Browsing by Author "Neelam Kumari"
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ThesisItem Open Access A study on the nutritional quality of different process wheat products(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 1988) Neelam Kumari; N. Snehalatha ReddyThesisItem Restricted Allele mining for phosphorus starvation tolerance gene (pstoli) in wild species of rice(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Thakur, Shiwali; Neelam KumariIn present study, 182 accessions of Oryza rufipogon having different countries of origin along with O. sativa cv. PR114, PR121, PR122, PB3 and Vandana (positive control) were screened with flanking, co-dominant and dominant (InDel specific) markers to assess the variability throughout 90 kb insertion region of Kasalath. Previously reported SSRs markers OsPupK-4, OsPupK-05, OsPupK-20, OsPupK-29, K-41, K-42, K-43, K-46, K-48, K-52, and K-59 were applied. Based on analysis, it is inferred that most of the O. rufipogon accessions under study had 90 kb insertion present, whereas O. sativa cv. PR114, PR121, PR122 didn't have amplification with K-46, a diagnostic marker for PSTOL 1. Further, the primers were designed for full length amplification of PSTOL 1 gene (1 kb) and sequencing of 69 representative accessions of O. rufipogon with Vandana were performed. Sequence alignment led to the detection of 74 single nucleotide polymorphism among O. rufipogon accessions when compared to Vandana/ Kasalath. Out of this, 21 turned out to be false positives on manual curation and ultimately fifty three true SNPs were observed in the transcribed region of PSTOL1 gene. Transitions were more common than transversions. There were 39 transitions and 14 transversions observed. The most common SNP was A/G SNP. Based on the nucleotide diversity, a total of 17 haplotypes were formed. Haplotype II forms a major group with 41 accessions of O. rufipogon including Vandana and Kasalath whereas other 16 Haplotype groups had O. rufipogon accessions ranging from 1 to 3. Further, protein sequences were also studied in order to detect if any functional variation is pressent. A total number of 28 conversions for amino acid at different positions with comparison to reference sequence were found. The most common SNP was Lysine/Arginine. Validation of O. rufipogon accessions carrying PSTOL1 gene was done in P-deficient soil along with checks and it was found that O.rufipogon accessions had higher tolerance against P starvation when compared to check Vandna under stress conditions. F1 plants were generated by cross-pollination between cultivars and O. rufipogon accessions in order to transfer the novel alleles of PSTOL1 gene to elite cultivars. Thus, this study found out that allelic variation for locus PSTOL1 is present in Wild germplasm.ThesisItem Open Access Feasibility of Gravity Fed Drip Irrigation System In Kiwi Crop Under Hilly Terrace Condition(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Neelam Kumari; Kumar, RohitashwThe Present investigation was carried out at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Research Farm in Kiwi plantations during April to September, 2015. The experiment was laid with the objective to study the discharge rate, uniformity coefficient, distribution uniformity as influenced by distance of emitters from sub main as various pressures of 1.0, 1.25 and 1.6 kg/cm2 and moisture depletion. The emitter discharge showed increasing trend along lateral but at the middle section of the lateral show a decrease in the volumes as compared to their succeeding emitters nearer to the tail end. This is anticipated because the end plugs cause back pressure that results in higher discharge in the emitters located near the end plugs. The maximum discharge rate was found at pressure 1.6 kg/cm2 of lateral length of 25.17 m. The uniformity coefficient of the installed gravity fed drip irrigation system was found in the range of 58.85-94.55 percent. The distribution uniformity of the system varied in the range of 30.24-95.23 percent. The uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity computed at different pressure revealed that uniformity coefficient as well as distribution uniformity were maximum at pressure 1.25 kg/cm2 and lateral length of 25.17 m. At pressure 1.6 kg/cm2 the value of uniformity coefficient as well as distribution uniformity was observed to be in category “Good” in lateral of 25.17 m as per ASAE standards. It was further observed that coefficient of variation decreased with increase the pressures. The Soil moisture depletion at different depth was determined using soil moisture sensors and was related to soil matric potential. The soil moisture depletion, showed somewhat varying trends with soil depth during the crop period. In the upper part of the root zone where root density is high, moisture depletes very fast, where as in the lower part of the root zone sufficient moisture for the plant is continuously available. Maximum moisture depletion was seen in the 45 cm layer of the soil. The moisture depletion in the root zone showed non-linear trend during whole crop period.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF WILD ISOLATES OF PINK OYSTER MUSHROOM(UHF, NAUNI, 2023-12-19) SHIKHA GULERIA; Neelam KumariThe present investigation entitled “Identification and comparative studies of wild isolates of pink oyster mushroom” were undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic identification, cultural requirements, cultivation, molecular characterization, nutritional analysis, mycochemical analysis and antioxidant properties of wild isolates. At macroscopic level, isolate P4 (commercially cultivated) exhibited largest size of pileus however, the stipe length was found to be maximum in wild isolate P3 whereas the largest size of basidiospores was observed in isolate P4. Irrespective of the isolates, hyphae were septate, branched with clamp connections. On PDA medium, maximum average diametric growth was shown by isolate P1 followed by isolate P4 and isolate P3, least mycelial growth was recorded in isolate P2. During the evaluation of different temperatures and pH regimes on mycelial growth it was observed that temperature 20-25℃ and pH 7.0 was optimum for all the isolates. All the selected isolates were screened for their fruiting behavior on wheat straw. Isolate P4 took less time for spawn run (17.75 days), primordial initiation (22.25 days) and recoded highest biological efficiency (73.92%) among wild isolates. Isolate P1 and P3 which showed fruiting on wheat straw were selected for molecular studies. Sequencing and sequence analysis using BLAST showed 96.80% and 95.27% similarity with the available sequence of Pleurotus djamor. Isolate P1 and P3 were assigned accession number ON202736 and OR491768 respectively. Nutritional analysis revealed that pink oyster mushrooms are bestowed with a wealth of nutrients including protein, carbohydrate, fibre content making them excellent superfood that enhance overall health. The moisture content (90.13%), protein content (26.60%), crude fibre (10.68%) was observed to be maximum in isolate P3. Mycochemical analysis revealed that pink oyster mushroom contains secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids which have been regarded as the potent free-radical scavengers. Maximum content of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity was recorded in wild isolate P3 indicating that their consumption can be beneficial in protecting the body from harmful free radicals which cause oxidative stress to the human body and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of phytogenics on methane emission rumen response and milk production in ruminants(2023-12-01) Neelam KumariThesisItem Restricted Mapping of Sheath blight resistance QTL(s) from a land race ShB-8 in rice(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Rasool, Sheezana; Neelam KumariSheath blight is the second most devastating disease of rice worldwide, caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The crop losses due to sheath blight can go up to 60%, affecting both grain yield and quality of rice. The finest control strategy is to develop genetically resistant variety and mapping of QTLs is a valuable starting point in this direction. In present study, we report mapping of ShB resistance QTLs from a land race ShB-8 in rice. The population under study was evaluated under field conditions during Kharif 2021 and 2022. A positive correlation between disease score, lesion height and relative lesion height was observed. Disease score was negatively correlated with plant height and heading date during both seasons. A total of 28 QTLs were mapped for nine disease variables using 4622 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. Among the mapped QTLs 22 were major QTLs distributed over chromosome 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, and 6 were minor QTLs distributed over chromosome 3, 4, 9, 11 and 12. The QTLs mapped for disease score colocalized with QTL for relative lesion height. Only one QTL was mapped for LH which localized with QTL for three other traits with same peak marker. This region was found to contain more than 8 NB-LRR genes. The genotypes which consistently showed disease resistance can be further utilised for future research. The QTLs identified can also be further used in the molecular analysis of mapping populations and enhancement of ShB resistance in rice.ThesisItem Open Access OCCURRENCE, ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALTERNARIA LEAF BLOTCH OF APPLE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(2023-11-29) Oshin Saini; Neelam KumariThe present investigation titled, “Occurrence, Etiology and Epidemiology of Alternaria Leaf Blotch of apple in Himachal Pradesh" was carried out in laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Fruit Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)-173 230 during 2022-2023. Periodic surveys were conducted in different apple growing areas of Kinnaur, Shimla, Mandi, Kullu and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. In the year 2022 and 2023, the disease incidence and severity was most prevalent in Jubbal of Shimla district. Symptoms of Alternaria leaf blotch appeared as reddish brown necrotic spots with dark purplish borders on the leaves. Dark brown to black lesions also appeared on petioles and mid ribs causing yellowing and defoliation. A total of 19 isolates were collected from different apple growing areas of Himachal Pradesh. Cultural characteristics revealed that isolates varied in colony type, colour, margin and pigmentation. Colony colour varied from light to dark olivaceous and colonies were velvety to cottony with regular to irregular margins. Morphological characteristics revealed that maximum conidial length was observed in Isolate 11 (32.95-51.54 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 16 (14.25-25.30 μm). Maximum conidial breadth was observed in Isolate 8 (8.65-14.55 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 12 (6.49-9.58 μm). Conidial septation varied from 1-9. Maximum conidiophore length was observed in Isolate 17 (22.17-50.46 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 7 (28.07-35.32 μm). Conidiophore breadth ranged from 3.73-5.62 μm to 2.97-3.15 μm. Conidiophore septation ranged from 0-9. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the homology of 13 isolated Alternaria sp. isolates with Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. brassicae and A. alstroemeriae. Phylogenetic tree depicted that most isolates were closely clustered to Chinese isolates deposited earlier in the NCBI. Pathogenicity test for all isolates was carried out by ‘Detached leaf technique’ and all isolates were found pathogenic. From the screening of 11 apple cultivars, none of the cultivar was found to be moderately resistant or resistant to the disease. During epidemiological studies, relative humidity was found positively correlated with disease severity in the year 2022 and 2023. Temperature above 24℃, relative humidity 70-80 % and high rainfall favoured the disease developmentThesisItem Open Access OCCURRENCE, ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALTERNARIA LEAF BLOTCH OF APPLE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-11-29) OSHIN SAINI; Neelam KumariThe present investigation titled, “Occurrence, Etiology and Epidemiology of Alternaria Leaf Blotch of apple in Himachal Pradesh" was carried out in laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Fruit Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)-173 230 during 2022-2023. Periodic surveys were conducted in different apple growing areas of Kinnaur, Shimla, Mandi, Kullu and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. In the year 2022 and 2023, the disease incidence and severity was most prevalent in Jubbal of Shimla district. Symptoms of Alternaria leaf blotch appeared as reddish brown necrotic spots with dark purplish borders on the leaves. Dark brown to black lesions also appeared on petioles and mid ribs causing yellowing and defoliation. A total of 19 isolates were collected from different apple growing areas of Himachal Pradesh. Cultural characteristics revealed that isolates varied in colony type, colour, margin and pigmentation. Colony colour varied from light to dark olivaceous and colonies were velvety to cottony with regular to irregular margins. Morphological characteristics revealed that maximum conidial length was observed in Isolate 11 (32.95-51.54 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 16 (14.25-25.30 μm). Maximum conidial breadth was observed in Isolate 8 (8.65-14.55 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 12 (6.49-9.58 μm). Conidial septation varied from 1-9. Maximum conidiophore length was observed in Isolate 17 (22.17-50.46 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 7 (28.07-35.32 μm). Conidiophore breadth ranged from 3.73-5.62 μm to 2.97-3.15 μm. Conidiophore septation ranged from 0-9. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the homology of 13 isolated Alternaria sp. isolates with Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. brassicae and A. alstroemeriae. Phylogenetic tree depicted that most isolates were closely clustered to Chinese isolates deposited earlier in the NCBI. Pathogenicity test for all isolates was carried out by ‘Detached leaf technique’ and all isolates were found pathogenic. From the screening of 11 apple cultivars, none of the cultivar was found to be moderately resistant or resistant to the disease. During epidemiological studies, relative humidity was found positively correlated with disease severity in the year 2022 and 2023. Temperature above 24℃, relative humidity 70-80 % and high rainfall favoured the disease development.ThesisItem Restricted Pyramiding of brown plant hopper resistance genes Bph34 and Bph33 in rice(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Thakur, Arti; Neelam KumariThe present study was conducted to pyramid brown plant hopper resistance genes Bph34 and Bph33 in rice. Brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most devastating insect pest of rice, sucking the phloem sap of plants and causing hopper burn symptoms and massive output losses every year. The present study utilized phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of F1 and BC1F1 mapping populations derived from the complex cross for BPH disease resistance. A total of 50 F1 plants and 120 BC1F1 progenies were analyzed through foreground selection using linked polymorphic SSRs Bph34 and Bph33 gene. Out of 50 F1 plants assessed, 2 accessions were found to be homozygous for Bph33 gene, 13 accessions were found to be homozygous for Bph34, 7 accessions were heterozygous for both Bph33 and Bph34 genes, while 28 accessions were devoid of both Bph33 and Bph34 genes. Foreground selection of the BC1F1 population was carried to ascertain presence of homozygous alleles for both genes. From a total of 120 BC1F1 individuals, 21 plants were found to be heterozygous for target trait loci. 36 individuals were found to have only Bph33 gene while 34 were observed to possess only Bph34 gene. 14 progenies were found to be positive for both Bph33 and Bph34 genes, however, 8 individuals did not carry any of target genes. The results were confirmed through phenotypic assessment as well. Phenotypic screening against BPH resistance was done and these lines showed high level of BPH resistance. Background selection was carried using 377 SSR markers of rice among four parents and 74 SSRs markers were found to be polymorphic. The positive plants were found to be agronomically superior can be further subjected to background selection as well as in breeding programs for varietal release purpose.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Haryana state in food security of India(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam Kumari; Mehta, V.P.The present investigation aimed to study the role of Haryana state in food security of India. The research work has been entirely carried out with the secondary data for the period 1995-96 to 2015-16. The time series secondary data regarding area, production, productivity, etc. for the selected crops were collected from various published sources and electronic media both for India and Haryana state. To study the food security in India, secondary data on such as net availability of cereals and pulses, per capita availability of foodgrains and decadal population were collected for the period 1995 to 2015 from the Statistical Abstract of India. The production-wise scenario of foodgrains has indicated that, major cereals like rice, wheat and maize showed consistent improvement, but pulses production was not consistent. Rice and wheat production during 1995-96 was 76.98 and 62.10 million tonnes, which increased to 104.41 and 92.29 million tonnes respectively in 2015-16. Productivity of rice, wheat, maize, barley, coarse cereals, total cereals and total foodgrains increased continuously during the entire period. In Haryana, earlier, share of rice in total area under foodgrains was 20.64 per cent which increased to 30.39 per cent in 2015-16. Although, wheat is the traditional crop of the state, its share to the total foodgrains area increased from 49.05per cent in 1995-96 to 57.85 per cent in 2015-16. In 2015-16, 88 per cent of the area under total foodgrains in Haryana was occupied with rice-wheat cropping-system. The procurement of wheat from Haryana state to the central pool was 42.52 per cent during the year 1995-96 which increased to 59.74 percent during the year 2015-16. Haryana contributes about 12 per cent of wheat and around 6 per cent of rice to central pool during the study period. Trend in availability of foodgrains indicate that India was secure in cereals, but not in case of pulses over the study period. For sustainability of food, the availability of food is very important because Haryana is the major state in India which is providing food to a huge population. So, proper attention is needed in availability of food to ensure the future food security in India.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Self Help Groups in Rural Development(CCSHAU, 2019) Neelam Kumari; Malik, Joginder SinghThis study was conducted for the development of the rural people through self help groups. The study was conducted in Bhiwani districts of Haryana, further two blocks were selected randomly, from each block two villages were selected and from each village, thirty respondents were selected randomly. Thus, total one hundred twenty respondents were selected and interviewed with the help of well-structured schedule. Findings of the personal profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the respondents were of young age group (up to 35 years), illiterate and educated up to matric, belonged to nuclear family type with 5-6 members. Result pertaining to income generating activities indicated that majority of the respondents were involved with their small micro enterprises. Results pertaining to constraints faced by the respondents indicated that price problems, delay in getting loans, improper demand and supply chain commodities, marketing of products and transportation.Engaged with new activities will increase income of the respondents, development of better networks and linkages improved the existing conditions of the SHGs. Thus there is need to develop SHGs and motivate respondents to systematically manage and choose their activities in order to generate income. Certain essential activities like choosing the more appropriate activity, market intelligence, establishing marketing linkages etc. are an indication of the capability of the groups as SHGs becomes a tool for social empowerment.