Browsing by Author "Veerpal Kaur"
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ThesisItem Restricted Economic feasibility of fish farming-A study of Ludhiana district in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Veerpal Kaur; Saran, Sukhjeet KFish farming plays a major role in the economic upliftment of the rural masses in Punjab. Keeping this in view present study was planned to work out the economics of inland fish production along with factors affecting the fish production in the study area and to investigate the production and marketing constraints in fish farming. For this, Ludhiana district was selected and a sample of 60 fish farmers was selected by using random sampling technique. The results of the study brought out that growth in inland fish production was higher than marine fish production during the last three decades. The quantity of fish exports had increased more than 14 times during the last three decades. In Punjab also during the last two decades, growth in area under fish farming was almost three times more than growth in productivity. Cost-return analysis of fish farming on sample fish farms revealed that labour cost, electricity usage, diesel use and aeration cost were the major constituents of variable cost. On private fish farms, total variable cost per hectare was maximum on medium fish farms (Rs. 2,07,554) followed by small (Rs. 2,00,752) and large (Rs. 1,83,844) farms. However, on panchayati fish farms, total variable cost per hectare was maximum on small fish farms (Rs. 1,81,418) followed by medium (Rs. 1,68,448) and large (Rs. 1,63,317) farms. In overall, total variable cost per hectare was Rs. 2, 01,970 on private and Rs. 1,74,461 on panchayati fish farms. On the contrary, fixed cost increased with farm size on private and panchayati fish farms. Gross returns per hectare on private fish farms were higher (Rs. 3,15,417) than panchayati fish farms (Rs. 2,80,058). Net returns per hectare were higher on panchayati fish farms (Rs. 85,244) as compared to private fish farms (Rs. 47,936). In overall, the regression coefficients of area, marketing cost and labour were significant. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was higher in large fish farms as 0.96 followed by medium 0.87 and small 0.77. The major problems in production and marketing were poaching, fish diseases, flooding, less subsidy, low price, irregular payment and infrastructure facilities etc. Major policy issues brought out were: higher subsidization of fish farming, adoption of integrated fish farming and ensured regular payment etc.ThesisItem Embargo Water footprint assessment of cotton-wheat cropping system in south-western Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Veerpal Kaur; Mishra, Sudhir KumarThe present study entitled, “Water footprint assessment of cotton-wheat cropping system in south western Punjab” has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot in cotton during Kharif season 2021 and in wheat during Rabi season 2021-22. A field experiment having eighteen treatments was laid out in a Randomized complete block design with three replications. Four nitrogen levels viz., 100 % (recommended dose of nitrogen @ 112.5 kg ha-1) and 125 % of RDN were fertigated in either 10 and/or 14 equal splits at 10 days interval for cotton while for wheat, 100 % of RDNP (recommended dose of nitrogen @ 125 kg ha-1 and phosphorus @ 62.5 kg ha-1) and 80% were fertigated in either 8 and/or 10 equal splits at 7 days interval. The subsurface fertigation was executed under two lateral depths [25 cm (L1) and 30 cm (L2)] and two emitter spacings [30 cm (S1) and 40 cm (S2)]. In addition, two extra control treatments including surface flood method (control 1) and existing recommendation of sub-surface drip fertigation at 20 cm lateral depth and 20 cm emitter spacing with 100 % RDN in cotton and 80 % RDNP in wheat (control 2) were also evaluated. Results revealed that in cotton-wheat cropping system, subsurface drip system established at 25 cm lateral depth along with 30 cm emitter spacing (L₁S₁F4) recorded 24.9 % higher seed cotton yield and 17.3 % higher wheat grain yield over subsurface drip system installed at 30 cm lateral depth with 40 cm emitter spacing (L2S2F4). However, in comparison to surface flood method (control 1) the existing recommendation of subsurface drip fertigation system (control 2) recorded 36.1 % higher seed cotton yield and 25.6 % better wheat grain yield. In both crops, the improved growth and yield parameters under L₁S₁F₄ were evident mainly due to favourable micro-climatic conditions like lower canopy temperature coupled with better physiological parameters such as relative water content, chlorophyll content, rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In cotton, subsurface drip fertigation of 125 % RDN with 14 splits (L1S1F₄) at 10 day interval through lateral placed at 25 cm (L₁) depth having 30 cm emitter spacing (S₁) recorded lowest water footprint (2.3 m³ kg⁻¹). The conventional cotton crop receiving surface flood irrigation and manual fertilizers broadcasting (control 1) resulted into higher water footprint (3.6 m³ kg⁻¹). Similarly, in wheat crop, sub-surface drip fertigation of 100 % RDNP into 10 splits at 7 day interval (F₄) having 25 cm laterals depth (L₁), and 30 cm emitter spacing (S₁) exhibited minimum water footprints (1.1 m³ kg⁻¹). Contrarily, reduced dose of 80 % RDNP supplied in 8 splits at 30 cm lateral depth and 40 cm emitter spacing under T13 treatment (L₂S₂F₁) resulted in higher water footprint (1.5 m³ kg⁻¹). In cotton-wheat cropping system, maximum water footprint (5.06 m³ kg⁻¹) was recorded under surface flood irrigation (control 1) however, minimum water footprint (3.38 m³ kg⁻¹) has been observed under L1S1F4. Among different treatments in cotton-wheat cropping system, total water footprint increased by 14 % in L₂ (30 cm) than L₁ (25 cm). Similarly, 7.5 % more water footprint was recorded in wider spacing (S₂=40 cm) as compared to the narrower spacing (S₁=30 cm) of emitters. A reduced water footprint to the tune of 22.1 % was evident under control 2 as compared to control 1 (surface flood method). Similarly, water footprint under F₄ was reduced by 3.2, 8.0 and 13.2 % over F₃, F₂ and F₁, respectively. Therefore, fertigation with higher splits through subsurface drip system having 25 cm lateral depth and 30 cm emitter spacing was found to be suitable for higher productivity and lower water footprints in cotton – wheat cropping system.