Browsing by Author "SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major)"
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE TUMOURS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-07) VENKATESWARLU NAIK, B; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); DHANALAKSHMI, N; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : The present research work dealt with „Clinical studies on bovine tumours‟ with special reference to their incidence, diagnosis and treatment. This study included both white and black cattle of different ages. A proforma was developed to arrive at the information and to carryout the research. Clinical cases presented to college hospital and hospitals in Chittoor and Guntur District formed the material for the present study. Out of the 1649 bovine cases studied, 541 were found to have space occupying lesions like abscess, cyst, haematoma, hernia etc. Among these 59 cases were diagnosed as tumours / neoplasms. In that, 46 were white cattle and 13 were buffaloes. Highest incidence of tumours were noticed in females (61%) compared with males (38.98%). Animals in the range of 6-9 years age showed highest incidence (i.e., 44.06%), and lowest incidence at 12 – 15 years of age (6.77%). HF cross bred animals had highest incidence of tumours i.e., 27.11%, followed by buffaloes (23.72%), Jersey (16.94%), non descript (15.25%), Ongole (13.55%) and lowest was in Hallikar breed (3.38 %). Histologically 13 different types of tumours were diagnosed. Papillomas were predominant in the present study followed by squamous cell carcinoma of eye and horn. Physiological parameters like temperature, respiration and pulse did not show much significant difference before and after surgery. Wide varities of tumours with different size, shape, location with symptoms like ulceration, bleeding, pedunculation, different degrees of tissue involvement were recorded. Fine needle aspiration biopsy, impression smear examination before the surgical procedure was found to be beneficial in diagnosing the tumorous condition. Though haematalogical and biochemical parameters showed a significant rise or a fall, the fluctuations were within the normal physiological limits. Surgical excision along with cryotherapy were found to be very effective in treating cases of tumours. Early diagnosis of tumorous conditions was made possible by their clinical presentation, fine needle aspiration biopsy, impression smears examination so that progress of growths could be avoided. Cytological, haematological, biochemical and histological examinations has proved to have prognostic value by which economic lossess to the farmers can be avoided.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AFFECTIONS IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SURGERY(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-07) SANKAR, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : The present investigation was conducted on 96 (13.67%) dogs with lower gastrointestinal tract affections among the total of 702 dogs presented over a period of 2 years. Highest incidence of lower gastrointestinal tract affections was observed in age group of 1-3 years followed by 4-6 years, 7-9 years, 10-12 years and 13-15 years. German Shepherd followed by Mongrel, Spitz, Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Lhasa Apso and Rottweiler were the most commonly affected breeds. The incidence was more in males compared to females. The animals under the study were categorised into three groups i.e. group I (40) constituted animals with lower gastrointestinal tract affections with inflammatory/infectious origin. Animals with non inflammatory etiology were categorised under group II (32) where as group III (24) animals had neoplasia as etiological factor. Clinically group I animals showed diarrhoea, constipation, vomition, dehydration, dry or pale mucous membrane, haematochezia, anaemia and constipation whereas straining, scooting, dehydration, vomiting attempts, restlessness, colic symptoms, abdominal distension, intussusceptions and foreign bodies were the features in group II animals. Group III animals had fistulation, straining, constipation, visible growth at perianal region and palpable lesion by rectal examination. Presence of Ancylostoma caninum infestation responsible for colitis was diagnosed by faecal examination. Presence of occult blood was noticed in group I with haemorrhages, ulceration and parasitic colitis. It was also observed in group III with neoplasm and extensive growths. Haematological observations showed significant increase in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and neutrophil whereas total leukocyte count and lymphocyte levels showed a significant decrease at different periods of observation. Serum sodium, potassium and chloride values showed significant raise throughout the period of observations. Total protein values though fluctuated those were within the normal range only. Animals with neoplastic and, samples with severe inflammatory diseases showed highest values of C- reactive protein suggestive of malignancy. Plain and contrast radiographic studies revealed details like ascending, transverse, descending colon and rectum. Radiographs in group I revealed comma shaped colon, tubular rectum and were ulcerated and well differentiated by barium contrast radiographic studies. Radiolucent lumen and radiopaque walls were noticed. Increasing size of intestinal lumen and mucosal irregularities were noticed in different types of colitis. Ulceration with mucosal damage were features in group I. Foreign bodies and fecoliths were observed as radiopaque masses in plain radiography. Intestinal obstruction featured as gas filled intestines and megacolon appeared as distended colon with accumulation of radiopaque materials. Intussusception appeared as coiled intestinal loops with radiopaque masses. Fractures of vertebral column and multiple fracture of pelvic bone resulted in faecal retention. Group III animals showed presence of intra and extra luminal masses and metastatic lesions in lungs and ribs in certain type of malignant tumours. Radiopaque areas inside rectum and colon were noticed. Real time B mode ultrasonographic examination of lower gastrointestinal tract was carried out in all the animals. Group I animals showed hyperechoic intestinal wall with anechoic or hyperechoic areas suggesting fluid/gas accumulation in different quantities in colitis cases. Animals with ulcerative colitis showed irregular thickened hyperechoic intestinal wall with hypoechoic lumen. Dogs with irritable bowel syndrome did not show any significant findings. Group II animals with intussusceptions had a bull’s eye appearance with admixture of hypo and hyperechoic areas, faecal retention and fecoliths appeared as hyperechoic areas intra luminally. Foreign bodies appeared as hyperechoic masses with acoustic shadowing. Megacolon showed hyperehoic dilated intestines with presence of mixed echogenic air as well as faecal contents adjacent to the bladder. Group III animals with intra or extra luminal masses appeared as hyperechoic areas. Intra abdominal masses showed mixed echogenic pattern during ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination of rectum and colon revealed inflammatory changes, submucosal haemorrhages, presence of blood, blood clots, thickened and ulcerated mucous membrane in group I. Group II animals showed congested mucosa, presence of faecal materials and in few cases stricture and obliteration of intestinal lumen. Group III animal showed extensive ulceration, bleeding and multiple nodular growths throughout the intestinal tract. Cytological examination of the samples showed presence of inflammatory cells, neutrophils, denuded epithelium and presence of erythrocytes, traces of faecal materials in group I whereas few cellular details were observed in group II. Impression smears and cytological samples revealed different types of cells corresponding to the tumourous growths in group III. The faecal samples collected for sensitive test showed that enrofloxacin was more effective followed by metronidazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin and cloxacillin and streptomycin. Histological sections revealed colitis, eosinophilic colitis, haemorrhagic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, diphtheritic colitis and catarrhal enteritis in group I and in group III animal revealed adenocarcinoma (colon, rectum and anal gland), fibromyxosarcoma, myxosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, hepatoid tumour, hepatoid carcinoma and perianal gland tumour. AgNoR staining revealed proliferated cells with mitotic bodies in case of anal gland tumour and colonic neoplasia in group III animals. Animals in group I were treated with combination therapy of mesalazine @10 mg/kg body weight thrice daily and enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg body weight twice daily along with metronidazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight orally. Loperamide @ 0.08 mg/kg body weight were also used for 14 days. Styptics were also administered to control bleeding. In Ancylostomum caninum positive cases pyrental pamoate @ 5.0 mg/kg body weight and fenbendazole @ 50 mg/kg body weight were administered. Cyclosporine @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight along with ketaconazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 16 weeks in anal furunculosis cases. Group II animals were treated surgically for obstruction and intussusceptions. Enterotomy and enteroanastomosis was performed following standard surgical techniques. Surgical excision was followed wherever it was possible for surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in animals with adenocarcinoma and cystic adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Post operatively the cases were followed for a period of six months. Complications like continuous diarrhoea and straining was noticed in group I animals. Faecal incontinence, stricture, diarrhoea, constipation, leakage from anastomotic site and tenesmus were noticed in group II animals. Wound dehiscence, fistulous formation, infection, hair loss and recurrence were noticed in group III animals.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CASTRATION IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2003-08) VENU GOPALA RAO, Y; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); HARA GOPAL, V; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.SABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate and potassium permanganate for performing chemical sterilization in dogs. Twenty four non-descript stray dogs were divided into two groups of twelve animals each. Six animals were utilized to study the effects upto fifteen days and the remaining six were utilized to study the effects upto thirty days. Under general anaesthesia the chemical agents were administered intratesticularly by strictly following aseptic and painless procedures. The clinical symptoms, macroscopic, ultrasono-graphic, contrast radiographic and histopathological changes were recorded and compared. The rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates were not altered significantly in both the groups during the period of study. The Scrotal circumference increased significantly in both groups but it was more in group II. Clinically there was a change in gait and micturition behaviour in both the groups. None of the animals showed licking or biting behaviour. Gross changes at 15th day showed severe and moderate adhesions between testes and other structures in group I and group II respectively. The size of testes was reduced and severe adhesions were found on 30th day in group I and II . Testicular hyperechogenicity was a prominent feature in group I animals at 15th and 30th post injection days. Group II animals showed hypo or anechoic testicular parenchyma on 15th day which became hyperechoic on 30th day. Contrast radiography studies revealed tortuous vas deferens on 15th day in both groups. At 30th day obliteration of tubular lumen with shrinkage was noticed. Microscopic studies revealed calcification in seminiferous tubules in group I on 15th day. Edema and desquamation of tubular epithelium were found in group II. On 30th day sections showed peritubular fibrosis in group I and atrophy of seminiferous tubules in group II.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THORACIC CAVITY IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFRENCE TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-10) REETU; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); VEENA, P; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : The present study was carried out for the diagnosis of thoracic diseases specially related to respiratory system with the use of imaging techniques. Out of 597 dogs presented to the college clinics 223 (37.35 %) dogs were found with some thoracic affection among which 106 (17.76%) cases were found to have respiratory involvement. Incidence of respiratory affections were found highest in aged dogs 52 (49.1%) followed by adults 42 (39.6%) and young dogs 12 (11.3%). It was found that males were more affected compared to females. Incidence among breed showed a statistics of highest in Mongrel dogs 42 (39.6%) followed by Pomeranian 28 (26.4%), German shepherd 12 (11.3%), Labrador retriever 10 (9.4%), Boxer 5 (4.7%), Great dane 4 (3.77%), Dalmatian 3 (2.83%) and least in Pug i.e. 2(1.89%). Out of these 106 cases of respiratory ailments 31 (29.25%) dogs had pneumonia, 20 (18.87 %) animals were diagnosed with tracheobronchitis, 18 (16.98 %) had metastatic masses, 14 (13.21%) dogs diagnosed with pulmonary oedema, 9 (8.49%) had pleural effusion, 7 (6.6%) dogs diagnosed with pneumothorax, 5 (4.72 %) dogs had diaphragmatic hernia, and 2 (1.89 %) were diagnosed with tracheal narrowing. On the basis of clinical signs cases were subjected to further diagnosis for the study. Radiography was used as the first technique to screen out respiratory ailments from the cardiac affections. It was useful in diagnosis of pneumonia, metastatic lesion, diaphragmatic hernia and pleural effusion. Thoracic ultrasound was used further to confirm the radiological diagnosis and conditions like pneumonia, diaphragmatic hernia and pleural effusion etc. Tracheobronchoscopy was also used additionally for confirmatory diagnosis of diseases like tracheitis and bronchitis which were difficult to diagnose through radiograph or ultrasound procedures. Various blood parameters were evaluated; a marked neutrophilia, leukocytosis and lymphopenia were seen along with moderate monocytosis. There was no significant change observed in haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count but packed cell volumes were found elevated in diseased dogs. Total protein levels were also found significantly low in affected dogs and a mild hypoalbuminaemia were also seen. Bronchoalveolar lavage was also performed during tracheobronchoscopy and cytological interpretation was done for the fluid which showed increased number of neutrophils and degenaerated neutrophils in the samples. Antibiotic sensitivity test was also done with these samples and results were obtained against enrofloxacin with highest sensitivity followed by ciprofloxacin and least for cephalosporin. Diagnosed cases were effectively treated with a combination of antibiotics, antihistaminics, corticosteroids, antipyretics and supportive therapy. Surgery was performed some cases where required.