Browsing by Author "Tyngkan, Hehlangki"
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Embargo Economics of soil conservation in Meghalaya(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU-Imphal, Umiam, 2022-08) Tyngkan, Hehlangki; Singh, S. BasantaSoil degradation is described as the rate at which soil quality degrades, leading to a reduction in agricultural yields, as a result of activities primarily driven by human activity. Meghalaya has the wettest environment on the planet, and its high terrain with tiny valleys in between limits the amount of land available for cultivation. Due to unprecedented rainfall and its high intensity, the problem of soil erosion persists in the state. Consequently, soil erosion in the state accelerated by primitive agricultural practices such as jhum and bun. Keeping the above facts in view, the study on the economics of soil conservation in Meghalaya was planned with the objectives: (i) to study the economics of different soil conservation methods vis-à-vis conventional farming (ii) to study the adoption of soil conservation practices by the farmers in the study area (iii) to assess the impact of soil conservation practices on income, employment and equity of farmers in the study area (iv) to derives policy implications for improvement of soil conservation measures in the state. For the study, primary data consisting of 120 adopters and 120 non-adopters of soil conservation were collected from East Khasi Hills and Ri-Bhoi districts. Benefit-cost analysis, binary logistic regression model, paired t-test, Gini index, Lorenz curve; policy documentation and consultation with different agencies were employed to achieve the above defined objectives. The study revealed that, all the adopted soil conservation (SC) measures viz., bench terracing, contour bunding, peripheral bunding, loose boulder bunding and check dam had positive Net Present Value (NPV), B-C ratio more than one and Internal Rate of return (IRR) more than the considering discount factor (10%). Among the various SC, bench terracing had the highest NPV `264515.58) and IRR (24.36%) whereas loose boulder bunding had the highest B-C ratio (1.53). The economics of selected crops between the adopters and non-adopters of SC showed a significant difference over non-adopters in potato, cabbage and carrot with a difference in net return of `19325.44, `11310.22 and `15482.07, respectively. Out of 13 regressors taken into consideration for determining the factors affecting the adoption of SC by the farmers, age, sex, education, farm income, off-farm income, livestock, access to credit and training were significant. In both the adopters and non-adopters’ categories, majority of the farmers belonged in the income group of `30001-`60000 (39.17% and 48.33 % respectively) followed by `60001-`90000 (35.83% and 30.83% respectively). However, adopters had higher income with the difference of `16,723.65 as compared to the non-adopters. The Lorenz curve and Gini index (0.28 for adopters and 0.38 for non-adopters) depicted a comparatively even distribution of income among the adopters. Per farm employment showed a significant difference at 285.95 mandays and 243.18 mandays in adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The priority areas for action identified to improve the adoption of SC measures in the state include building partnerships, up-scaling of SC practices, building community capability, maximum participation in MGNREGA scheme, economic incentives, promotion of conservation agriculture (CA) and promotion of payment for ecosystem services (PES). The overall results on feasibility analysis for various SC measures were encouraging and hence regular awareness programs are necessary to motivate farmers for adopting appropriate erosion control measures in their field to bring positive returns while enhancing the productivity of the soil in long termThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC- NATIONAL AGRICULTURE MARKET (e-NAM) ON THE INCOME OF FARMERS IN RAIPUR AND DHAMTARI AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE MARKET COMMITTEES (APMCs) OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Tyngkan, Hehlangki; Pathak, Hulase- NAM was launched on 14 April 2016 to address and reverse the process of fragmentation of markets, ultimately lowering intermediation costs, wastage and prices for the final consumer. The present study was undertaken with a view to examine the impact of e-NAM on the income of farmers in Raipur and Dhamtari APMCs of Chhattisgarh. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) To study the market profile andassess the status of e-NAM of selected APMCs in the study area. (ii) To examine the arrival and prices of major commodities before and after e-NAM in study area. (iii) To assess the impact of e-NAM on the income of farmers. (iv) To identify the constraints in e-NAM system and to suggest measures for improvement of the same. The two APMCs that were sampled for the study purpose was Nawapara APMC, Raipur district which was unified with e-NAM during the first phase of unification and Dhamatari APMC, Dhamtari district which was unified during the second phase of unification. 75 farmers and 25 traders from both APMCs each were selected randomly. Primary data were collected using pre-tested schedule along with secondary data for the period of 2017-18.Tabular analysis,absolute change, relative change, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were estimated for thearrival, price of paddy and income of farmers and APMCs respectively,pre and post-unification with e-NAM. The constraints faced by farmers and traders in e-NAM were analysed using Garret Ranking technique. The empirical findings of the study revealed thatNawapara and Dhamtari APMCsserved the population of around 125591 from 57 villagesand 249780 from 146 villagesrespectively. In both the selected APMCs, paddy was the only major commodity that was traded in the e-NAM auction. It was observed that the average daily arrival of paddy was more in Nawapara APMC (7340 Qtl) compared to Dhamtari APMC (3000 Qtl). Major source of income of these APMCs was market fee which was more than 90 % to the total income.The post-unification absolute change of monthly arrival of paddy in Nawapara APMC was 84301.73 Qtl and relative change of 75.08 per cent whereas, in Dhamtari APMC it was 129890.70 Qtl and 66.21 per cent, respectively. Theabsolute changeand relative change in modal price of paddy post-unification were observed to be Rs. 191.67 per quintal and 14.75 per cent respectively, in Nawapara APMC whereas, in case of Dhamtari APMC, it was Rs. 184.70per quintal and 13.19 per cent, respectively.The variation in terms of arrival, was more before unification in both the selected APMCs with 85.76 % CVin case of Nawapara APMC and 93.13 per cent in Dhamtari APMC compared to post-unification of e-NAM with 63.90 % CV and 70.01% CV, respectively.Whereas, in case of price, it was 7.76 % CV pre- unification and 5.68 % CV post-unification in Nawapara APMC and 6.35 % CV and 3.69 % CV respectively, in case of Dhamtari APMC. It was observed that most of the sampled farmers were coming to the Nawapara APMC for more than 5 years (41.33%) and inDhamtari APMC less than 5 years (46.67%). In Nawapara APMC, 57.33% of the sampled farmers participated in e-NAM trading for less than one year and in case of Dhamtari APMC 81.33% of the farmers joined with e-trading for less than 6 months due to it late unification i.e.on 8 April 2017. It was observed that the average quantity of paddy brought by e-NAM sellers in Nawapara APMC was 48.67 quintal and 56.99 quintal in the case of Dhamtari APMC. The overall average income received by the sampled farmers post e-NAM was Rs. 74371.67 and Rs. 89503.52 with an average absolute change of Rs. 7284.27 and Rs. 11358.81 in Nawapara and Dhamtari APMCs, respectively.It wasalso observed that the e-NAM sellers obtained higher price for paddy in post- unification with an average absolute change of Rs. 128.28per quintal in Nawapara APMC and it was Rs. 198.94per quintal in Dhamtari APMC.Inspite of this, majority of the sampled farmers preferred to trade their produce in the open auction as trading in the e-platform was time consuming and being computerised system, farmers were not much familiar with.The most important factors influencing farmers’ participation in e-NAM was observed to be remunerative price in case of Nawapara APMC and absence of middlemen in case of Dhamtari APMC. The study revealed that the major constraints faced by e-NAM sellers in sampled APMCs were time consuming in e-NAM auction,multiple visits to bank for payment,lack of awareness about e-NAM system and lack of understanding the displayed content.Based on the findings, the study suggested,organising awareness campaigns and training programme, significant enhancement of assaying and grading facilities, improved software and connectivity, visual display in local languages, 25 % to 50 % cash payment for immediate cash requirement of the e-NAM sellers and establishment of regulatory body for regulating the e-NAM system for its smooth functioning. Besides, the initial bidding price should be made higher thanprevious successful bid for real price discovery. Bidding time should also be increased for the improvement of e-NAM system.