Browsing by Author "Tiwari, Alok"
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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS FOLLOWED BY BIG FARMERS WITH REFERENCE TO PRODUCTIVITY IN BALOD DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH STATE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, 2015) Sahu, Laleeta; Sarkar, J.D.; Khan, M.A.; Tiwari, Alok; (Smt.) Shukla, S.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITY AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A VERTISOL UNDER RICEWHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Yadav, Shivani; Bachkaiya, Vinay; Tiwari, Alok; Sonboir, H.L.; Saxena, R.R.The present investigation entitled “Assessment of soil enzyme activity as influenced by nutrient management practices in a Vertisol under rice-wheat cropping system” was conducted during Kharif 2020 in a Vertisol at Long Term Fertilizer Experiment, Research cum instructional Farm, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The treatments of this long-term experiment comprised of control, 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + ZnSO4@ 10 kg/ha, “100% NP, 100% N, 100% NPK + FYM @ 5t/ha, 50% NPK + BGA @ 10 kg/ha, 50% NPK + Green Manure” (Sunhemp). The treatments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. Soil bio-chemical characteristics were recorded to be improved with continuous addition of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with organic over only chemical fertilizers. The soil pH and EC doesnot shows to have any significant effect of application of inorganic fertilizers either alone or in combination with organic manure. The organic carbon was recorded to be highest (6.84 g kg-1) in treatment T8 (100% NPK + FYM @ 5 tonnes/ha) and the lowest value (4.14 g kg-1) is observed in treatment T1 (control). The result indicated that application of 150% NPK and conjoint application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources tends to improve the available N, P, K status of soil. The soil enzyme activity, viz. dehydrogenase (55.39 TPF μg 24 hr-1g-1), urease (44.08 μg NH4+ - N g-1 soil hr-1)“acid phosphatase”(76.30“μg p-nitrophenol g-1 hr-1) and“alkaline phosphatase”(52.23“μg p-nitrophenol g-1 hr-1”) were significantly influenced due to addition of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 tonnes/ha. The results also showed that application 150% NPK and 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 tonnes/ha recorded higher grain (6930 kg/h and 6850 kg/ha respectively) and straw yield (7785 kg ha-1 and 7415 kg ha-1 respectively) as compared to 100% N alone and control. The findings of experiment clearly indicated that continuous balanced use of fertilizers with organic manures, either alone or in combination is vital for enhancing nutrient status, enzyme activity, and yield in a rice-wheat cropping system on Vertisols.ThesisItem Open Access BIODEGRADATION OF RICE STRAW BY COW DUNG INHABITING BACTERIAL ISOLATES(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Raj, Kishan Kumar; Soni, Ravindra; Choudhary, Tapas; Saxena, R.R.; Khokhar, Dharmendra; Tiwari, AlokIn the present study, four bacterial isolates (AMB-CD-1, AMB-CD-2, AMB-CD-3 and AMB-CD-4) was isolated from the cow-dung sample. The biochemical study includes catalase test, Citrate utilization test, Urease test, Starch hydrolysis test, Triple sugar iron test and Antibiotic susceptibility test. Out of four isolates only AMB-CD-1 isolate performed the best in all the screening analysis. The results concluded that the AMB-CD-1 culture inoculated straw have low level of cellulose and hemicellulose indicating the degradation of these particles. The isolate AMB-CD-1 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa through Sanger sequencing technique of 16S rRNA gene. The results from FTIR revealed that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMB-CD-1 might be useful for fast composting of rice straw. Compost obtained after degradation of rice straw by AMB-CD-1 was evaluated in rice plant. This study concludes that the highest germination percentage, shoot weight and shoot length were found significantly superior in T4 (50% Sand + 50% Compost) whereas the highest chlorophyll content was found in T7 (25% Sand + 25% Soil + 50% Compost) and T1 (100% Sand) was effective in terms of root length. Overall study concluded that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AMB-CD-1) might be a fast decomposer of paddy straw.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF RHIZOBIUM ISOLATES FOR INCREASING BLACK GRAM PRODUCTIVITY IN ACIDIC SOILS OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Dash, Diptimayee; Bajpai, R.K.; Tiwari, Alok; Singh, A.K.; Gupta, S.B.CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF RHIZOBIUM ISOLATES FOR INCREASING BLACK GRAM PRODUCTIVITY IN ACIDIC SOILS OF CHHATTISGARHThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF SOLANACEOUS CROP CAUSED BY RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. UNDER BASTAR PLATEAU REGION(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALYA RAIPUR (C.G.), 2021) Bhanwar, Raja Ram; Tiwari, P.K.; Dantre, R.K.; Saxena, R.R.; Tiwari, AlokThe present investigation entitled “Characterization and management of bacterial wilt of solanaceous crop caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. under Bastar plateau region” was conducted at the Plant Pathology laboratory, S.G. College of Agriculture and Research Station (IGKV), Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh during 2016-17 and 2017-18 to ascertain the percent disease incidence with identify the bacterial race and biovar and its management through soil amendments. Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop of Chhattisgarh and India is the second largest producer in the world. Among the different major diseases, bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum is one of the most destructive diseases of all solanaceous crops and highly challenging worldwide. Present survey on bacterial wilt of brinjal indicated that the bacterial wilt is a big challenge in production of brinjal and other solanaceous crop in the Bastar plateau especially in Bastar district with 3 to 60% plant mortality caused by R. solanacearum followed by Kondagaon, Bijapur, Dantewad, Sukma, Narayanpur and Kanker district. In the present study of survey it is also concluded that the favourable soil pH (5.3 to 6.9 pH), soil moisture (16 to 28%) and soil temperature (18 to 25oC) were important factors for the development of soil borne bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt of brinjal was characterized as drooping of lower leaves sometimes turn pale yellow, lose their turgidity followed by drying of the leaves and sudden wilting of plants and brown discoloration of vascular tissues and its causal organism easily isolated from bacterial ooze exudates at the cut end portion of the stem. Culture of R. solanacearum was more viable when preserved in the nutrient broth medium at 4oC temperature. Virulent isolates of R. solanacearum were produced pink or light red colored colonies with characteristic round red centered raised colonies with white fluidal margin in TTZ artificial medium. Expression of culture characteristics of R. solanacearum was excellent when TTZ medium containing CaSO4 2H2O and yeast extract among different nutrient-enriched TTZ mediums. In the present investigation all isolates of wilt causing pathogens were identified as R. solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al., 1995) on the basis of their morphological and biochemical reactions. On the basis of carbohydrates utilization test, five isolates of R. solanacearum were grouped under biovar III followed by biovar II. On the basis of host range infectivity, R. solanacearum bacteria from Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh state could be grouped under race 1 followed by race 3 as described in EPPO (2004). The growth of R. solanacearum significantly differed at different temperatures and pH levels indicated that the 30oC temperature and 6 to 7 pH were found optimum for the maximum growth of R. solanacearum under in vitro conditions. Among sixteen varieties and cultivars of brinjal, only 6 varieties and cultivars i.e. VNR 60 (F1 Hybrid), Pusa Kranti, Hara Gol Improved, Pusa Purple Cluster, Grafted brinjal plant, Mukta Keshi were showed resistant reaction in both Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 against bacterial wilt disease of brinjal caused by R. solanacearum. Among the different doses of silica based plant growth stimulant, application of silica based plant growth stimulant @ 7kg/ha with FYM @ 25t/ha was significantly minimized the population dynamics of R. solanacearum in rhizosphere soil as well as significantly checked the plant mortality caused by bacterial wilt disease of brinjal during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 and also improved the soil health through neutralized or increased soil pH. In the present investigation on the effect of quick-lime, the population dynamics of R. solanacearum and plant mortality percentage was significantly reduced with an increase of soil pH in the use of quick-lime @ 1 t/ha to 4t/ha and higher dose of quick-lime from 5t/ha to 7 t/ha was also increased the soil pH but toxic effect was observed on plant health. Thus the present studies revealed in both the season that the bacterial wilt of brinjal caused by R. solanacearum could effectively and ecofriendly managed with integration of resistance cultivar, silica based plant growth stimulant, quick-lime and vermicompost.ThesisItem Open Access COLLECTION AND EVALUATION OF CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) GENOTYPES IN CHHATTISGARH PLAINS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Chandel, Swapnil Singh; Dikshit, S.N.; Sharma, H.G.; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.The present investigstion entitled “Collection and Evaluation of Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) genotypes in Chhattisgarh plains” was carried out in the Department of Fruit science, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur through the survey conducted in the different villages of district Bilaspur and Mahasamund, during the year 2016-17. All 18 genotypes were evaluated for growth and yield parameters and physico-chemical aspects. The results revealed a great variability for various characters which helped to identify the most promising genotypes. The tree height varied from 3.22–3.98 m, trunk girth varied from 38.36–42.38 cm, North-South spread ranged from 2.24–3.52 m, while East-West spread varied from 2.11-3.32 m and leaf length as well as leaf breadth varied from 9.13-18.29 cm and 4.55-7.54 cm, respectively. Number of fruits per tree varied from 26–41 and fruit yield per tree varied from 4.05–14.99 kg. There was variation for physical characters of fruit in genotypes. The fruits physical characters viz., fruit length (7.53 to 11.76 cm), fruit breadth (7.14 to 10.98 cm), fruit weight (155.86 to 365.78 g), pericarp weight (75.85 to 162.58 g), pulp weight (60.44 to 180.56 g) number of seeds per fruit (48.33 to 20.00) and seed weight (15.00 to 23.00 g), also the shape of fruit observed was either round, oval or heart shape. All these physical characters showed significant variation. The variation was also observed for fruit chemical characters viz., TSS (20.19 to 25.22 0B), acidity (0.32 to 0.45 %), Ascorbic acid (32.4 to 37.8 mg/100 g pulp), Total sugar (13.01 to 18.20%), reducing sugar (10.80 to 14.50%) and non-reducing sugar (2.10 to 3.70%). The fruit colour observed was dark-green to whitish-green. Seed colour observed was black to brownish-black. The pulp colour was dull-white to creamy-white. The white colour was predominant and was recorded in eleven genotypes. The taste of fruit pulp varied from less sweet to very sweet. The pulp was found as soft or granular. On the basis of performance of individual genotype, BSPCA-1, BSPCA- 4, BSPCA-8, MSCA-1 and MSCA-5 was located as promising genotypes. All the five promising genotypes were superior in fruit quality traits and could be commercially viable cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF BALANCED NUTRITION AND FARMER’S FERTILIZATION PRACTICE USING RICE AS A TEST CROP ON TRIBAL FARMER’S FIELD(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Shivam; Tiwari, Alok; Bachkaiya, Vinay; Tiwari, Nitish; Saxena, R.R.The present investigationentitled “Comparison of balanced nutrition and farmer’s fertilization practice using rice as a test crop on tribal farmer’s field”was conducted in 2020 at Telgara village, Kanker, C.G. The experiment was laid out in independent t-Test having two treatments, which replicated twenty times. The treatment consisted of two different treatments viz. T1: Farmer’s fertilizer dose [N: P2O5: K2O::65: 46: 30 (kg ha-1)], T2:Balanced fertilizer dose [N: P2O5: K2O:: 120: 60: 40 (kg ha-1)]. The experiment was conducted under tribal sub-plan (TSP) of AICRP on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment (LTFE). The LTFE has been continued since 1999 at Raipur and amongst 10 treatments of LTFE after 2 decades of experimentation, the optimum balanced (N: P2O5: K2O:: 120: 60: 40kg ha-1) recommended dose of nutrients for rice crop had been identified as an optimum treatment to produces sustainable rice yield without compromising the soil properties. To aware the farmers of Kanker district, this sustainable balanced dose of nutrients treatment had been introduced to compare the yield gaps between 2 treatments or indirect approaches to increase the farmer’s income through an increase in rice yield. With this idea and/or aim the present experimentwas framed with a specific and minimum set of treatments onricecropduringtheKharifseason. As regards the effect of fertilization on physico-chemical properties of soil such as pH, EC & OC recorded significant differences among each other. The farmer’s practice dose (FPD) had a mean value of pH (6.33), EC (0.14 dSm-1) & OC (0.67%) and balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) had the mean value of pH (6.22), EC (0.13 dSm-1) & OC (0.69%) was noted amongst 20 farmer’s fields. The data on major nutrient content in the soil revealed that the available N was significantly differed and recorded the highest (252 kg ha-1) availableN in BFD and the lowest (223 kg ha-1) value was recorded under the FPD. The available phosphorus significantly increased among the treatments (FPD & BFD) and ranged from 11 to 14 (kg ha-1). The significantlyhigher available P (14 kg ha-1) was recorded in BFD and lower available P (11 kg ha-1) was noted in FPD. Similarly, higher availableK (419 kg ha-1) was recorded in balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and lower availableK (302 kg ha-1) was noted in farmer's practice dose. The data recorded on micro-nutrient status in soil showed non-significant differences among both (FPD & BFD) treatments. The available Cu variedfrom 0.82 to0.89 (mgkg -1)in FPD and 0.83 to 0.89 (mgkg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The available Fe varied from 10.2 to 10.9 (mgkg -1) in FPD & 10.0to 10.9 (mg kg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The available Mn ranged from 7.2 to 7.9 (mg kg -1) in FPD and 7.0 to 9.9 (mgkg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The highest (0.90 mg kg -1) total Zn content was recorded in balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and the lowest (0.80 mgkg -1) total Zn content was recorded in farmer's practice dose (FPD) in farmer’s field. The effect of fertilization on grain of riceranges from 37.85 to 45.62 (qha-1) and strawyieldofrice rangesfrom 48.84 to 63.26 (q ha-1) among balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and farmers’ practice dose (FPD). The grain yield of rice was significantly influenced due to the balanced application of nutrients over FPD. It can be concluded that application of BFD [N: P: K :: 120: 60: 40(kg ha-1)] had improved the level of an available major nutrient as well as yield of rice in the soil as compared to FPD [N: P: K :: 65: 46: 30(kg ha-1)] under the present investigation. The effect of fertilization on harvesting index of rice ranges from 41.88 to 43.65(%) among the treatments balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and farmer’s practice dose (FPD). The harvesting index of rice was significantly influenced.The highest H.I. (43.65%) of rice was obtained with the application of FPD which was significantly superior over the treatment BFD (41.88%).ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF BALANCED NUTRITION AND FARMER’S FERTILIZATION PRACTICE USING RICE AS A TEST CROP ON TRIBAL FARMER’S FIELD(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2021) Shivam; Tiwari, Alok; Bachkaiya, Vinay; Tiwari, Nitish; Saxena, R.R.The present investigationentitled “Comparison of balanced nutrition and farmer’s fertilization practice using rice as a test crop on tribal farmer’s field”was conducted in 2020 at Telgara village, Kanker, C.G. The experiment was laid out in independent t-Test having two treatments, which replicated twenty times. The treatment consisted of two different treatments viz. T1: Farmer’s fertilizer dose [N: P2O5: K2O::65: 46: 30 (kg ha-1)], T2:Balanced fertilizer dose [N: P2O5: K2O:: 120: 60: 40 (kg ha-1)]. The experiment was conducted under tribal sub-plan (TSP) of AICRP on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment (LTFE). The LTFE has been continued since 1999 at Raipur and amongst 10 treatments of LTFE after 2 decades of experimentation, the optimum balanced (N: P2O5: K2O:: 120: 60: 40kg ha-1) recommended dose of nutrients for rice crop had been identified as an optimum treatment to produces sustainable rice yield without compromising the soil properties. To aware the farmers of Kanker district, this sustainable balanced dose of nutrients treatment had been introduced to compare the yield gaps between 2 treatments or indirect approaches to increase the farmer’s income through an increase in rice yield. With this idea and/or aim the present experimentwas framed with a specific and minimum set of treatments onricecropduringtheKharifseason. As regards the effect of fertilization on physico-chemical properties of soil such as pH, EC & OC recorded significant differences among each other. The farmer’s practice dose (FPD) had a mean value of pH (6.33), EC (0.14 dSm-1) & OC (0.67%) and balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) had the mean value of pH (6.22), EC (0.13 dSm-1) & OC (0.69%) was noted amongst 20 farmer’s fields. The data on major nutrient content in the soil revealed that the available N was significantly differed and recorded the highest (252 kg ha-1) availableN in BFD and the lowest (223 kg ha-1) value was recorded under the FPD. The available phosphorus significantly increased among the treatments (FPD & BFD) and ranged from 11 to 14 (kg ha-1). The significantlyhigher available P (14 kg ha-1) was recorded in BFD and lower available P (11 kg ha-1) was noted in FPD. Similarly, higher availableK (419 kg ha-1) was recorded in balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and lower availableK (302 kg ha-1) was noted in farmer's practice dose. The data recorded on micro-nutrient status in soil showed non-significant differences among both (FPD & BFD) treatments. The available Cu variedfrom 0.82 to0.89 (mgkg -1)in FPD and 0.83 to 0.89 (mgkg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The available Fe varied from 10.2 to 10.9 (mgkg -1) in FPD & 10.0to 10.9 (mg kg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The available Mn ranged from 7.2 to 7.9 (mg kg -1) in FPD and 7.0 to 9.9 (mgkg -1) in BFD amongst 20 farmer’s field. The highest (0.90 mg kg -1) total Zn content was recorded in balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and the lowest (0.80 mgkg -1) total Zn content was recorded in farmer's practice dose (FPD) in farmer’s field. The effect of fertilization on grain of riceranges from 37.85 to 45.62 (qha-1) and strawyieldofrice rangesfrom 48.84 to 63.26 (q ha-1) among balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and farmers’ practice dose (FPD). The grain yield of rice was significantly influenced due to the balanced application of nutrients over FPD. It can be concluded that application of BFD [N: P: K :: 120: 60: 40(kg ha-1)] had improved the level of an available major nutrient as well as yield of rice in the soil as compared to FPD [N: P: K :: 65: 46: 30(kg ha-1)] under the present investigation. The effect of fertilization on harvesting index of rice ranges from 41.88 to 43.65(%) among the treatments balanced fertilizer dose (BFD) and farmer’s practice dose (FPD). The harvesting index of rice was significantly influenced.The highest H.I. (43.65%) of rice was obtained with the application of FPD which was significantly superior over the treatment BFD (41.88%).ThesisItem Open Access CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL HEALTH IN RELATION TO MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN SCENTED ORGANIC RICE SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Janghel, Gulshan Kumar; Gupta, S.B.; Bhambri, M.C.; Saxena, R.R.; Tiwari, Alok; Chowdhury, TapasA field study was conducted during Kharif, 2016 in Instructional cum Research farm, IGKV, Raipur, in an Inceptisols with rainy season rice to evaluate the effect of different combinations of organic manures along with biofertilizers on physico-chemical, chemical, microbial, biochemical properties of soil and crop yield. Different chemical and non –chemical weed management techniques were also evaluated to find out the suitability.Three different types of organic manures i.e. FYM, Poultry manure and Vermicompost were mixed in different combinations . Nitrogenous and phosphatic biofertilizeres i.e. Azospirillum and PSB were also applied through seed inoculation uniformly to all the organic manure treatments. The combinations of organic manures have done in such a way so that the crop N demand has been fulfilled. Three treatmens (i) FYM (50% N) +Vermicompost (50% N) + Azospirillum + PSB , (ii) FYM (50% N) + Poultry Manure (50%N) +Azospirillum + PSB and (iii) FYM (50% N) + Vermicompost (25% N) + Poultry Manure (25% N) +Azospirillum + PSB put in main plots. Different weed control practices have also been evaluated to find out their suitability for organic farming of rice , compared with weedy check. These weed control practices are hand weeding, motorized weeding and recommended herbicides application (oxadiargyl 80 g/ha as pre emergence and fb bispyribac 25 g/ha as post emergence) which were put in sub plots. The results of the investigation revealed that the 50% nitrogen management through FYM , 50% nitrogen management by poultry manures and application of biofertilizers Azospirillum and PSB was found most effective to improve the physico-chemical, chemical, biochemical microbial properties of soil and crop yield. Under this system the pH of the soil tended towards normality . Soil organic carbon was also found at maximum level due to above combination of organic manures. Maximum microbial activity like Dehydrogenase activity, Acid phosphatase activity, Basal soil respiration were found under this nutrient management system. Higher microbial biomass carbon content and microbial population were also recorded in this system. Among different weed control systems application of recommended herbicides found most effective to increase the rice yield significantly. However, among non-chemical weed, management methods motorized weeding was found comparatively better over hand weeding but both found at par. Application of pre emergence and post emergence herbicide reduced the microbial and biochemical activities in soil from its application (6 and 29 days after sowing, respectively) to 30 days after sowing of the crop thereafter due to its degradation the microbial and biochemical activities in the soil system improved and reached to a maximum at 50 DAS. At harvest stage of the crop the levels of the above parameters were found statistically similar to that of hand weeded and motorized weeded conditions which indicated that applied herbicides at recommended level did not leave any harmful residues in soil system at harvest stage of the crop. Control (Weedy check) condition facilitated more microbial and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soil which might be due to higher root density per unit area caused greater rhizosphere effect.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POWER TILLER CAGE WHEEL FOR WET LAND CULTIVATION(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2015) Pradhan, Piyush; Verma, Ajay; Mishra, B.P.; Tiwari, Alok; Katre, P.; Naik, R.K.ThesisItem Open Access “DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND STUDIES ON ZIG ZAG TYPE TRACTOR DRAWN PUDDLER”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2006) Nitin, Ku; Verma, Ajay; Dave, A.K.; Tiwari, Alok; Chandrakar, G.; Victor, V.M.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF DRAPER SEPARATOR FOR DECORTICATED GROUNDNUTS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Verma, Kapil; Mishra, B. P.; Jogdand, S. V.; Tiwari, Alok; Ramole, S.There are various methods and devices for cleaning of grain, the inclined draper separator is one of them to separate the grain from thrashed mixture without using blowing air. The inclined draper separator senses a difference in shape and surface texture to separate seed from shell . A mixture to be separated, was metered onto the centre of an inclined draper belt travelling towards uphill direction. Round and smooth seeds, which roll down on the draper was faster than the draper is travelling up, which was separated in one side. Shell was carried to the top and dropped into another side. Belts with different degrees of roughness were used as the draper. The rate of feed was kept slow enough to allow each seed to act individually. The angle of incline was set to give surety for proper separation of kernels. Mostly in manual operated low cost groundnut decorticator, the cleaning system are not provided. In conventional method separation of grain or kernels from the mixture is performed by blowing high speed air, which causes great air pollution . This air pollution needs to be reduced. Therefore this work was aimed to develop conceptual design of a unit for separating kernels from the decorticated mixture, without using blowing air which leads in air pollution. So this research was conducted to develop a cleaning solution for decorticated groundnuts for separation of shell and kernels. The developed draper separator employed a conveyor belt made of different frictional material to take advantage of surface texture. Experiment was conducted to show the effect of different feed rate, conveyor belt speed and conveyor deck angle on cleaning efficiency. Cleaning efficiency was determined by analysis of measured seed loss, separated shell and shell loss. Deck angle settings shown largest impact on cleaning efficiency. In experimentation it was found that in developed draper separator the velvet material was found better over carpet and jute material, further the detailed study with velvet material was conducted for best suited deck angle, conveyor speed and feed rate. Higher deck angle (27°) give significantly higher cleaning efficiency. Conveyor belt speed have not shown much effect on separation as deck angle. For 59 cm width of draper material economical feed rate was observed between 42 to 84 kg/h . Fabrication cost and operational cost of developed draper separator was workout which was ₹ 9085/- and ₹ 72.03/h respectively.ThesisItem Open Access DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR AND MICRO NUTRIENTS IN Alfisol OF DHAMTARI (BLOCK AND DISTRICT) OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur, 2010) Reena, Kumari; Tiwari, AlokThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS AND MANURES ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, NUTRIENT UPTAKE, GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE ON CHROMUSTERT ”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur, 2014) Venureddy, Challa; Tiwari, AlokThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS CROPPING AND FERTILIZATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT IN AN INCEPTISOL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2006) Deepak Kumar; Tiwari, Alok; Bajpai, R.K.; Urkurkar, J.S.; Lakhera, M.L.The present investigation was carried out rabi season 2005-06 at instructional farm under All India Coordinated Project on Cropping System Research, main centre, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, replicated thrice with twelve treatments. Inorganic and integration of inorganic with organic (FYM, RS, GM as a N source) sources were applied in kharif season and only balanced inorganic fertilizer combinations in graded doses were applied during rabi season. The result revealed that application of organic along with inorganic fertilizer combination during kharif and rabi were found superior effect by improving physical properties of soil (bulk density, gravimetric moisture content, infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration hydraulic conductivity, soil aggregation and mean weight diameter) as compared to only inorganic fertilizer applied both the crops. The result further revealed that before sowing and after harvest of wheat no significant changes was observed with respect to pH and electrical conductivity of soil. Application of organics (FYM, RS and GM) with inorganic fertilizer treatment in rice along with 100% RDF in wheat gave higher soil organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus content of soil as compared to control. However, depletion of native soil K were found in all the treatment except 50% RDF + 50% N (FYM) (Kh) + 100% RDF (Rb) treated plot. The result revealed that wheat grain yield; yield attributing parameters and major nutrient uptake was found superior in different organic and inorganic treatment combinations as compared to 50% or 75% RDF to both the crop.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cv. Pusa Sharad(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Bairwa, Pappu Lal; Dixit, Amit; Sharma, Pravin Kumar; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.The present research work entitled as “Effect of different micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cv. PusaSharad” was studied at Horticulture Research cum Instructional Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.). The whole experiment was designed for two years, and was carried out for two consecutive rabi seasons during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was studied with fifteen treatments and three replications with Randomized Block Design. The treatments consisted three different micronutrients such as B, Mo and Zn and its combinations with different concentration and recommended dose of fertilizers viz., T1 - Control (100% RDF), T2 - 100% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1, T3- 100% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1, T4 -100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T5 - 100% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1 + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T6 – 100% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1, T7 – 100% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T8 – 100% RDF + Borax 20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T9 – 75% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1, T10 – 75% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1, T11 - 75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T12 -75% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1 + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T13 -75% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1, T14 -75% RDF + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T15 - 75% RDF + Borax 20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1. To assess the effect of these micronutrients the observations regarding growth parameters [(plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm), length of leaves (cm), width of leaves (cm), length of root (cm), days to first curd initiation and days of 50% curd maturity)], yield and yield attributing traits [gross curd weight (g), marketable curd weight (g), net curd weight (g), curd diameter (cm), curd yield (kg plot-1) and curd yield (q ha-1], quality parameters [total soluble solids(0Brix), protein content in curd (%) and ascorbic acid content in curd (mg/100g), major nutrient (NPK) and Micronutrient (B, Mo and Zn)] content in soil and plants were recorded. The crop economics was also calculated through estimating the different expenditure and profit {cost of cultivation (Rs ha-1), gross income (Rs ha-1), net income (Rs ha-1), and B: C ratio}. The growth traits were recorded at 30 day after transplanting 45 day after transplanting and at harvest stage while, the yield, quality and nutrient analysis in soil, and plants were recorded at and after harvest. The obtained experimental results revealed that the combined application of all three micronutrients viz., boron, molybdenum and zinc in various combinations significantly improved the growth parameters [(plant height 63.22 cm during year 2017-18, 61.75 cm during year 2018-19 and 62.49 cm in pooled mean, number of leaves plant-1 22.74 (year 2017-18), 21.96 (year 2018-19) and 22.35 (pooled mean), stem length 12.46 cm (year 2017-18), 11.84 cm (year 2018-19) and 12.15 cm (pooled mean), stem diameter 4.52 cm ( year 2017-18), 4.21 cm (year 2018-19) and 4.37 cm (pooled mean), length of leaves 41.75 cm (year 2017-18), 40.88 cm (year 2108-19) and 41.32 cm (pooled mean), width of leaves 22.77 cm (year 2017-18) 21.87 cm (year 2018-19) and 22.32 cm (pooled mean), length of root 23.67 cm (year 2017-18), 22.36 cm (year 2018-19) and 23.01 cm (pooled mean), days to first curd initiation 43.75 days (year 2017-18), 45.14 days (year 2018-19) and 44.45 days (pooled mean) and days of 50% curd maturity 60.27 days (year 2017-18), 61.44 days (year 2018) year and 60.86 days pooled mean)] yield and yield attributes (curd yield 293.25 q ha-1 during year 2017-18, 268.75 q ha-1 during year 2018-19 and 281.00 q ha-1 during pooled mean), quality parameters, nutrient content in soil and plant analysis and B: C ratio 2.26, 2.38 and 2.32 during year 2017-17, year 2018-19 and pooled mean basis. Furthermore, among the various combination, the application with treatment T5 - 100% RDF + boron @ 20 kg ha-1 + molybdenum @ 2 kg ha-1 + zinc @ 25 kg ha-1 was reported as the most promising combination in improving the growth, yield and yield attributing, quality and nutrient content in soil as well as in plant when compare to control T1 - (100% RDF) during both the years and pooled mean basis. It is evident from the present investigation that the application of micronutrients is beneficial in enhancing and improving the growth, yield, and quality aspects of cauliflower and could be used in the climate of the Chhattisgarh region.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS ON PROLONGING SHELF LIFE OF SUGAR APPLE (Annona squamosa L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Sahu, Balram; Bisen, Abhay; Sharma, H.G.; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.The results revealed that organic coating particularly paraffin wax had significantly (p≤0.05) effect on minimum reduction of the physiological loss in weight (17.64%) and maximum marketable fruits retained (80.85%), minimum unmarketable fruits (19.45%), maximum marketable fruits retained over control (80.85%) total soluble solids (35oBrix), ascorbic acid (44.13 mg/100g pulp), acidity (0.17%), reducing sugar (13.96%), non-reducing (11.04%) and total sugar (25%) of fruits. Similarly, application of this paraffin wax coating acceptable for sensory quality parameters such as appearance, flavour, taste, taxture, external colour, internal colour and no incidence of moulds & their growth up to 8 days of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fertilizer doses, organic manure and biofertilizers on yield and economics of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Sahu, Gitika; Shrivastava, G.K.; Chandrakar, D.K.; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.; Banjara, G.P.A field experiment entitled “Effect of fertilizer doses, organic manure and biofertilizers on yield and economics of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)” was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at the Research cum Instructional Farm, under All India Coordinated Research Project on MULLaRP, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V. Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The soil of the experimental field was Vertisols with low, medium and high in available N, P and K, respectively and neutral in reaction. The climate of the region is sub-humid to semi-arid. The urdbean variety Indira urd Pratham was sown on 18th July, 2017 using experimental techniques of factorial randomized block design with three replications and sixteen treatments. The treatment consisted of three levels of fertilizer doses viz. 75 % RDF (F1), 100 %RDF (F2), 125% RDF(F3) and 150% RDF(F4) , two levels of organic manure (FYM) viz. control (M1-0) , 5 t ha-1( M2-5), and two levels of biofertilizer viz. LMn-16(B1), rhizobium (B2). Recommended agronomic practices were followed for raising uedbean. The crop was harvested on 19th October, 2017. Different agro input management practices had significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of urdbean. However, Biofertilizer did not give significant influence on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics. Whereas, application of Fertilizer doses 125%RDF followed by 100%RDF showed significantly higher growth parameters viz. plant height (41.30, 41.00), primary branches (7.0, 6.7), nodules no.(36.17, 36.09), dry matter accumulation (10.00, 9.96), yield attributes viz. pods plant-1 (24.68, 24.62), seed yield (831.05, 829.49) and stover yield (1578.75, 1573.17), respectively. The uptake of N, P and K in seed and stover were also observed significantly higher in the above treatments viz. (26.91,6.22) , (3.58,4.31) and (5.67,17.65 kg ha-1), respectively. In case of organic manure, application of 5 t FYM ha-1 produced significantly higher growth parameters via. plant height (42.40), primary branches (7.1), nodules no.(99.38), dry matter accumulation (10.53), yield attributes viz. pods plant-1(26.63), 100 seed weight (4.26), seed yield (885.68) and stover yield (1681.63). The uptake of N, P and K in seed and stover were also observed significantly higher in the above treatment viz. (28.98,6.87), (4.00,4.87) and (5.99,17.80) kgha-1, respectively. Interaction among fertilizer doses 100%RDF with organic manure 5t FYM ha-1 exhibited higher net return and return Re-1 invested , but it was at par to 75% RDF with 5 t FYM ha-1 for both the parameters and 125%RDF with 5 t FYM ha-1 for net return.