Browsing by Author "SRIDHAR, K"
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GRADED CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC ZINC (ZINC GLYCINATE) ON PERFORMANCE, ANTIOXIDANTS STATUS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-08) SRIDHAR, K; NAGALAKSHMI, D (Major); SRINIVASA RAO, D; KISHAN KUMAR, MABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted with an aim to study effect of graded concentrations of organic zinc (zinc glycinate, Zn-gly) on performance, antioxidants status and immune responses in commercial broilers. One hundred and twenty, day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 24 replicates with 5 chicks in each. The birds were raised in battery brooders under uniform management. A corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD) was prepared for starter and finisher broiler chicks to meet the nutritional requirements, as recommended by NRC (1994) except Zn. Experimental diets were viz., BD with 40 ppm Zn supplementation from ZnSO4 (inorganic) and BD with as Zn-gly (organic) at 30, 20 and 10 ppm. Each diet was allotted to 6 replicates at random and fed ad libitum from 1 to 42 d of age. Body weights, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was measured at weekly intervals. Blood was collected from two birds from each replicate at 35 days of age for estimation of haematological, biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzyme activity. Serum was collected from two birds of each replicate after ten days of post vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND)to assess the humoral immune response against the antigen. On 40th day, the cell mediated immune response was studied by intra dermal inoculation of 100 μg phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) into the toe. At the end the experiment two birds from the each replicate was selected randomly and slaughtered to study the carcass traits and Zn deposition in organs. Metabolic trial of three days duration was conducted on two birds of each replicate after from 43 to 45 d of age to study the effect of Zn-gly on nutrient utilization. Reducing organic Zn from 30 to 10 ppm did not affect the growth, feed intake, nutrient retention and carcass traits (dressing percentage, organ weight, breast yield and abdominal fat) in broiler chicks, which were comparable to those fed 40 ppm inorganic Zn. However, FCR was improved with 30 ppm organic compared to other dietary treatments. Similarly, serum total protein, albumin and glucose concentrations and haematological constituents were not affected by the source or level of Zn supplementation. The alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin concentration increased (P<0.05), while serum cholesterol, glucose and albumin:globulin ratio decreased (P<0.05) in groups fed 30 ppm organic Zn compared to other groups. Lipid peroxidation (nmol MDA/mg prtien) assessed in haemolysate and TBARS concentration in liver, indicative of stress was higher (P≤0.05) in broiler chicks fed on diet supplemented with 10 ppm organic Zn and reduced with increasing organic Zn up to 30 ppm. The antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (units/mg protein) and superoxide dismutase (units/mg protein) were higher (P<0.05) in broilers fed 30 ppm organic Zn. However, the activities of these enzymes and MDA levels were intermediate at 20 and 40 ppm Zn from Zn-gly and ZnSO4, respectively. Protein carbonyl concentration and reduced glutathione content in liver and glutathione reductase enzyme activity in haemolysate did not differ due to the Zn concentration in diet. The humoral immune (P<0.05) response against ND vaccine and cell mediated immune (P< 0.01) response were highest at 30 ppm organic Zn compared to those fed diets containing 40 ppm inorganic Zn. The humoral immune response to ND vaccine in 10 and 20 ppm organic Zn was similar to those fed 40 ppm inorganic Zn. Histological examination of skin revealed more number of epithelial cell layers and higher collagen content with 30 ppm organic Zn supplementation compared to other dietary treatments and with 10 ppm Zn-gly supplementation, the skin had fewer epithelial cell layers with less collagen. The concentration of Zn in serum, kidney and pancreas was higher (P<0.05) in broilers fed on 30 ppm organic Zn, while in liver and tibia bone, the mineral concentration was comparable to those fed diet containing 40 ppm supplemental inorganic Zn. Based on the results, it is concluded that dietary Zn concentration can be reduced to 10 ppm when supplemented as Zn glycinate without affecting growth performance. However, replacement of 40 ppm inorganic Zn with 30 ppm organic Zn significantly improved feed efficiency, reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and immune responses in broilers compared to those fed 40 ppm Zn as zinc sulphate.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RABI SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus.L) IN RELATIONTO DIFFERENT TILLAGE PRACTICES IMPOSED DURING KHARIF.(ACHARYA N.G.RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERISTY, 2011) SRIDHAR, K; YAKADRI, MA field experiment entitled “Nutrient management in Rabi Sunflower (Helianthus annuus. L) in relation to different tillage practices imposed during Kharif” was conducted at Research farm, RARS, Bijapur on a clayey soil with strongly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus & medium in potassium during rabi season of 2011 with an objective to study the effect of different tillage practices and nitrogen sources on sunflower growth, yield and economics. The treatments consist of three tillage practices (Conventional tillage (T1), Reduced tillage (T2) and Minimum tillage (T3) as main plots and five nutrient management practices (N1- In-situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 5 t ha -1 , N2- In- situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 2.5 t ha -1 + 50% RDN through urea, N3-100% RDF through fertilizer(35:50:35 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha -1) , N4- Farmer’s practice (24:30:0 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha -1) and N5- Farmer’s practice + In situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 2.5 t ha -1) as sub plots. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The results of the experiment revealed that tillage practices had no significant effect on growth and yield of sunflower crop. Interaction effect due to tillage and nutrient management was also non significant except for dry matter at 20DAS. Among the three tillage practices, dry matter production only during the initial stages was significantly higher with reduced tillage (T2) over conventional (T1) and minimum tillage (T3). The yield attributes viz., number of seeds per head and seed weight per head was significantly higher with minimum tillage (T3) while tillage practices did not have significant influence on rest of the yield attributes, seed yield and stalk yield. Sunflower fertilized with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3) recorded significantly higher germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves, LAI and dry matter production over rest of the treatments while being on par with N2(In- situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 2.5 t ha -1 + 50% RDN through fertilizer) in most of the parameters mentioned above. Head diameter was significantly higher with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3) but on par with N2 and N1 and number of seeds per head was higher with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3), but on par with N2. While test weight was higher with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3) but on par with N1(In -situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 5 t biomass ha -1) and N2(In- situ Sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 2.5 t ha -1 + 50% RDF through fertilizer). Seed and stalk yield of sunflower were significantly higher with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3) over N4- Farmers’ practice (24:30:0 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha -1) but was on par with rest of the treatments. NPK content in plant and NPK uptake by sunflower were higher with 100% RDF through fertilizer (N3). Maximum gross returns (38061Rs ha-1), net returns (28729Rs ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (3.08) were recorded with minimum tillage along with 100% RDF through fertilizer (T3N3). Interaction effect on growth and yield attributes was not significant. From the present investigation, it is inferred that sunflower cultivation is successful with minimum tillage of one harrowing followed by one herbicide (Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i ha -1) spray after sowing with 100% RDF through fertilizer during rabi season in northern dry zone of Karnataka (Bijapur). A few more years of field testing is however necessary before making it a general recommendation for similar agro-climatic conditions of Bijapur.