Browsing by Author "Sharma, Richa"
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ThesisItem Open Access Association Analysis of White Rust Resistance Genes and Studies on Transformation Response of Susceptible Genotypes of Brassica juncea L.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Sharma, Richa; Sharma, ManmohanThe study entitled “Association Analysis of White Rust Resistance Genes and Studies on Transformation Response of Susceptible Genotypes of Brassica juncea L.” was conducted to analyse the population structure of B. juncea genotypes for white rust resistance and economically important traits; to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and establish marker-trait association in Brassica juncea for white rust resistance and economically important traits; and to screen the variants for response to Agrobacterium tumifaciens mediated transformation in elite white rust susceptible B. juncea varieties. To accomplish the study a diverse panel of ninety Brassica juncea genotypes was used. Data of the experimental genotypes were recorded for traits such as white rust reaction, grain yield/plant, oil content, erucic acid and glucosinolate content using standard protocols. The germplasm was genotyped by genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) with ddRAD strategy using restriction enzymes Sph1 and Mluc1.Population structure analysis was done using fastSTRUCTURE software. The genome wide associations between SNP identified and trait studied were done using TASSEL (5.2.81) software involving Mixed Linear Model. Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation was done using hypocotyl and cotyledonary leaf explants from two varieties of Brassica juncea (RSPR 01 and Varuna) by optimizing various factors influencing transformation. Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing plasmid pBI121 and reporter gene GUS was used in the study. Genotypes Donskaja IV, Domo and Cutlass showed immune reaction against white rust and could be used as resistant sources for breeding white rust resistant varieties. Genotypes DRMR-2017, J807/1/6 and Vardan for higher grain yield per plant; PGR 12573, EC 287711, Stoke and Jubilejnaja for oil content; Donskaja IV, Volgogradskaja 1891 and PGR 12573 for low erucic acid and Heera for low glucosinolate contents were identified which will be useful for improvement of these traits in new Brassica juncea varieties being developed. Population structure analysis based on trait and SNP data indicated significant variation in the germplasm with broader distribution into Indian and East European gene pools. Most significant SNPs associated with each trait were identified which could be further validated for utilization in marker assisted selection of these traits and their introgression into other genetic backgrounds. Agrobacterium suspension with an optical density of 0.6 at 600 nm, co-cultivation period of 48 hours and kanamycin concentration of 25 mg/l were found as the most optimum conditions for affecting maximum transformation in Brassica juncea varieties RSPR 01 and Varuna. Hypocotyls were found better than cotyledonary explants and variety RSPR 01 better than variety Varuna for higher transformation response.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTCRIZATION OF PEA GERM PLASM USING EST -SSR MARKERS AND BIOCLTEMICAL TRAITS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Sharma, Richa; Sharma, SusheelInformation about genetic diversity of any crop is Important for successful employment of breeding programmes. EST-SSRs, because of their intrinsic advatages can serve as potential tool for inferring diversity among Pisum accessions. In the present study, an initiative was taken to characterize genetic diversity among 40 different Pisum genotypes, collected from various sources/locations, using EST-SSrs and biochemical traits. For molecular characterization, thirty five EST-SSRs chosen from previous studies were used, of which only 24 could be optimized for further usage. PIC value for these markers ranged from 0.500 (Pea-069) to 0.095 (Pea-097) with an average of 0.349. Similarly, other informative parameters viz., marker index (M1) and resolving power (Rp) were also worked out. Genetic similarrity estimates based on the binomial data using Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.17 (Azad Pea 1/IC-219010) to 0.92 (IC-219010/219008) with an average value of 0.45 exhibiting considerable diversity among the pea genotypes studied suggesting the further use of these diverse parents in hybridization for generating transgressive segregates. The similarity estimates then used to execute clusters A and B which were further divided into sub clusters. For biochemical analysis data on three important traits viz., protein content (%), total sugar content (%) and ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) were recorded. The mean data of various genotypes for protein content (%), total sugar content (%) and ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) ranged from 25.09(IC-208366) to 16.07 (Azad P3), 19.97 (Lincoln) to 12.65 (IC-218991) and 5.57 (DPPIV-2) to 3.01 (Arka Pramodh), respectively. Identified promising lines for various biochemical traits can in future be employed to improve the target traits. Thus, information obtained from EST-SSR markers and biochemical parameters may well assist pea breeders in executing breeding programmes. Informative SSR markers exhibiting high PIC, Rp and MI can supplement in assessing genetic variability and MAS programmes. The highly divergent lines so observed can further be used in pea pre-breeding programmes to broaden the narrow genetic base of existing varieties as an assurance against unforeseen biotic and abiotic stresses.ThesisItem Open Access Cloning, Characterization and RNAi mediated silencing of gene encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphatereductoisome rase (DXR) in Centella asiatica(AAU, Jorhat, 2019-01) Sharma, Richa; Sen, PriyabrataCentella asiatica (L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which belong to the family Apiaceae. The medicinal importance of this green leafy vegetable is known since prehistoric times. The pharmaceutical importance of this herb is due to the accumulation of large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, collectively known as centelloids synthesized by the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid in the plants proceeds via either of the two pathways, viz. Mevalonate (MVA) pathway (in the cytosol) or 2-C-methyl-Derythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (in plastid). In Centella, the pathway leading to the accumulation of triterpenoid is still not known. Thus, to know whether the MVA or MEP pathway or contribution of both has a role in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid, silencing the key regulatory enzyme gene using RNAi tool, of each of the pathway and then to analyze a metabolite is an efficient approach. In our lab, HMGR (a key enzyme of MVA pathway) RNAi construct has already been designed, confirmed by RT-PCR and validated by Agro-infiltration. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5- phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) play a role in catalyzing the first committed step of the MEP pathway. The present study is the first step aimed to delineate the MEP pathway using RNAi silencing approach to knock down rate limiting 1-deoxy-Dxylulose- 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) enzyme. The full-length DXR gene sequence (JQ965955) of Centella has been characterized using in silico approach. CaDXR is a 1425bp ORF encoding a peptide of 474 amino acids and of molecular weight of 51.5 KDa. Multiple sequence comparison using MEGA tool showed the presence of two NADPH binding motif, two substrates binding motif, and one cleavage site motif. In this study, the 3-D structure of CaDXR was identified and validated along with this molecular dynamics simulation and finally docking with cofactor NADPH was done. The expression analysis suggests that CaDXR is differentially expressed in different tissues (with maximal expression in node and lowest in the roots). Our result suggests that nodes may be crucial to terpenoid biosynthesis in Centella asiatica. The RNAi-DXR construct was designed using the pHANNIBAL vector and subsequently cloned into a binary vector pART27. The binary vector pART27 containing RNAi-CaDXR construct was transformed into Agrobacterium strain AGL1. The transient analysis of the RNAi-CaDXR using semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed the silencing of the endogenous DXR gene in Nicotiana and further confirmed in Centella asiatica. Thus, further incorporation of both the RNAi construct (HMGR and DXR) in transformed Centella shall shed light into the pathway that leads to the synthesis of principal secondary metabolites i.e centelloids.ThesisItem Open Access Designing and field testing of instructional material on entrepreneurship development for rural women(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2009) Sharma, Richa; Solanki, DhritiThe present study was planned to design multimedia instructional package (multimedia CD and flip book) on entrepreneurship development for rural women, to field test developed instructional material for its comprehension by rural women and to study effectiveness of developed instructional material in terms of gain in knowledge by rural women. The study was conducted in five phases. In first phase multimedia instructional package was designed and evaluated by twenty experts. The audio visual assessment of CD was done in terms of 19 criteria i.e. purpose accomplished, content, organization and layout, color, visual clarity, attention catching, self explanatory feature, continuity in messages, tuning of visuals with commentary, language, commentary, content clarity, voice, continuity of messages, pace and speed of narration, length and time of narration, overall length of programme, music and interest orientation. The flip book was evaluated on six criteria i.e. clarity of visuals, subject matter, organization and continuity, appropriateness of size and over all presentation. On the basis of expert’s comments slight modifications were made. In phase second multimedia instructional package was field tested for its comprehension by 60 rural women (30 for each aid) of Ganoli and Salera kala villages of Mavli panchayat samiti of Udaipur district. One group post test only design was used for collecting data through interview technique. In phase third package was finalized without any modification. In fourth phase effectiveness of package was studied in terms of gain in knowledge by rural women. The same district (Udaipur) and same panchayat samiti (Mavli) were selected. A new sample of 60 illiterate rural women (30 for each aid) was selected purposively from two different villages i.e. Jharna (for multimedia CD) and Nandwel (for flip book). Pre and post test experimental design was used for collecting data using personal interview technique. In phase five data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score, mean percent score and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Major Findings - Multimedia instructional package (multimedia CD and flip book) on entrepreneurship development including 9 components was designed by the investigator following the script and both the aids were rated as good by the experts on various criteria with mean scores ranged between 2.5-3. - Overall comprehension of multimedia CD was found to be 95.75 per cent. The component wise comprehension in all nine components i.e. concept of entrepreneurship development, benefits of entrepreneurship development, traits of entrepreneur, realization of opportunity, obtaining training, consolidation of resources, starting production, marketing of the product and expansion of the unit mean percent scores ranged between 89.33-99.72. - Overall comprehension of flipbook was found to be very good with mean percent score 94.84. Similarly in all the components of entrepreneurship development also the comprehension scores were found to be good with mean percent scores ranged between 96.67-90. - After exposure to CD a good increase in knowledge of the respondents was observed as 96.66 per cent respondents fell in good knowledge category with the score range of 66.66-100 per cent. A significant difference was observed in the pre and post-test scores of overall knowledge of the respondents with calculated ‘Zw’ value 4.85. The pre test scores increased from 7.05 to 80.81 per cent with the gain of 73.76 per cent. Component wise gain in knowledge was found to be highly significant at .01 per cent level of significance. Before exposure to CD, the respondents possessed very poor knowledge in all the components (3.85 -10.39 MPS). After exposure to CD respondents gained a good amount of knowledge in all the components ranged between (66.99-78.75MPS). - In case of flip book all the respondents (100%) exhibited poor knowledge (less than 33.33%) at initial stage in all the components of entrepreneurship developments but after exposure 43.33 per cent respondents were found in good knowledge category whereas 56.66 per cent respondents were noted in average knowledge category with the score range of 33.33- 66.66 per cent. Significant difference was found in the pre and post test scores of overall knowledge of the respondents as the calculated ‘Zw’ value (4.85) was highly significant. Overall knowledge of the respondent after their exposure to flipbook increased from 5.27to 66.05 per cent with the gain of 60.78 per cent. In all the components of entrepreneurship development, the calculated Zw’ values were found to be highly significant at .01 per cent level of significance. Post test scores indicate that all the respondents shifted towards good knowledge category after exposure to flipbook in all the components of entrepreneurship development with mean percent scores ranged between 65.23 -72.16. Overall it could be concluded that both the aids i.e. multimedia CD and flipbook were found to be effective in increasing knowledge of the respondent. Thus the developed instructional material can be utilized by the various government and non government functionaries involved in TOT and more specifically can be used by the personnel of the entrepreneurship development institutes in imparting training in the field of entrepreneurship development to illiterate women.ThesisItem Open Access Designing and Field Testing of Instructional Meterial on Entrepreneurship Development for Rural Women(Department of Home Science Extension and Communication Management, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2009) Sharma, Richa; Solanki, DhritiThesisItem Open Access Identification Of Sex-Linked Dna Markers In Jojoba (Simmondsia Cbinensis (Link) Schneider)(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2006) Sharma, Richa; Chowdhury, Vijay KumarThesisItem Open Access Propagation studies of Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) under Jammu region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-01) Sharma, Richa; Kumar, RakeshThe present investigation was undertaken to study the “Propagation studies of Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) under Jammu region” at the Rainfed Research Sub-Station for Sub- Tropical Fruits (RRSS), Raya (SKUAST- Jammu) during the rainy season of 2020- 2021. The experiment was laid out in factorial RCBD with three replications and sixteen treatments. There were three levels of IBA (500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm) along with control (water) and four rooting media in different ratio, soil + sphagnum moss (2:1); soil + cocopeat + vermicompost (2:1:1) and soil + F.Y.M + sand (2:1:1) along with the control (soil). IBA@ 1500 ppm was found effective in maximizing success percentage (%) of layered plants (87.66%); root parameters i.e. number of primary roots (24.31), maximum length of primary roots (6.58 cm), number of secondary roots (30.28), maximum length of secondary roots (7.84 cm); survival percentage of air layered plants (88.08%); growth parameters including shoot parameters i.e. number of shoots (7.70) and number of leaves per shoot (24.02); leaf parameters viz., number of leaves per plant (48.42), leaf area (50.47 cm2), fresh weight of leaves (54.24 g), dry weight of leaves (6.69 g), leaf chlorophyll content (47.86) and leaf area index (0.54) whereas, least values for same were reported in control. Rooting media, soil and sphagnum moss (2:1) was also found effective in maximizing all above given parameters as compared to soil. Interaction effect of growth regulator and rooting media, IBA@1500 ppm + soil and sphagnum moss (2:1) proved significant in maximizing success percentage (%) of layered plants (95.99%); root parameters; survival percentage of air layered plants (98.68%); growth parameters including shoot parameters; leaf parameters whereas, minimum success percentage (%) of layered plants (62.69%) was reported in control. Also, maximum B:C ratio of 1:4.8 was recorded in above cited treatment and minimum of 1:0.2 was recorded in control. Hence, it can be ascertained that for layering in Kagzi lime, best results can be obtained with the combined effect of IBA@1500 ppm as rooting treatment and soil + sphagnum moss (2:1), as rooting media.ThesisItem Open Access Resource use, employment and income among marginal and small farm households in Punjab(PAU, 2013) Sharma, Richa; Garg, B.R.The present study was undertaken to study the resource use and income on the marginal and small farms in Punjab, to develop optimum product-mix for these farms and compare it with existing ones, to find out credit requirements and access to institutional finance on these farms, to study the nature and extent of employment of these farm households and to identify factors determining income for the marginal and small farm households. The primary data related to availability and use of various resources on the marginal and the small farms, access to credit of the farmers, nature and extent of employment and sources of income of the marginal and small farm households were collected through personal interview method from the sample of 320 farmers in Punjab pertaining to the year 2009-10. The results brought out that the marginal and the small farmers not only had a small size of operational holding but also suffered from lack of various resources in farm production. There existed a scope to increase income on their farm provided new high yielding crop and other alternative activities were introduced to them along with provision of sufficient capital and technical knowhow for their production. The industry of agriculture was the main source of employment for the household members of the marginal and the small farmers. Only a few persons from these farm households could find employment in the other industries. There was felt an urgent need to strengthen non-farm sector in Punjab in order to siphon off unemployed or disguisedly employed household members of the marginal and small farmers from the industry of agriculture.ThesisItem Open Access Statistical analysis of fertility through simultaneous equation model in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2008) Sharma, Richa; Kapoor, KiranIn today’s scenario to know the fertility pattern is very important as the population is rising rapidly. It is important to use appropriate statistical techniques for their estimation. Single-equation model of fertility behaviour are subject to specification error and often fail to capture the dynamic properties of the model. But the variable considered have two–way causation, thus Simultaneous Equation Model should be used. An attempt has been made by postulating the four equations simultaneous equation model for explaining the fertility pattern in Haryana. This model consists of Fertility Equation, Female Participation Equation, Income Equation and Education equation. Identification was done for examining the efficient method of estimation. All four equations were found to be over–identified. After identification two–stage least squares method of estimation was used for the estimation of regression coefficients. Estimates were compared for OLS as well as for 2SLS in terms of regression coefficient estimates, standard error of estimates, coefficient of multiple determination (R2) and Durbin–Watson test statistic value. Residual analysis was also performed to find out outliers and for establishing the presence of autocorrelation. There was no outlier while indication found for the presence of outliers. By Durbin–Watson statistic it was found that there was no autocorrelation between the successive terms of the residuals of four different endogenous variables. The data of Haryana State for 42 years was splitted into three parts viz. 1966-2007, 1966-1986 and 1987-2007 for examining the time patterns in fertility. Then estimates obtained through OLS method has been compared for three different time periods and also the estimates obtained through 2SLS method has been compared for three different time periods. Then the comparison was made between the estimates obtained through OLS and 2SLS for different time periods. It has been found that infant mortality rate, female literacy rate, female work participation rate has statistically high significant effect on fertility. On comparison, it was found that 2SLS method gives consistent and efficient estimates of regression coefficients as compared to OLS method.