Dr.K.SARJAN RAOThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR MURRAH AND GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2014-03-08) P. ASHALATHA; Dr.K.SARJAN RAO