Browsing by Author "Vikram Singh"
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ThesisItem Open Access Development, characterization and efficacy of bionanocluster of indole acetic acid and cobalt chloride on seed germination and yield in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Vikram Singh; Mandhania, ShiwaniIn the present investigation, Co2+ and indole-3-acetic acid were combined to create chitosan- Co2+-IAA BNCs. The mean hydrodynamic diameter, PDI value and zeta-potential of BNCs were recorded as 481.9 nm, 0.536 and +22.00 mV, respectively. Effect of seed priming with 100 ppm BNCs and four time foliar application of 100 ppm BNCs on seed germination, seedling growth, and boll drop was studied in H 1098i genotype of G. hirsutum L. Cotton seeds subjected to BNCs priming displayed higher percent germination and seed vigor index-I (92.14 %) compared to hydroprimed seeds due to elevated activities of glyoxylate cycle enzymes i.e. isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, which increased the conversion of fats to carbohydrates. Four times foliar application of 100 ppm BNCs increased leaf area, plant height, total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, ACC synthase activity, indole-3-acetic acid content, boll number, boll weight ultimately increasing seed cotton yield by 20.37 %. However, ACC oxidase, cellulase, pectinase activities and boll drop significantly decreased compared to control. It is concluded that application of BNCs comprising of chitosan, IAA and Co2+ via seed priming and foliar mode is novel, economical, and environment friendly.ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)” 2328(JUNAGADH, 2017-06) Vikram Singh; Dr. J. N. NariyaKey words: Phosphorus, Sulphur, Growth, Yield, Quality, Uptake and Chickpea A field experiment entitled “Effect of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried out under medium black silty loam soil and slightly alkaline soil in reaction with pH 8, EC 0.36 dSm-1, low in available nitrogen (242.6 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (34.50 kg ha-1), medium in available potasium (221.0 kg ha- 1) and low in available sulphur (8.52 ppm), during rabi 2015-16 at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The experiment consisting of 12 treatment combinations, comprising 4 levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and 3 levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40 kg S ha-1). These treatments were evaluated under factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The results revealed that the growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, quality parameters, nutrient content and uptake , available nutrients status in soil after harvest were significantly influnced by the various levels of phosphorus and sulphur. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant at 45 DAS (2.13 g plant-1), 60 DAS (17.10 g plant-1), 75 DAS (23.93 g plant-1), 90 DAS (32.90 g plant-1) and at harvest (34.05 g plant-1), plant height (42.30 cm), number of root nodules (8.48) at 45 DAS, dry weight of root nodules per plant (102.90 mg plant-1) at 45 DAS, stover yield (2450 kg ha-1), biological yield (3944 kg ha-1), protien yield (313.61 kg ha-1), uptake of N and K by seed, phosphorus and sulphur content and uptake by stover, total uptake of N, P, S by crop, available sulphur status (13.11 ppm), gross return ( 62580 ha-1) and net return ( 36300 ha-1) were recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, which was significantly higher over control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. But maximum branches per plant (6.02), number of pods per plant (64.62), seed index (21.20 g), seed yield (1507 kg ha-1), phosphorus and sulphur content and uptake in grain, total phosphorus uptake by crop, available phosphorus status (43.53 kg P2O5 ha-1) were recorded with the application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1, which was significantly higher over control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Furthermore application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded highest B: C ratio of 2.40 which was higher by 11.62 per cent over control. Application of sulphur @ 20 kg ha-1 resulted significantly higher branches per plant (5.77), highest number of root nodules per plant (9.40) at 45 DAS, Number of pods per plant (62.85), 100 seed weight, maximum seed yield (1442 kg ha-1), phosphorus and sulphur content and uptake in grain and available phosphorus (41.49 kg P2O5 ha-1). Also application of 20 kg S ha-1 recorded the B: C ratio of 2.37 which was higher by 9.21 per cent over control. While maximum dry matter accumulation per plant at 45 DAS (1.94 g plant-1), 60 DAS (15.59 g plant-1), 75 DAS (20.92 g plant-1), 90 DAS (29.33 g plant-1) and at harvest (30.41 g plant-1), plant height (40.65 cm), stover (2425 kg ha-1) and biological yield (3864 kg ha-1), protein yield (299.34 kg ha-1) , nitrogen uptake by seed, sulphur and phosphorus content and uptake by stover, uptake of nitrogen and potassium by stover, total uptake of N, P, K, S, available sulphur, gross and net return of 56417 ha-1 and 32573 ha-1 respectively, were recorded with the application of 40 kg S ha-1, which was significantly higher over control, 20 kg S ha-1. Combined effect of phosphorus and sulphur found to be synergistic on branches per plant, stover yield, biological yield, phosphorus content in seed and stover, sulphur content in seed and stover, N uptake by stover, P uptake by seed and stover, total N and P uptake, availability of sulphur, gross return, net return and B: C ratio. It probably happened because, the phosphorus and sulphur being absorbed as anion, their negative and positive interactions have been observed in different crops. The synergistic effect has been found at lower levels, while antagonistic influence has been noticed at higher levels. The qualitative highest seed yield and economic profitability of chickpea (Rabi, variety GG-5) can be achieved by application of phosphorus @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and sulphur @ 20 kg S ha-1 in the medium black calcareous soils of Saurashtra region of Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of phosphorus on growth and yield of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties sown after wheat(CCSHAU, 2015) Vikram Singh; Sharma, S.K.An investigation entitled, “Effect of phosphorus on growth and yield of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties sown after wheat” was conducted at Research Farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ambala during summer season of 2014. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. The treatments comprised of two varieties (MH 421 and SML 668) and four phosphorus levels (Control, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1). Mungbean variety SML 668 registered more plant height, higher dry matter accumulation except at harvest, higher dry matter partitioning except in pods and more leaf area index than MH 421during all the stages of crop growth. Mungbean variety MH 421 produced more yield attributes (branches per plant, pods per plant and grains per pod) grain, stover and biological yield than SML 668. MH 421 also recorded more nutrient uptake than SML 668. Bolder grains were obtained from mungbean variety SML 668. Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded more growth, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake, which was at par with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Mungbean variety MH 421 resulted in more net return and benefit cost ratio than SML 668. MH 421 performed better than SML 668 and responded up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different integrated weed control methods in spring maize (Zea mays L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Vikram Singh; Mehar ChandA field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) during spring 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) which was replicated three times and comprising eighteen weed control treatments viz. atrazine 750 g ha-1 PRE (T1), atrazine 750 g ha-1 fb 2,4 D 500 g ha-1 at 30 DAS (T2), atrazine 750 g ha-1 fb 1 hoeing at 30 DAS (T3), One hoeing at 20 DAS fb atrazine 750 g ha-1 at 30 DAS (T4), alachlor 2.0 kg ha-1 PRE (T5), alachlor 2000 g ha-1 fb hoeing (T6), alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 PRE fb 2,4 D 500 g ha-1 at 30 DAS (T7), atrazine 375g ha-1 + alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 PRE (T8), tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T9), tembotrione 140 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T10), alachlor 2000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T11), metribuzin 400 g ha-1 PRE (T12), metribuzin 500 g ha-1 PRE (T13), atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T14), manual hoeing (T15), mechanical hoeing at 20 & 40 DAS (T16), weedy check (T17) and weed free (T18). Important weed species observed in the experimental plots were Cyperus rotundus (sedges), Anagallis arvensis, Eclipta alba, Ageratum conyzodies, Coronopus didymus (broad leaf weeds), Brachiaria reptans and Dactyloctenium aegyptium (grassy weeds). All weed control treatments significantly reduced the total weed population and dry matter accumulation by weeds as compared to weedy check. Application of alachlor 2000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T11), atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T14), tembotrione 140 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T10), tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T9) provided excellent control of all types of weeds at all stages of the crop growth. Maximum weed control efficiency (99.7%) was observed with application of alachlor 2000 g ha-1as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 at 25 DAS + S at all stages of the observation. Higher growth, yield, yield attributes and return over variable cost were recorded with alachlor 2000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T11), being at par with atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (T14), tembotrione 140 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T10), tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (T9) over weedy check. None of the herbicide except metribuzin PRE (400 & 500 g ha-1) caused toxicity to green maize crop. Higher doses of metribuzin caused 20-45% toxicity to maize crop which mitigated within 10-15 days after spray. Higher B: C ratio (2.41) was obtained in alachlor 2000 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S followed by tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (2.38), atrazine 750 g ha-1 as PRE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S (2.37), tembotrione 140 g ha-1 + surfactant 1000 ml ha-1 (2.37) and lowest in weedy check (1.54).ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Analysis Of Advance Generation Lines Derived From Non Scented X Scented Rice Crosses(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University;Hisar, 2004) Vikram SinghThesisItem Open Access Genetic Evaluation Of Broiler Dam Line(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2006) Vikram Singh; Didar SinghThesisItem Restricted Genetic evaluation of broiler dam line(LUVAS, 2006) Vikram Singh; Didar SinghData over 13 generations collected from the record of broiler dam line maintained in the Department of Animal Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar was analyzed to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and response to selection in broiler for production and reproduction traits. The heritability of body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age was moderately heritable, egg number upto 40 and 50 weeks of age were low to moderate while age at first egg, egg weight, clutch size and pause size are low heritable traits. BW20 had positive high association with BW40, E.W, C.S and negative with AFE, EN40, EN50, P.S both at genetic and phenotypic level. Age at first egg was negatively associated but low magnitude with EW, EN40, EN50 and pause size both at genetic and phenotypic level. Negative association was found between egg weight and egg number and pause size. Positive high association among egg number upto 40 and 50 weeks of age was observed both at genetic and phenotypic level. Genetically clutch size was positively associated with pause size while relatively low at phenotypic level. Mass selection for broiler body weight is expected to increase body weights at both ages but decrease in AFE and egg production upto both ages. Accuracy of selection was maximum for the I3 index (0.70). Maximum response in EN40 was expected from the selection of pullets based on I3 index. Selection of cockerels was expected to increase EN40 by 4.79 eggs, EW by -0.48g and AFE by -0.32. Maximum response in EN50 was expected from the selection of pullets based on I3 index minimum reduction in egg weight was expected from I1 index. Selection of cockerels was expected to increase EN50 by 5.01 eggs, EW by -0.28g and AFE by -0.47 days. An optimum weight of about 2000g at 20 weeks of age for pullet which mature at 145 day will lay maximum eggs.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and utilization of inter-specific diversity for wheat improvement(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01-27) Antim; Vikram SinghImprovement in quality traits through biofortification along with grain yield is the major focus of researchers in this critical time of changing climate. Next major objective is developing wheat varieties which can fight changing climatic factors such as heat and drought stress and can provide higher yield to feed continuously expending population. Availability of genetic variability for improving modern day varieties further is present in crop wild relatives and can be introgressed in modern day varieties by creating amphidiploid and synthetic hexaploid wheat (pre-breeding material). The present study was therefore, planned to study the quality traits, grain yield and its component traits and physiological traits in SHW and amphidiploid wheat lines and the whole study was divided into three experiments. Another aim of the study was validation of SSR markers, selected from previous studies, associated with quality traits like Fe, Zn and grain protein content. With this regard 100 amphidiploid wheat lines along with 4 standard checks were sown at research area of ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal in augmented design for two consecutive years. One of the objective of the investigation was finding QTLs linked with heat and drought stress in wheat genotypes through SNP genotyping and for phenotyping 36 wheat genotypes (including SHW and elite lines) were sown at research area of ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal and Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. Nine thinopyrum accessions were also tested for heat and drought stress traits in the field under five differential sowing conditions for year 2019-20 and 2020-21. Significant genetic variability was observed for all the morphological and physiological traits. In experiment-1, highest Fe content was found to be 70.7ppm in amphidiploid of cross Ae. caudata/ Margarita36-15, highest Zn (48.17ppm) in cross Ae. mutica/ kundermiki39-1 and highest protein content (17.68%) in amphidiploid Ae. mutica/kundermiki14-8 was found. In experiment-2, based on grain yield performance under heat and drought stress conditions created by late sowing of lines in Rain-out-shelter (ROS) OS59, OS61 and OS55 were found to be best performer. Twenty-two stable SNPs located in the domain of genes were also found in this experiment. Marker trait association (MTA) between SNPs and phenotypic data revealed gene Iron-superoxide_distumase (associated with SNP AX-95249973) to play role in saving plants from oxidative stress under drought condition. Another gene P450, which expresses under drought stress to protect plant, was found to be associated with plant height under drought stress condition. In experiment-3 nine Thinopyrum accessions performed best under ROS facility (heat and drought stress) and EC531712 and EC787014 showed highest and stable performance in terms of grain yield/plot.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes upon sucking insect-pests infestation(CCSHAU, 2017) Vikram Singh; Mandhania, ShiwaniThe four cotton genotypes viz., Bio-100 BG II, GCH 3, KDCHH-9810 BG II and HS 6 were evaluated under field conditions to compare their tolarance levels against the sucking insect-pests. The effect of sucking insect-pests on morpho-physiological biochemical constituents viz., the relative water content, specific leaf weight, total chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, total phenolic content, total soluble sugar, tannin content, total soluble protein, gossypol content, H2O2 content and activity of enzymes- peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase that could explain some of the varietal tolerance levels were tested. Morpho-physiological and biochemical analysis indicated that the highest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in Bio 100 BG-II, highest specific leaf weight was observed in GCH-3 and highest electrolyte leakage was observed in HS-6 genotypes. The lowest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in HS-6, lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in Bio 100 BG-II and lowest specific leaf weight was observed in KDCHH 9810 BG-II genotypes. The highest total phenolic content, tannin content and POX activity observed in Bio-100 BG II. Gossypol content, total soluble protein and PPO activity were highest in GCH 3. Total soluble sugar and H2O2 content was highest in KDCHH- 9810 BG II. Total phenolic content, gossypol content and tannin content were lowest in HS 6. Total soluble protein and PPO and POX activity were lowest in KDCHH-9810 BG II. Total soluble sugar was lowest in GCH 3. H2O2 content was lowest in Bio-100 BG II. Sucking pest infestation reduced the total soluble sugar and total soluble protein of all genotypes, while other biochemical constituents increased with sucking insect-pests infestation. These results indicated that Bio-100 BG II is highly tolerant as compare to other genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and SSR markers studies on terminal heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020) Redhu, Mandeep; Vikram SinghIn the present investigation, 200 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross WH711/WH1021 were grown in randomized block design at CCSHAU, Hisar, during Rabi 2018-19 under timely sown and late sown conditions. The substantial amount of genetic variability was observed for all the traits. The traits such as CTD 2, total antioxidant activity, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate and number of effective tillers per meter showed high GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance under both conditions. The grain yield per plot showed a positive and significant correlation with grain filling duration, number of effective tillers per meter, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, biological yield per plot, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, seed density, NDVI 1, NDVI 2, CTD 1, CTD 2, SPAD 1, SPAD 2, relative water content, total antioxidant activity, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate under both environments. Heat stress indices were estimated to find out heat tolerance among RILs. Grain yield/plot showed a positive correlation with STI, MP, GMP, HM, MRP, while HSI, TOL, SSI and RED showed negative correlation with grain yield/plot under stress conditions. The path analysis revealed that biological yield per plot, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and number of effective tillers per meter were main contributor towards grain yield per plot. Regression analysis demonstrated variability for grain yield per plot was due to biological yield per plot, harvest index, seed density, CTD 1 and SPAD 1. The principal component analysis for morphological traits, physiological traits and heat stress indices indicated that the first two components accounted for more than 42%, 85% and 89% of the total variance, respectively. Based on euclidean cluster analysis, RILs were grouped into nine and eight clusters, cluster IX and cluster VIII were identified most divergent as well as high mean values for most of the traits. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified a total of 14 QTLs, i.e. 6 for morphological traits, 1 for physiological traits and 7 for heat stress indices.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen sources(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Vikram Singh; Parveen KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.ThesisItem Open Access Phenotypic and molecular analysis for morpho-physiological traits and yellow rust in wheat progenies derived from the cross between WH711/WH542(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Anu; Vikram SinghThe present investigation entitled “Phenotypic and molecular analysis for morpho-physiological traits and yellow rust in wheat progenies derived from the cross between WH711 / WH542” The experiments were conducted in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar, India during two successive years of Rabi seasons 2014-15 and 2015-16 with objective to determine variability, correlation path analysis and genetic divergence. Characterization of 238 progenies along with parent was done on the basis of 12 morpho-physiological traits which exhibited sufficient variation in all the traits. The differences between GCV and PCV values were less which showed little influence of environment. The correlation results revealed that plant height, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain length, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index expressed significant positive correlation with grain yield per plant across the generations and can be used for improving grain yield per plant. Path analysis of both generations revealed that biological yield per plant and harvest index had high direct effect on grain yield per plant while traits viz., number of tillers per plant, plant height and spike length contributed to grain yield per plant through biological yield per plant and harvest index. Based on D2 values, the progenies were grouped into 7 clusters in F3 and 8 clusters in F4 generation. The progenies included in clusters III, V and VI in F3 and V, VII and VIII in F4 generation were identified as divergent as well as having higher mean value for important yield component traits. The traits viz., grain breadth, number of grains per spike, spike weight, number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight contributed more than 60% towards total variability. Out of 438 SSR primers pairs (including Yr specific primers) used to characterize the parents for Yr gene and agronomic traits. Among 217 SSRs gave amplification. Out of these 217, SSR 145 markers were monomorphic and 72 SSR markers (including twelve Yr specific markers) were found polymorphic on parents. It was confirmed by NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster tree and dendrogram that two parents were most genetically diverse and the progeny lines were interspersed between the two parents for yellow rust in both the generations. Single marker analysis indicated that markers Xgwm249 and Xgwm297 were linked with yellow rust resistance in F4 generation.ThesisItem Open Access Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of backcross generations for salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell)(CCSHAU, 2017) Sharma, Sudhir; Vikram SinghSoil salinity is a major abiotic stress having adverse effects on all growth stages of wheat. In present study, HD 2967 x Kharchia 65 derived F3, BC1F2 (initial salt stress) and BC2F1 (under and field conditions) generations were evaluated for various morpho-physiological traits. A total of 430 seeds out of 750 BC1F2 seeds (57.33%) and 456 out of 700 F3 seeds (65.14%) germinated under salt stress. In all the three generations, ample variation was observed for all traits under study. Biological yield per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, spike length and plant height showed positively significant correlation with grain yield per plant across the generations. Path analysis of all three generations revealed that biological yield and harvest index had high direct effect on grain yield per plant while other traits viz. number of effective tillers per plant, plant height and spike length had significant indirect effect on grain yield per plant through biological yield per plant and harvest index. Marker assisted selection was done for Nax loci; responsible for salt tolerance in wheat. Thirty-seven plants, comprising of 29 BC1F2, 2 F3 and 6 BC2F1 showed amplification for both Nax1 and Nax2 locus. SSR (33) were used to generate allelic profile of selected plants. Molecular analysis showed that average recurrent parent recovery in BC1F2, BC2F1 and F3 plants was 83.18, 81.82 and 86.24%, respectively. Cluster tree analysis showed that HD 2967 and Kharchia 65 were clustered separately and plants in all three generations were clustered near recurrent parent HD 2967. Nine plants selected on the basis of high yield and the presence of Nax loci viz. plant number 50, 11 and 39 of F3, 16, 68 and 95 of BC1F2, and 21, 16 and 11 of BC2F1were advanced in the next generation and will be further backcrossed with the recurrent parent HD 2967 to develop salt tolerant wheat lines.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of bread wheat genotypes for terminal heat tolerance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-02) Akbarzai, Darya Khan; Vikram SinghIn the present investigation, 64 wheat genotypes were grown in randomized block design at CCSHAU, Hisar, during Rabi 2019-20 under late sown conditions. The substantial amount of genetic variability was observed for all the traits. The traits viz. total chlorophyll content and peduncle length showed high GCV and PCV while moderate GCV and PCV observed for main spike weight, number of grains/spike, main spike length under late conditions. High heritability along with high genetic advance were observed for traits viz. total chlorophyll content, peduncle length and main spike weight while traits such as main spike length, number of productive tillers/meter, 1000 grain weight, number of spikelets/spike and canopy temperature showed high heritability along with moderate genetic advance. The grain yield per plot showed a positive and significant correlation with main spike length, main spike weight, number of grains/spike, number of spikelets/spike, days to maturity, 1000 grain weight, biological yield/plot, harvest index, GGR14, GGR21, GGR28, total chlorophyll content, waxiness, field emergence and number of productive tillers/meter under heat stress environments. The path analysis revealed that biological yield/plot, harvest index, GGR21, field emergence, GGR28, main spike weight, days to heading, peduncle length, 1000 grain weight and number of productive tillers/meter were main contributor towards grain yield per plot. The principal component analysis for morpho-physiological traits indicated that first six components accounted for more than 72.69% of the total variability among the genotypes. Based on cluster analysis, genotypes were grouped into five clusters, cluster I, cluster II and cluster III were identified most divergent as well as potential donor for most of the traits. Single marker analysis (SMA) identified a total of 24 QTLs for the traits, viz.harvest index (4), canopy temperature (3), grain yield/plot (3), total chlorophyll content (2), biological yield/plot (2), GGR28 (2), field emergence (2), number of productive tillers/meter (1), main spike weight (1), number of spikelets/spike (1), 1000 grain weight (1), GRR14 (1) and GGR21 (1).ThesisItem Open Access Storage studies in pear(CCSHAU, 2006) Vikram Singh; Dudi, O.P.The present investigation was carried out at the Post Harvest Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at CCS Haryana Agricultural University during the year 2005. The main objective was to enhance the shelf-life of pear fruits of varieties i.e. Patharnakh, Kashmiri Nakh and Baggugosha under zero energy chamber using different types of packaging materials viz., corrugated fibre board boxes, polyethylene bags of individual fruit packing (0.01 mm and 0.05 mm) and polyethylene bags of 1 kg capacity (.0.01 mm and 0.05 mm). PE 0.01 mm of individual fruit packing at zero energy chamber storage was most effective in checking the PLW and decay loss. There was continuous decrease in firmness, specific gravity, acidity, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content irrespective of the packaging treatments. However, TSS, sugars and carotenoids content showed an increasing trend. Penicillium sp., Physalospora sp. and Botrytis sp. were the main causal organism responsible for the decay. Among different varieties Patharnakh was found to have longer shelf-life on PLW and decay loss basis and out of different packaging materials, pear fruit packed in PE 0.01 mm and PE 0.05 mm of individual fruit packing at zero energy chamber storage were the best in maintaining physical, biochemical and pathological parameters up to 10th day of storage. Whereas, maximum degradation of fruits was found in CFB boxes stored at room temperature.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidemiology, variability and management of bakanae disease (Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) of aromatic rice (Oryzae sativa L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08-04) Vikram Singh; Ashwani KumarBakanae of aromatic rice is one of the most destructive disease which appear in Haryana and adjoining states especially in early transplanted rice crop. The present studies were undertaken on “epidemiology, variability and management of bakanae disease during kharif 2021 to kharif 2022”. A total of 64 isolates were collected during roveing survey in kharif 2020 and 2021 from commonly aromatic rice grown area of Haryana state. Isolates were characterized on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics on potato dextrose agar (PDA), showed white, milky white to creamy white colour on surface and cottony to cottony fluffy texture. Three isolates showed macro-conidia whereas, rest of isolates showed micro-conidia. The macro-conidia size ranged between (22.36-28.09) × (3.01-4.71) μm in length and breadth, respectively. The size of micro-conidia ranges between (4.80- 9.92) × (1.42-2.71) μm. The growth rate of isolates varied between 12.95-25 mm/48 hrs. Molecular variability among 26 selected isolates was assessed by using different molecular primers viz. β-tubulin, Tef 1 α, Vertf and rp 32 & rp 33, SSR, ISSR, URP and RAPD. Out of forty one tested primers, 18 showed amplification and 100 % polymorphism. Among SSR, URP and RAPD, ISSR primers, polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged between 0.28-0.99, 0.35-0.39 and 0.30-0.39, respectively. Cluster analysis divides the 26 isolates into nine groups with the genetic similarity coefficient of 43.5. Among the biochemical constituents (mg/g of dry mycelium) total sugars, phenols, free amino acid and protein content varied between 3.77 (FM 53) - 12.08 (FM 63), 3.21 (FM 59) - 11.98 (FM 20), 26.31 (FM 25) - 58.83 (FM 53), 70 (FM 36) - 112 (FM 40), respectively. Amongst weather parameters during kharif 2021 maximum temperature (Tmax) and relative humidity morning (RHM) among all seasons showed positive correlation and minimum temperature and wind velocity showed negative correlation with bakanae per cent disease incidence. Coefficient of determination (R²) values ranged between 0.85 to 0.99. Among fungicides, carbendazim 50 WP was found most effective at 50 ppm under lab conditions. Among bioagents evaluated under nursery and field conditions, Trichoderma viride (WP) showed better results. Out of 46 genotypes screened under artificial inoculation field conditions, 22 were resistant, 17 were moderately resistant, 4 were susceptible and 3 were highly susceptible. Under nursery conditions, out of 61 genotypes, 35 were resistant, 23 were moderately resistant, two were susceptible and one was highly susceptible based on two year data.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic variability for physiomorphological and seed vigour parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.Em.Thell.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Kavita Rani; Vikram SinghThe present investigation “ Studies on genetic variability for physio-morphological and seed vigour parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.) was conducted to evaluate 40 genotypes to determined the magnitude of variability for various morphological and seed vigour parameters in wheat as well as to study the character association and genetic divergence. Analysis of variance revealed considerable amount of variability among genotypes for most of the characters under study. Plant drooping height, number of tillers per meter, flag leaf area, seed density and harvest index exhibited high GCV. The differences between GCV and PCV values were minimum which show least influence of environment. Heritability estimates were high for all the characters except grain breadth and germination per cent. Plant drooping height, number of tillers per meter, flag leaf area, harvest index, flag leaf length and seed density exhibited high genetic advance as per cent of mean alongwith high heritability estimates. The grain yield showed significant and positive correlation with number of tillers per meter, flag leaf length, flag leaf area, harvest index, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain growth rate at 28 days. Thousands grain weight, harvest index and flag leaf area had positive direct effect on grain yield. So, direct selection for these traits will be effective to increase the grain yield. On the basis of relative magnitude of distances, 40 genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters, which indicated the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity among the genotypes studied. Cluster V showed maximum genetic divergence with cluster IV and also having higher mean values for important yield traits and thus hydbridization involving genotypes of cluster V with genotypes of cluster IV is advocated in order to achieve high yielding segregants.