Browsing by Author "Shilpa"
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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVELIHOOD STATUS OF DAIRY FARMERS IN MANDI DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-23) JAHANVI SAINI; ShilpaThe current research examined the “Economic impact of Climate Change on the livelihood status of dairy farm households in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh” during the year 2022-23. The study employed a multistage random sampling method to choose participants from four randomly chosen blocks, namely Balh, Sundernagar, Dhanotu, and Gohar, out of a total of six blocks. Subsequently, three panchayats were randomly selected from each of these chosen blocks, and ten dairy farming households were randomly selected from each of these villages, resulting in a sample size of 120 for gathering primary data. To facilitate data analysis, all dairy producers were categorized into three groups: small category (1-3 SAUs), medium category (4-6 SAUs), and large category (>6 SAUs). According to the socioeconomic data, the farmers in the region were found to have an average family size of 5.13 members, an 89.21 per cent literacy rate, and a literacy index of 2.73. The dependency ratios for both family members and all workers were 0.41. The majority, 87.92 per cent, of the total landholding consisted of cultivated land. The study area exhibited a crop intensity of 161.33 per cent. On average, there were 5.03 cattle units per household, comprising 4.80 per cent local cows, 41.01 per cent crossbred cows, 33.75 per cent buffalo, 13.21 per cent young stock, and 7.23 per cent heifers. This study looked at how climate change affects dairy farm households in Mandi district by using weather data from 1981 to 2021 provided by the Indian Meteorological Department in Shimla. The results showed that climate change has an impact on these households, and there is a nonlinear relationship among climate change and net revenue. When maximum temperatures rise, it reduces the income of dairy farms, but when minimum temperatures and annual rainfall increase, it can boost their income. To explain it further, for every 1ᵒC increase in minimum temperature and 1ᵒC decrease in maximum temperature, dairy farm income could drop by Rs. 40.44 and increase by Rs. 3.40 per day, respectively. The study also used a Binary Logistic Regression model to figure out why some farmers choose to adapt to climate change while others don't. It found that factor like farm income and their experience in farming influence their decision to adapt. In the study area, the biggest problem faced by dairy farmers was a lack of better fodder crops (64.82%), and the least concerning issue was a shortage of veterinary facilities (34.27%). In order to adapt with climate change suitable adaptation practices should be followed like improving feed practices and use of well acclimatized breeds and following the crop livestock diversification method.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BLACK GRAM GENOTYPES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE + BLACK GRAM INTERCROPPING SYSTEM UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Shilpa; Singh, JanaradanA field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2017 to study the effect of black gram genotypes and nitrogen levels on performance of maize + black gram intercropping system at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising of five genotypes (Him mash-1, DKU-118, DKU-82, DKU-98and DKU-99), two nitrogen levels (50 % and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen) and two sole crops (maize and black gram). Experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height of maize were recorded in maize + DKU-118 followed by maize + Him mash-1 intercropping system. The highest dry matter accumulation, number of cobs per plant, grain yield, stover yield and biological yield of maize was recorded in maize + Him mash-1intercropping system. Maize + Him mash-1 intercropping system also resulted in significantly higher values of plant height, absolute growth rate, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield of black gram. The treatment 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen recorded significantly higher values of growth & yield attributes and yields. Maize + Him mash-1+100 % recommended dose of nitrogen significantly resulted in higher maize equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio, productivity, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and profitability followed by maize + DKU-99 + 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen. Him mash-1 and DKU-99 were found to be equally good for intercropping with maize under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access MARKETING AND PRICE BEHAVIOUR OF MAJOR VEGETABLE CROPS IN NORTH INDIA(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-22) ATUL CHAUDHARY; ShilpaThe present study is entitled “Marketing and price behaviour of major vegetable crops in North India”. For price behaviour and market integration, secondary data of prices and arrivals for Bhuntar, Dhanotu, Paonta, Solan, Ludhiana, and Delhi markets was extracted from the AGMARKNET portal from 2002 to 2022. For structure, conduct, and performance a total of 540 wholesalers were selected from the six selected markets i.e., 180 for each vegetable. For marketing analysis, a sample of 240 vegetable growers was selected using simple random sampling. Local markets of Bhuntar, Dhanotu, Paonta, and Solan were selected for conducting marketing study. Results of the study found that prices and arrivals of all three vegetables (cabbage, capsicum, and tomato) exhibited variability, with prices being more stable than arrivals. Prices were positively correlated across all markets, indicating synchronized movements. Cointegration analysis revealed long-term integration among the markets. Delhi was identified as the key market, sending price signals to other markets and having the highest speed of adjustment towards equilibrium. Forecasting models for each vegetable and market were developed using Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing and SARIMA methods. However, based on RMSE and MAPE it was observed that the SARIMA model outperformed the HWE-S model. Structure, conduct, and performance analysis revealed that all markets were regulated, well-connected, diversified, and exhibited vertical integration. Market share concentration among wholesalers varied, with Dhanotu generally having the highest concentration across all vegetables. Open auctioning was the primary sale method, but transparency regarding sale and payment methods varied. Producer's share and marketing efficiency were highest in marketing channel A for all selected vegetables in all selected markets. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of cabbage, capsicum, and tomato markets in Himachal Pradesh and northern India, with implications for producers, traders, and policymakers.ThesisItem Open Access Partial purification and characterization of phosphoglucomutase from developing grains of thermotolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em.Thell)(CCSHAU, 2012) Shilpa; Singal, H.R.Wheat grain is the dominant grain of world commerce and is the staple food of millions of people world wide. High temperature beyond 30 0C, which is usually encountered during later part of grain filling period, affects grain yield (reduction by 20-50 per cent) and grain quality. Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in wheat grains. It is synthesized from sucrose, which is the principal product of leaf photosynthesis and transported to the wheat grain. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)is an important enzyme in the conversion of sucrose to starch in the developing wheat grains, as it facilitates the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.The PGM reaction is thought to be important in the partitioning of carbon between the pathways of starch synthesis and carbohydrate oxidation. Keeping above in view, the present investigations were conducted to purify and characterize phosphoglucomutase from developing grains of thermotolerant wheat. Phosphoglucomutase was purified to near homogeneity (as revealed by single band on Native-PAGE) from immature grains (21 days after anthesis) of thermotolerant wheat WH-1021 by using conventional protein purification techniques viz. 40-60% ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration through sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme was purified about 22 fold with 28.67 per cent recovery. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration and subunit molecular weight as determined by SDS-PAGE (single band) were found to be 130 kDa and 66 kDa, respectively indicating that enzyme is a homodimer. The purified enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 7.5 and 350C. It was thermostable upto 550C. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km value of 0.8 mM for G-1-P as a substrate. Amongst various metabolites tested AMP, ADP, NADPH and F-2,6-BP were found to be the potent inhibitors of purified phosphoglucomutase, inhibiting the enzyme activity by 26, 12, 9 and 23%, respectively.The enzyme activity was stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+ and SO4 2- while Na+ and Ca2+ inhibited the activity at 2 mM concentration.To summarize, higher thermostability of enzyme is suggestive of enzyme’s adaptation to high temperature stress.ThesisItem Open Access PROFILING AND MOLECULAR TAGGING OF GLUCOSINOLATES AND TOCOPHEROLS IN BRASSICA JUNCEA(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) ShilpaThe present study was aimed at profiling and molecular tagging of glucosinolates (leaves and seeds) and tocopherols (seeds) in B. juncea germplasm collection maintained at PAU, Ludhiana. Recombinant inbred line (RIL) population comprising F6 and F7 progenies, (developed by crossing NUDH-YJ-04; low glucosinolate European juncea and RL-1359; high glucosinolate Indian juncea, were evaluated during years 2008-2011 in Oilseeds section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, for biochemical traits viz. oil quality (i.e. tocopherols) and meal quality (i.e. glucosinolates) which were later used for molecular tagging. In the first year, approximately 366 RILs were screened for total glucosinolate content in the seeds and out of these, 97 lines were selected on the basis of range observed for total glucosinolate content. In these 97 lines, values for total glucosinolates in seeds and leaves, total tocopherol and oil content in seeds ranged from 15.73-127.61 (µmole/g DW seed), 4.33-129.93 (µmole/g DW leaf), 32.29-1250 (ppm) and 34.96-45.00 (%) respectively. Individual components (GNA, SIN, IBE, NAS and NEO) in seeds and (GNA, SIN and EPIPRO) in leaves, obtained from profiling ranged from (2.36-90.87 µmole/g DW seed), (0.194-35.16 µmole/g DW seed), (0.117-10.93 µmole/g DW seed), (0.0-6.10 µmole/g DW seed), (0.0-0.99 µmole/g DW seed) and (0.653-73.04 µmole/g DW leaf), (0.089-4.85 µmole/g DW leaf) and (0.65-16.37 µmole/g DW leaf) respectively. Biochemical data generated from these evaluations was used for molecular tagging. SSR markers (414) were evaluated on parents and out of these, 100 markers were found to be polymorphic which were then screened on 92 RILs. 100 polymorphic markers gave 106 loci, out of which 82 were found to be linked. A framework linkage map of 1718.9 cM length with 20 linkage groups was developed from 82 linked loci. From this linkage map, a QTL map has been developed which gave four QTLs with total glucosinolates as significant QTL (LRS-14.5, R2-15%) and GNA (LRS-11.2, R2-11%), NAS (LRS-12.2, R2-13%) and total tocopherol (LRS-11.0, R2-11%) as the suggestive QTLs. Total glucosinolates and total tocopherols were found to be NUDH-YJ-04 specific alleles and GNA and NAS as RL-1359 specific alleles. More number of significant QTLs with higher R2 values can be obtained by using higher number of polymorphic markers which will generate a highly saturated linkage map. In future, our study can act as a skeleton for tagging and MAS of economically important traits.