Browsing by Author "Parveen Kumar"
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ThesisItem Open Access Agro-physiological evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under soil moisture stress(CCSHAU, 2019) Reeta; Parveen KumarThe present study entitled “Agro-physiological evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under moisture soil stress. ” was conducted at Drought plot area, physiology lab, Agronomy Research Area, CCSHAU,HISAR during rabi 2017-18 with the objective to study the effect of soil moisture conditions on growth, yield attributes and yield, nutrient uptake, physiological parameters and economics of various chickpea genotypes. In the two main plots three replications of six genotypes were sown. In one plot two irrigations was applied one at pre-flowering stage and other at pod development stage. The environments and chickpea genotypes show significantdifference in respect of various phenological events (except emergence) viz. 50 per cent flowering, 50% pod development and physiological maturity. More number of days was taken in irrigated environment to attain various phenological stages as compared to rainfed environment. The growth parameters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation and leafarea per plant, yield attributing characters [no. of branches, no. of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, seed yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield differed significantly among differenttreatments. H 13-36 genotype was significantly superior in terms of growth and yield and its attributes in comparison to other genotypes. The number of nodules and dry weight of nodules was significantly higher in case of irrigated environment and physiological parameters viz. canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, leaf water potential and relative water content different significantly in both the environments. In irrigated environment higher gross return (₹97958), net returns (₹45970) and B:C (1.88) as compared to rainfed environment. Soil moisture content show continuous decrease in rainfed environment. Consumptive use of water and water use efficiency were higher in case of irrigated environment.ThesisItem Restricted Characterization of 3’ UTR of Nramp1 gene in Murrah buffalo and its association with brucellosis(LUVAS, 2010) Parveen Kumar; Sangwan, M. L.The present investigation was undertaken to study the genetic polymorphism in 3’UTR of Nramp1 gene and exon V-VII of Nramp1 by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique along with nucleotide sequencing and its association with brucellosis in 50 Murrah buffaloes (including 20 Brucella positive animals). PCR were standardized to amplify 3’UTR of Nramp1 gene and exon V-VII Nramp1 using specific primers. When 178 bp PCR products of 3’ UTR of Nramp1 gene were digested with HaeIII, restriction endonuclease, it detected monomorphic genotypic pattern viz. yy, when 959 bp PCR products of Nramp1 gene (exon V-VII) were digested with HaeIII, AluI, RsaI, StyI and TaqI restriction endonucleases, it detected monomorphic genotypic pattern viz. xx, aa, bb, cc, and dd respectively in all the animals under study.In the present study no polymorphism has been revealed,whish can be attributed either to small sample size or absence of SNPs at restriction sites of the restriction endonucleases used in study. However, these observations need to be confirmed on large sample size and more restriction enzymes. The alignment of nucleotide sequence shows that of 3’URT Nramp1 gene was found 99% similar to Bubalus bubalis, 96% similar to Bubalus arnee and 99% similar to Bos taurus. Exon V-VII was found 95% similar to Bubalus bubalis, 94% to Bos taurus and Bos indicus, 89% to Ovis dalli and 87 % to Ovis areis. In phylogenetic tree, our sequence of Nramp1 gene of Bubalus bubalis are found more closely related to Bos indicus and Bos taurus than Ovis dalli and Ovis areis.ThesisItem Restricted Comparative study on ovsynch versus doublesynch protocol for estrus synchronization during summer and winter season in buffalo(LUVAS, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Pandey, A.K.The present study designed for comparative evaluation of Ovsynch and Doublesynch estrus synchronization protocol, mineral profile and oxidative stress in cyclic Murrah buffaloes (n=83) in summer and winter season at farm and field level. The first service conception rate (FSCR) in Ovsynch treatment group in summer and winter season was 25% and 27.8%, respectively. Moreover, in Doublesynch groups, FSCR was 40% and 48% in summer and winter season, respectively. There were no any differences found in diameter of preovulatory follicle (POF) following Ovsynch and Doublesynch treated groups. The overall mean diameter of preovulatory follicle on the day of estrus was larger (p<0.05) in pregnant buffaloes as compared to non-pregnant (14.6 ± 0.4 vs 12.7 ± 0.3 mm, respectively). Corpus luteum diameter on day 10 post-AI and estradiol concentration on the day of AI were positively correlated (CL: r=0.72 and E2: r=0.84, p<0.05) with POF diameter. Retrospective study showed that Doublesynch group’s buffaloes had higher ovulation rate after first GnRH injection as compared to Ovsynch groups and hence had higher pregnancy rate as compared to Ovsynch in summer as well as in winter season. In Ovsynch treatment groups, concentration of MDA was significantly higher (p<0.05) during summer season as compared to its counterpart in winter season while GSH-Px and SOD were found similar (p>0.05). Buffaloes of Doublesynch treatment groups showed significantly higher (p<0.05) MDA level in summer season as compared to its counterpart in winter season on days 7, 9 and AI. However, GSH-Px and SOD levels were similar between summer and winter season. The concentration of Zn was found significant lower (p<0.05) on days 0 and AI in summer as compared to winter season in Ovsynch groups (1.0 ± 0.1 vs 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 vs 1.7 ± 0.1 ppm, respectively), while plasma Cu, Ca and P were lowers on the day of start of protocol in summer as compared to winter season. Plasma Cu and Ca levels were observed similar on the day of start of protocol and day of AI between summer and winter season while on the day of AI, Zn concentration was higher in summer buffaloes as compared to winter ones . Phosphorus was higher in winter as compared to summer buffaloes. Ovsynch and Doublesynch treated buffaloes in summer and winter season showed non significant variation in plasma progesterone during days of treatment in respective protocol. In conclusion; Doublesynch protocol can be used as estrus synchronization protocol in both seasons to achieve acceptable pregnancy rate.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, R. S.Vegetables are the main source of vitamins and minerals. The vegetables also offer better crop diversification and crop intensification. During winter season under north Indian conditions, it is extremely difficult to grow capsicum, cucumber in open field conditions; however various types of protected structures have been developed for growing some high value crops continuously by providing favorable environment condition and giving protection from the excessive cold and this is called polyhouse technology. The present study has made an attempt to have Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana with these objectives. 1. To study the present status of polyhouse cultivation in Haryana. 2. To compare the economics of vegetable cultivation under polyhouse & open field conditions. 3. To identify the constraints and to assess the prospects of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses. The present study was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana selected purposely on the basis of maximum number of polyhouses in the state. Two blocks were selected randomly, i.e. Gharaundha and Indri. Again, two villages from each block were selected on the basis of predominance of vegetable cultivation both under polyhouses & open field conditions. Ten respondent farmers each under polyhouses & open field conditions were randomly selected from each village, thus making a total sample of 80 respondents. On the basis of the nature of the data, simple statistical tools like averages and percentage were used to compare, contrast and interpret results properly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by survey method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedule. The overall findings reveal that in polyhouses, farmers adopted three cropping pattern R1, R2 and R3 i.e. tomato-cucumber (R1), capsicum-cucumber (R2) and cucumber-cucumber-cucumber (R3) respectively. The cost of cultivation for R1, R2 and R3 were ₹607720.36, ₹581816.43 and ₹849876.2 per acre respectively. In comparative economics analysis the cost of cultivation of selected vegetables tomato, capsicum and cucumber under polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹206816.90, ₹246564.40 and ₹185651 per acre respectively. The net retunes from polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹51097.54, ₹124870.01 and ₹97138.68 per acre respectively. The results of the study revealed that the vegetables cultivation under polyhouses have contributed to the yield significantly. The major constraint reported by the respondent farmers were short life of polyethylene sheet, infestation of insect, nematodes & diseases, high cost of fertilizers and seeds. The constraints in the marketing of vegetable were lack of minimum support price, high price fluctuations, lack of market information and high cost of transportation.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.Vegetables are the main source of vitamins and minerals. The vegetables also offer better crop diversification and crop intensification. During winter season under north Indian conditions, it is extremely difficult to grow capsicum, cucumber in open field conditions; however various types of protected structures have been developed for growing some high value crops continuously by providing favorable environment condition and giving protection from the excessive cold and this is called polyhouse technology. The present study has made an attempt to have Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana with these objectives. 1. To study the present status of polyhouse cultivation in Haryana. 2. To compare the economics of vegetable cultivation under polyhouse & open field conditions. 3. To identify the constraints and to assess the prospects of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses. The present study was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana selected purposely on the basis of maximum number of polyhouses in the state. Two blocks were selected randomly, i.e. Gharaundha and Indri. Again, two villages from each block were selected on the basis of predominance of vegetable cultivation both under polyhouses & open field conditions. Ten respondent farmers each under polyhouses & open field conditions were randomly selected from each village, thus making a total sample of 80 respondents. On the basis of the nature of the data, simple statistical tools like averages and percentage were used to compare, contrast and interpret results properly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by survey method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedule. The overall findings reveal that in polyhouses, farmers adopted three cropping pattern R1, R2 and R3 i.e. tomato-cucumber (R1), capsicum-cucumber (R2) and cucumber-cucumber-cucumber (R3) respectively. The cost of cultivation for R1, R2 and R3 were ₹607720.36, ₹581816.43 and ₹849876.2 per acre respectively. In comparative economics analysis the cost of cultivation of selected vegetables tomato, capsicum and cucumber under polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹206816.90, ₹246564.40 and ₹185651 per acre respectively. The net retunes from polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹51097.54, ₹124870.01 and ₹97138.68 per acre respectively. The results of the study revealed that the vegetables cultivation under polyhouses have contributed to the yield significantly. The major constraint reported by the respondent farmers were short life of polyethylene sheet, infestation of insect, nematodes & diseases, high cost of fertilizers and seeds. The constraints in the marketing of vegetable were lack of minimum support price, high price fluctuations, lack of market information and high cost of transportation.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under protected structures in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, Ranvir SinghThe present study aims at dealing with present status of protected structures, costs and returns of vegetables in these structures, marketing pattern of vegetables and constraints related to yield and marketing of vegetables. For the present study, three districts from Haryana state were selected i.e. Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat. From each district, 60 farmers were purposively selected which constituted a total sample of 180 farmers. In Haryana, mainly three types of protected structures are found. In every structure cucumber, capsicum and tomato vegetable were grown by the farmers. The total area under different types of protected structures in Haryana during the year 2017-18 was 757.80 ha. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹732732.07/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar (1041.37q/ha). The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹1106290.79/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.56. In net house highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Karnal ₹570140.49/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was also found in Karnal 988.42 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹995040.42/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Sonepat 1.74. In walk-in-tunnel structures highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹673334.71. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar 967.84 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber under walk-in-tunnel was highest from Sonepat ₹1047062.1/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.58. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse, highest total cost was incurred on capsicum in Sonepat (₹849261.06/ha). Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal (957.53 q/ha). The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Karnal ₹1436300.03/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 2.00. In net house the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Karnal ₹642475.50/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal 766.02 q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Hisar ₹1186105.83/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.92. In walk-intunnel the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Hisar was ₹768638.83/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Sonepat 879.69q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Sonepat ₹879.69/ha. Benefitcost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.54. The finding of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹814093.89/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Karnal 864.87q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Karnal ₹1210816.37/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 1.63. In net house the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹603706.049/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Hisar 710.43q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Hisar ₹959077.76/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.59. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) in all markets Marketing efficiency also showed that the channel III is the most efficient marketing channel. Major yield constraints in Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat were high attack of insect pest & diseases and nematode problem while irrigation and low and imbalance fertilizer was least faced problems. Major marketing constraints in all districts was lack of minimum support price and too much fluctuations in prices.ThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Different Nitrogen Levels And Bio-Fertilizers Strains On Productivity And Soil Fertility In Pearlmillet-Wheat Cropping System(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2005) Parveen Kumar; Hooda, R. S.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PGRS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN MARIGOLD CV. PUSA NARANGI GAINDA(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Parveen Kumar; Singh, ArvinderThe present investigation entitled “Effect of PGRs on growth, flowering and seed production in marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda” was carried out at Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 18 treatment combinations viz., 2 times of application of growth regulators (25 and 50 days after transplanting) and nine growth regulators treatments (Control, 150 ppm Gibberellic acid, 250 ppm Gibberellic acid, 150 ppm Salicylic acid, 200 ppm Salicylic acid, 75 ppm Benzyl adenine, 100 ppm Benzyl adenine, 1000 ppm Cycocel and 1500 ppm Cycocel). Among the times of application, significantly maximum plant height (60.61cm), plant spread (52.22cm), number of laterals (11.62), minimum number of days taken to first flower bud initiation (51.91 days), number of flowers per plant (45.60), flower diameter (7.60cm), maximum flowering duration (44.29 days), weight of flower (8.51 g), shoot fresh weight (235.89g), root fresh weight (44.75 ), flower yield /plant ( 394.93g ), flower yield/per plot/per hectare (6.32 &19746.74 kg),seed yield/plant (18.91g), seed yield per plot/per hectare (302.58 g & 945.56 kg),germination percentage (83.96%), seed vigour index (919.00), chlorophyll content (56.17%) was recorded when spray was scheduled after 25 days of transplanting whereas, minimum was recorded with application at 50 DAT. The effects of time of application on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root: shoot ratio and 1000 seed weight was found to be non-significant. Whereas, among the growth regulator treatments tested, 250 ppm Gibberellic acid (GA3) proved superior followed by 150 ppm Gibberellic acid and 200 ppm Salicylic acid thereby recording maximum plant height (65.44cm), plant spread (57.70 cm), minimum number of days taken to first flower bud initiation (50.40days), number of flowers per plant (45.45 ), maximum flower diameter (8.22cm ), weight of flower (9.01 g), shoot fresh weight (282.33g), root fresh weight (47.63g), root/shoot ratio on fresh weight basis (0.239), flower yield /plant (409.73 g), flower yield/per plot/per hectare (6.56 & 20486.33kg),seed yield/plant(22.76g),seed yield per plot/per hectare (364.08 g &1137.75 kg), germination percentage (90.00 %), seed vigour index (1016.05) and chlorophyll content (56.99%). However, highest number of laterals (12.30) and maximum flowering duration (45.83 days) were recorded with 100ppm Benzyl adenine. Among the interaction effects, 25 DAT + 250 ppm Gibberellic acid (GA3) recorded the highest values in parameters of economical importance. Highest B: C ratio of 2.47 was recorded in 200 ppm Salicylic acid (SA) at 25 DAT followed by B: C ratio of 2.44 by 250 ppm Gibberellic acid at 25 DAT.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weeds, growth and productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and their compatibility with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas fluorescens(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parveen Kumar; Virk, Harpreet KaurThe present study “Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weeds, growth and productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and their compatibility with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas fluorescens” was conducted at Pulses Research Farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Dr JC Bakhshi Regional Research Station, Abohar during kharif 2021. Experiment I was conducted to study the influence of post-emergence herbicides on growth of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas fluorescens under in vitro conditions and laid out in Complete Randomized Design replicated three times with 11 treatments (viz. imazethapyr 10% SL at 200 ppm, propaquizafop 2.5 % + imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME at 320, 426 and 533 ppm, clodinafop propargyl 8% + sodium acifluorfen 16.5% EC at 160, 213 and 266 ppm, imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG at 16, 21 and 26 ppm and control). Experiment II entitled, “Effect of postemergence herbicides on weeds, growth, symbiosis and productivity of soybean” was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times with 12 treatments [viz. imazethapyr 10% SL @ 75 g a.i ha-1, propaquizafop 2.5 % + imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME @ 75, 100 and 125 g a.i ha-1, clodinafop propargyl 8% + sodium acifluorfen 16.5% EC @ 147, 196 and 245 g a.i ha-1 and imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG @ 42, 56 and 70 g a.i ha-1 at 15-20 DAS and two hand weedings (HW) 20 & 40 DAS and weedy check]. In Experiment I, the maximum tolerance of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas fluorescens was recorded with imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG followed by propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME and least with clodinafop propargyl 8% + sodium acifluorfen 16.% EC and caused inhibitory effects with increasing doses of herbicides. In Experiment II, application of imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG @ 70 g ha-1 and propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME @ 125 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS had little inhibitory effect on symbiotic parameters (number & dry weight of nodules and leghaemoglobin content) and improved growth attributes (plant height and shoot dry matter accumulation). Application of imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG @ 70 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS was statistically at par with two HW 20 & 40 DAS in terms of growth attributes, yield attributes & yield, density & dry weight of weeds. In terms of seed yield and net returns, imazamox 35% + imazethapyr 35% WG @ 70 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS is the promising treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Generation of CSFV genomic back bone as reverse genetics model(IVRI, Izatnagar, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Pronab DharThesisItem Open Access Influence of nitrogen source on wheat varieties under semi-arid environment(CCSHAU, 2019) Mohammad Wazir; Parveen KumarThe present study entitled “Influence of nitrogen source on wheat varieties under semi-arid environment” was conducted at Agronomy Research area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hasir during rabi 2017-18 with objective to study the effect of nitrogen source on growth, yield attribute and yields of wheat and work out the economics of different treatments. In the main plots there were five wheat varieties (WH-1105, WH-1142, HD-3086, HD-2967 and DBW-88). In sub plots there was different nitrogen source namely 100 RDN through inorganic source (urea) , 100 per cent RDN through organic source (vermicompost) and 50 per cent RDN through inorganic + 50 per cent RDN through organic source. The experiment was laid out in split plots design in three replication, so it consisted forty five treatment combinations. Based on the research investigation, it concluded that either different varieties or nitrogen source did not differed significantly in respect to plant population at 15 DAS. The growth parameters such as plant height(cm) , Dry matter accumulation (g/meter row length), LAI, LAD(days), CGR(g/m2/day) and yield attributes and yield such as effective tillers per meter square, number of spike per meter row length, length of spike(cm) , number of grains per spike-1, 1000 grain wheat weight(g) were significantly differed among the varieties and nitrogen source except test weight irrespective of nitrogen source. However, RGR did not significantly affect among the varieties. Similarly 1000 grain test weight was found non-significant among nutrient source but it was found significant among the varieties. The N and P content in grain and straw and their uptake by grain and straw significantly affected by nitrogen source. However it was not significantly affected among the varieties. Significantly higher N and P content(%) was observed under the combine application of 50 per cent RDN through inorganic + 50 per cent RDN through organic source significantly higher over 100 per cent RDN through organics source and 100 per cent RDN through inorganic source in grain and straw of wheat. The K content (%) in grain and straw observed non-significant among the varieties and nitrogen source. Similarly the N and P uptake by grain and straw significantly influenced by nitrogen source, however it was not influenced significantly among the varieties, significantly higher N and P uptake by grain and straw was observed under the 50 per cent RDN through inorganic + 50 per cent RDN through organic source over 100 per cent RDN through organic source but statistically at par with 100 per cent RDN through inorganic source. The K uptake by grain and straw was significantly influenced by varieties and nitrogen source. Among the varieties, significantly higher K uptake by grain and straw observed under the variety WH-1105 over other varieties except HD-3086 and DBW-88. Protein content (%) significantly improved by nitrogen source, however it was not affected by varieties. Application of 50 per cent RDN through inorganic + 50 per cent RDN through organic source recorded significantly higher protein content (%) as compared to 100 RDN through organic source which was statistically at par with 100 RDN through inorganic source.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and biochemical traits for heat tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, 2016) Parveen Kumar; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation was carried out with six chickpea genotypes viz. ICCV 92944 (Tolerant, National check), H 07-120, H 08-75, H 09-90, H 09-96 and HC-1 differing in their heat sensitivity, to study the high temperature induced changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical, yield and its attributing character in the field conditions. Sampling was done at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS) for growth parameters and <30 °C (control) and >30 °C (stress) conditions for physiological and biochemical traits. The water potential (Ψw) and osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaves decreased in all the genotypes in stress (>30 °C) conditions. The water potential of leaves varied from -0.89 to -1.09 in stress (>30 °C) and from -0.66 to -0.80 in control (<30 °C) conditions among chickpea genotypes. With exposure to high temperature, RWC (%) of leaves also declined in all the six genotypes. RWC (%) was higher in H 07-120, followed by ICCV 92944 and lowest in H 09-90 in stress (>30 °C) conditions. The proline content of leaves increased significantly from 0.766 to 0.821 and 0.659 to 0.737 mg g-1 dry weight in H 07-120 and H 09-90 genotypes,respectively in stress (>30 °C) conditions. Likewise, the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves also increased from 13.85 to 14.56 and 11.56 to 12.71 mg g-1 dry weight in H 07-120 and H 09-90, respectively. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide H2O2, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves which was much higher in H 09-90 than all other six chickpea genotypes in stress (>30 °C) conditions. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, TSC in H 07-120, helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in other chickpea genotypes. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT and POX increased in leaves of all the six chickpea genotypes in stress (>30 °C) conditions. The increase was more in H 07-120 as compared to other chickpea genotypes. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H2O2 and MDA content in H 07-120 than all others indicated that these enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS better in H 07-120 than all other six chickpea genotypes, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS in stress (>30 °C) conditions. Pollen viability (%) was also adversely affected with 4 days exposure to high temperature (>30 °C); the effect being most pronounced in H 09-90. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 were more in H 07-120 than in others chickpea genotypes in late sown condition. Seed yield had significantly positive correlation with RWC and pollen viability, proline content, total soluble carbohydrates, CAT, POX, SOD and negative with water potential, osmotic potential, H2O2 and RSI. Hence, the mechanism of heat tolerance was relatively better in H 07-120 than other six chickpea genotypes as found from physiological, biochemical, reproductive behavior, yield and its attributing traits.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) to bio-fertilizers in combination with chemical fertilizers(CCSHAU, 2015) Sarita Rani; Parveen KumarThe present experiment entitled “Performance of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) to bio-fertilizers in combination with chemical fertilizers” was conducted at Research Area, Pulses Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during Rabi 2013-14 with the objective to study the combined effect of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield attributes and yield of field pea and to work out the economics of various treatments. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with nine treatments viz., Control, seed inoculation with Rhizobium, Rhizobium + PSB, Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR, Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), RDF + Rhizobium, RDF + Rhizobium + PSB, RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR, RDF + ZnSO 4 @ 25 kg ha -1 . Growth parameters i.e. plant height (cm), number of branches plant -1 , dry matter accumulation (g plant -1 ) and yield attributing character viz., number of pods plant -1 , number of grains pod-1 , grain and biological yield (kg ha -1 ) were significantly superior in RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR treatment over control. The treatments receiving combined inoculation of bioinoculants (Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR) along with RDF exhibited significantly higher N and P content and their uptake both in grain and straw over recommended dose of fertilizers. The application of various treatments did not produce any significant effect on K and Zn content in grain and straw. The values of K uptake in grain was significantly higher in RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR treatment over RDF, though different treatments failed to influence K uptake by straw. The Zn content and uptake in grain and straw also followed the trend of K uptake in grain and straw. The significantly highest protein yield was recorded with the combined application of RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR over rest of treatments. Significant lowest protein yield was recorded in absolute control. Highest B:C (2.0) was observed in RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR treatment ,while it was lowest in control (1.2).ThesisItem Open Access Performance of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids to fertility levels under treated sewage water application(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sandeep; Parveen KumarThe present study entitled “Performance of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids to fertility levels under treated sewage water application.” was conducted at Research Area, Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, HISAR during Kharif 2021 and 2022 with the objective to study the effect of hybrids and fertility levels on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of pearl millet under treated sewage water application. In the experiment two pearl millet hybrids viz. HHB 67 (Improved) and HHB 299 were taken along with five different fertility levels. Between hybrids, various phenological events viz. boot stage, flowering stage, milking stage and physiological maturity differ significantly while emergence did not differ significantly. Different fertility levels, did not differ significantly in respect of various phenological events viz. emergence, boot stage, flowering stage, milk stage while a significant influence was observed in physiological maturity. The growth parameters viz. [Plant height, total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation] and yield attributing characters [effective tiller plant-1, ear head length, ear head girth, test weight] and grain, stover yield differed significantly between hybrids and among fertility levels. Between hybrids, HHB 299 recorded higher value of these attributes and yield over HHB 67 (Improved). Among fertility levels, application of 75 per cent RDN + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha resulted in higher yield and yield attributes during both years of study. Hybrid HHB 299 recorded higher NPK content and their uptake over HHB 67 (Improved) in pearl millet grain and stover while integrated nutrient management practices and 100 per cent RDN performed better over control, among fertility levels. Heavy metal content in both pearl millet grain and stover recorded lower in HHB 67 (Improved) over HHB 299 while integrated nutrient management practices resulted in lower heavy metal content in pearl millet grain and stover over 100 per cent RDN and control, among fertility levels. In terms of economics, HHB 299 performed better than HHB 67 (Improved) while higher gross returns was recorded with the application of 75 per cent RDN + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha and higher net returns and B:C was recorded with 75 % RDN + FYM @ 5 t/ha. Hence, for enhancing crop growth characters, yield attributes, yield and monetary returns integrated nutrient management practices should be adopted.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen sources(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Vikram Singh; Parveen KumarThe present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.ThesisItem Open Access Response of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) to vermicompost, biofertilizers and nitrogen levels(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet; Parveen KumarThe present study entitled “Response of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) to vermicompost, biofertilizers and nitrogen levels.” was conducted at Agronomy Research Area, CCSHAU,HISAR during Kharif 2016 with the objective to study the effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and nitrogen level on growth, yield attributes and yield, nutrient uptake and economics of pearl millet hybrid HHB-223. In the main plot there were manurial treatment viz. control, biomix, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + biomix. In sub plot there was nitrogen levels viz. 70, 80, 90 and 100 per cent RDN so there were a total 16 treatment combination. Different nutrient management practices did not differ significantly in respect of various phenological events viz. emergence, five leaf stage and initiation of the milking while boot stage, 50 per cent flowering and physiological maturity were affected significantly and more days were taken with biomix + vermicompost @ 2.5t ha-1 under different manurial treatments. The growth parameters viz. [plant height (cm), LAI, total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation (g plant-1) and leaf area plant-1 (cm2)], yield attributing characters [effective tiller plant-1, earhead length (cm), earhead girth (cm), test weight (g)] and grain, stover yield (Mg ha-1) differed significantly among different treatments. Among manurial treatment these character were higher with biomix + vermicompost @ 2.5t ha-1 and with 100 per cent RDN with different nitrogen level. Higher N content and uptake was with biomix + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 in manurial treatment and 100 per cent RDN with different nitrogen levels. Also, availability of nutrient (N, P and K) after harvest in soil increased with increasing level of nitrogen and was highest in biomox + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 treatment among manurial treatment. In manurial treatment higher gross return (` 50252) and net returns (` 17532) were recorded with biomix + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1. Gross return, net returns and B:C ratio of pearl millet increased with increasing level of nitrogen and their highest value were recorded with 100 per cent RDN and was ` 48217, ` 21036 and 1.77, respectively but almost comparable with 90 per cent RDN. Hence, for enhancing crop growth characters, yield attributes, yield and monetary returns pearl millet seed should be treated with biomix and fertilized with 90% RDN along with vermicompost application @ 2.5 t ha-1.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of white button mushroom, agaricus bisporus (Lange) singer strains against mushroom flies and their management through botanicals(CCSHAU, 2005) Parveen Kumar; Mrig, K.K.The present investigation was undertaken for screening of white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singer strains, evaluating botanicals for management of mushroom flies and studying the population dynamics of flies. The material for screening comprised of five strains of A. bisporus, eight medicinal plant extract, two insecticide and a light trap with a yellow polythene and 15 watt yellow bulb. These experiments were carried out at Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2004-05 season and CRD design with three replication was followed for layout. There was no infestation of phoridfly whereas maximum (16.67%) and minimum (7.25%) infestation of sciaridfly was in S-791 and P-31, respectively, in the early crop. Infestation of phorid fly was maximum (40.51%) in S-791 and lowest (30.95%) in S-100 whereas sciarid infestation was maximum (22.49%) in S-791 and minimum (10.98%) in P-31, in late crop. All the strains showed moderate feeding by sciarid fly larvae except S-791 which had highly feeding while all the strains showed highly feeding by phorid fly. Number of sciarid larvae per infested fruiting body were maximum (5.2) in S-791 and minimum (2.9) in P-31 during early crop while in the late crop, maximum (7.1) were in S-791 and minimum (4.1) in HU-3. Phorid larvae were maximum (22.7) in S-791 and minimum (12.7) in S-100 in the late crop. Sciarid larvae in spawn-run compost cup were maximum (16.2) in S-791 and minimum (10.0) in S-11 whereas maximum (26.5) number of phorid larvae were in S-791 and lowest (18.7) were in S-100. Spawn run time was longer in all the botanical treatments over control. Maximum spaw-run inhibition (3.00 day) was noticed in Ashvagandha treatment while minimum inhibition (0.33 day) was in Sarpgandha treatment. It was shorter by 0.33 day in endosulfan 35 EC treatment. All the botanicals treatments decrease the per cent infestation of mushroom flies significantly over the control but no botanical was at par with checks (Endosulfan 35 EC and Nimbecidine 300 ppm). Minimum infestation (21.56%) was observed in neem treatment whereas maximum (43.80%) was in Gurmar treatment. No botanical treatment gave the high yield over checks. Yield was maximum (10.20 kg/q compost) in Turmeric treatment and minimum (8.66 kg/q compost) in Gurmar and Senna treatments. Avoidable losses was highest (14.4%) in Turmeric and there was no avoidable loss in Gurmar and Senna. Phorid fly population shows positive correlation r= 0.553 with temperature while sciarid fly had no correlation with temperature having r= 0.036.ThesisItem Open Access Spatial and temporal trend analysis of potential evapotranspiration under different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-27) Parveen Kumar; Jaybhaye, P.R.Evapotranspiration is the integrated process of evaporation and transpiration and is affected by meteorological variables, crop characteristics, and management practices, as well as environmental characteristics. There have been many studies into the estimation of PET around the world. PET computation is of immense importance for irrigation scheduled in crop production. The present study was carried out at Department of Agricultural Meteorology, VNMKV Parbhani, to compute Spatial and temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration at different location of Maharahtra viz. all nine agro-climatic zones. The meteorological data i.e., maximum and minimum temperature was collected from Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Parbhani, India Meteorological Department (official website), and related sites.The Month wise daily potential evapotranspiration had showed highest in May and lowest in January. Kharifhad increasing trend of PET at all station with significant increasing trends. For the state of Maharashtra as a whole 4.7 mm/day was found as a normal annual potential evapotranspiration, likewise Season - wise daily normal are 5.0 mm/day in Kharif, 3.0 mm/day in Rabi, 2.4 mm/day in winter, 6.9 mm/day in pre monsoon, 5.2 mm/day in monsoon and 3.2 mm/day in post monsoon period on the basis of average of all station under study. Highest (5.7 mm) annual Potential evapotranspiration was found in Central Vidarbha Zone where is lowest (3.7 mm) in Western Maharashtra Plain Transition Zone II.The present research study, will be helpful to use various applications including irrigation scheduling, drought monitoring, and understanding climate change impacts on potential evapotranspiration.