Browsing by Author "Singh, Anmol"
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ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and biological activity of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Singh, Anmol; Om PrakashZanthoxylum armatum was collected from Aadi Kailash region (Bhimtal), Nainital, Uttarakhand in the month of July, 2017. The essential oils were isolated from fresh bark and leaves by hydrodistillation using Clevenger’s apparatus. Extracts of bark and leaves obtained in organic solvents of different polarity were prepared. Essential oils and all extracts were analyzed by GC-MS for their phytochemical composition. The antioxidant assay was done by different methods viz; DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power activity and chelating activity of Fe+2. The anti-inflammatory activity was done by egg-albumin denaturation while, antibacterial activity was performed by well- diffusion method. The quantative analysis of extracts viz; total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoids were performed. The GC and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of α- pinene (33.9%), germacrene D (8.9%), E-caryophyllene (7.9%), α-cadinol (4.4%) as major compounds in bark essential oil while, in leaves essential oil 2-undecanone (61.2%), E-caryophyllene (6.9%), vinyl decanoate (4.2%), phytol (3.8%) could be identified as major compounds . However, fargsin; (+)-eudesmin; (+)- sesamin; linolenic acid; palmitic acid, trimethylsilyl; cis- 5,8,11- eicosatrienoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester; propylene glycol, TMS derivative; doxepin; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and thujaplicatin, tri-o-methyl were found as major compounds in different extracts. The essential oil of Z. armatum leaves possessed maximum DPPH activity (IC50=14.94±0.11 μL); Z. armatum leaves essential oil showed maximum reducing power activity (RP50= 16.39±0.31 μL ); maximum chelating activity was shown by Z. armatum bark essential oil (IC50= 18.78±0.09 μL); Z. armatum leaves essential oil possessed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (IB50= 27.64±0.03 μL). Among the extracts, Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract showed maximum DPPH activity (IC50= 50.87±0.14 μg); Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract possessed maximum reducing power activity (RP50= 28.93±0.46 μg); Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract showed maximum chelating power activity (IC50= 19.42±0.07 μg) and Z. armatum leaves methanolic extract possessed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (IC50= 28.53±0.06 μg). Quantative analysis of total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoids ranged from (17.74±0.02 to 31.23±0.03 mg/g GAE), (3.34±0.01 to 26.69±0.05 mg/g CLE) and (47.63±0.14 to 77.18±0.06 mg/g CNE) in different extracts respectively. The essential oils and all extracts were found active against two pathogenic bacterial strains namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the above results it can be concluded that Zanthoxylum aramtum can be a good source of natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial after proper trials besides its academic importance.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the efficacy of Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia for ocular surgery in dogs(Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 2021) Singh, Anmol; Devi, N UmeshworiThe present study was conducted on 16 dogs with cataract or pigmentary keratitis to evaluate the efficacy of Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia. The age of dogs was between 0.5-11 years and weighed between 7-65 kgs. The dogs were divided into 2 groups [Group I (GA) and Group II (GA + STA)] with 8 dogs in each group. No significant change in IOP was observed after application topical mydriatics or Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia. Mean volume of local anaesthetic used for Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia was 3.28± 0.23 ml. Topical mydriatics were used to dilated pupil in Group I cases. Akinesia was present in all cases after application of Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia in Group II while stay sutures were used in Group I. Mydriasis quality was excellent in 4 cases, good, fair and poor in one case each in Group I & excellent in 7 out of 8 cases in Group II. The mean ± SE time for onset of mydriasis with Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia was 4.6± 0.45 minutes. Mean ± SE values for Isoflurane concentration (%) (P=0.005), Pulse rate (P=.009) and MAP (P=0.009) for Group I were significantly higher from Group II. Intra-operative analgesia was superior in Group II as compared to Group I. Modified Melbourne pain score values were significantly higher after recovery (P=0.02) and 6 hours (P=0.01) post-operatively in Group I. Significant rise in cortisol levels from baseline at 6 hours post-operatively was noted in Group I as compared to Group II (P=0.01). Thus, it can be concluded that Sub-Tenonâ s anaesthesia provided proper akinesia, adequate mydriasis, reduced isoflurane requirements, provided adequate intra-operative and post-operative analgesia and is a safe regional anaesthetic technique for cataract surgery/superficial keratectomy.