Browsing by Author "Lalithakunjamma, C R"
Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN BOVINE MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1996) BIJU, P; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe i^nunopathologlcal response o£ cows suffering fro. hUnroal and suh-olinlcal .astifis was evafuafed and compared "Tth healthy non-.astitlc cows using various i^unological markers. Significant enhancement of the humoral immune response was noticed in suh-clinical cases of mastitis, whereas those suffering from clinical mastitis had only a slight difference as ccmpared to the healthy cows. Elevated T lymphocyte count was noticed in acute ,38 33 t 0.8i, and chronic ,35 r 0.93%) stages of mastitis. Those Offering from sub-clinical cases had a slight reduction in the mean T cell count (299- 83%) a=s compared to that of the healthy non-mastitic cows (31.3 ± 1.42%). Three hundred and thirty one samples ,22.23%, were sub- Clinically positive out of the 1489 samples examined by California Mastitis Test • OOuu^t Of ,t-hv.e 520 samples subjected or cultural examination 186 were cultur,.!! n n tiJie culturally positive. Fifty pen ceo, SCaphylococci, which included both coagulase positive and coagulase negative group, other pathogenic organisms isolated included Streptococci, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and gram positive bacilli. Direct correlation between the somatic cell count and California Mastitis Test score was noticed. Neutrophils were the predominant cells in the milk samples. The major pathogens were more sensitive to Gentamicin (98.21%) followed by Pefloxacine (96.42%), Chloramphenecol (91.07%), Streptomycin (82.14%), Cotrimoxazole (80.35%), Ampicillin (73.21%), Oxytetracycline (71.43%) and Penicillin (60.71%) . Haematological examination of sub-clinical cases revealed leukopaenia. Slight increase in the serum total protein was noticed in sub-clinical cases. Gross changes of mastitis was noticed in 18 mammary glands tissues examined. Histologically out of the 336 glands examined, 271 were having inflammatory changes of varying degrees. Acini as well as interstitium contained inflammatory cells in 37.68 per cent of cases. The entire parenchyma was affected in 14.49 per cent a cases. Oedematous appearance of the supramammary lymphnodes was noticed. Microscopically marked expansion of the cortex by numerous lymphoid follicles in various stages of activity was noticed.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of a composite mixture of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica on aflatoxicosis in rabbits(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Indu, K; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RAmong the various mycotoxins, aflatoxins have been the subject of most intensive research because of the extremely potent cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Mycotoxicosis and its counteraction have received greater attention by researchers in the last few decades. In this context an evaluation study on the protective effect of a herbal composite mixture triphala (containing Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) on aflatoxicosis in rabbits was carried out. The study was conducted for a period of two months with twenty four rabbits divided into three groups of eight each. Rice culture containing 27 ppm of aflatoxin was added appropriately to the ration to get a final concentration of 0.5 ppm. Group I was given 0.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed and group II was given combination of triphala (four per cent) and aflatoxin (0.5 ppm ) contaminated diet. Group III was provided with control diet. There were reduction in body weight gain, Hb, PCV, TLC, lymphocyte count while heterophil count, AST, ALT and ALP levels showed an increase in the toxin fed animals. Addition of triphala at four percent level in the aflatoxin contaminated feed effectively counteracted these changes. The gross and histopathological changes due to aflatoxin were reduced in triphala group. There was widespread vascular changes, extensive necrotic changes, bile duct proliferation, biliary hyperplasia and cholangiocellular carcinoma in the liver and necrotic changes in the kidney of toxin group. These changes were reduced in intensity in triphala group and there was no development of tumors in liver. Regenerative process were well pronounced in the liver and kidney of triphala group. Hence the present study revealed that supplementation of composite mixture of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica at four per cent level could counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis in rabbits.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of amla (Emblica officinalis) on hepatic function in broiler chicken(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Sajitha, I S; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe study was designed to assess the effect of Emblica officinalis on hepatic function in broiler chicken and to evaluate its efficacy as a feed additive. The liver of birds are exposed to various hepatotoxins present in feed, like added feed additives, antibiotics in excess as well fl-s mycotoxins like aflatoxin. The protection afforded by Emblica against these was studied. Fifty-four day old broiler chicks were divided into three groups of two replicates each. Group I (Control group) was given normal commercial feed, groups II and III were given amla at one per cent and two per cent levels respectively, for eight weeks along with the control feed. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, feed analysis, haemogram, serum profile, liver weight and gross and histopathological changes in liver were studied. A gradual reduction in body weight gain, was noted in the control group birds, when compared to the amla fed birds. Group II and III birds recorded a better FCR, when compared to group I birds. Proximate analysis of the feed indicated normal chemical composition of feed. Analysis for aflatoxin content revealed the presence of toxin in the range of 100-150 ppb in the starter and 150-200 ppb in the finisher feeds. The toxicopathological changes induced by the control feed, may be attributed to the presence of toxins in the feed. The toxicopathological changes in the birds were found to be lowered in its intensity in relation with the level of amla, with the most severe changes in the control group birds. Values of hemoglobin, PCV, total leucocyte, lymphocyte and heterophil count, total serum protein and albumin showed a decrease, whereas the ESR and the serum enzyme levels showed an increase in the control group birds. The gross and histopathological changes induced by the toxin, were reduced in the amla treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Degenerative and necrotic lesions and chronic fibrous tissue proliferation, bile duct proliferation and biliary hyperplasia were noted. Regenerative and repair processes were also well pronounced. The toxicopathological changes, induced by the toxin, was significantly reduced by Emblica officinalis, especially at two per cent level. Toxic contamination of commercial feed especially with aflatoxin is very common in Kerala. Considering this and the results of the present study, it can be concluded that Emblica officinalis has got significant hepatoprotective activity and can be used as an effective feed additive in commercial livestock feed.ThesisItem Open Access Embryo mortality in chicken(Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1987) Lalithakunjamma, C R; KAU; Krishnan Nair, MThe nature of embryomortality in hatcheries and the posiible causes for embrypathies were studied. Experimental studies were conducted by inoculating Oxytetracycline, Ochratoxin A, Citrinin and a combination of ochratoxin A and Citrinin and avian influenza virus. Ultrastructural studies were conducted to elucidate the subcellular changes in the liver and kidneys of the embryo after administration of the mycotoxins. The various abnormalities noticed were early embryonic death, curled embryos, dead in shell, live sticky embryos, oedema of head and neck emphalitis and septicaemia, gastroachisis with herination of yolk sac, coelosoma, dwarfs, curled toe, microphthalmia, anopthalmia, brachycephaly, parrot beak, crossed beak, brachygnatha, streptosomia and a few cases of diprosopus, polymeliaThesisItem Open Access Pathological studies on the ameliorative effect of Curcuma longa on experimental Pasteurellosis in rabbits(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Manjula V, James; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the symptoms and lesions of experimental pasteurellosis and to study the beneficial effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) in managing pasteurellosis. Thirty two New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups each having eight replicates. Group I served as control. Group II were given feed mixed with turmeric at the rate of 2 g/kg body weight for the whole period of experiment and on the thirty first day of the experiment, animals were intranasally exposed to P. multocida. Group III rabbits were intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment and turmeric was fed at the rate of 2 g/ kg body weight after exposure until the end of the experiment. Group IV rabbits were fed on control diet alone for thirty days and then intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment. Body weight and haematological parameters were recorded on day zero, 14th and 28th day of the experiment and biochemical parameters on 28th day were estimated. The rabbits were challenged with 0.1 ml of 18 h broth culture of P. multocida serotype A: 1 containing approximately 3 ×108 organisms/ml by intranasal route. Blood was collected for haematological and biochemical evaluations after eighteen hours of post inoculation from all the groups. Supplementation of turmeric significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight on 28th day of the experiment. Turmeric supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the haemoglobin concentration on day 28. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count did not reveal significant difference between the dietary groups. The serum total protein, albumin and albumin : globulin ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher in turmeric fed group on the 28th day. The serum creatinine values were within the normal range and no significant difference was noticed. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were comparatively lower in turmeric fed group but no significant difference were noticed on the 28th day. Results of the present study after challenge with P. multocida indicated that the haemoglobin concentration did not reveal significant difference except for numerical decrease in values noted in challenged groups compared to the control. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count significantly (P<0.05) increased in challenged groups compared to the control. Also the levels of serum total protein, albumin: globulin ratio and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) higher in challenged groups. The levels of ALT, AST and ALP were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in the challenged groups. Pathological studies on the trachea, lungs, heart, liver and kidney revealed acute lesions suggestive of septicaemia. The intensity of damage in Group II rabbits were found to be much less in these organs which were evident in the haemato-biochemical values and gross and histopathological lesions. Overall evaluation of the results of the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric was advantageous. Also the study brought to the light that apart from the beneficial effects on body weight, haematology and biochemical profile, turmeric revealed partial protective role on pasteurellosis. The results of the study prove promising and need further investigation using different levels of turmeric in diets.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of gastrointestinal disorders of rabbits(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Devi, S S; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits. The results of the study revealed a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits. The study was based on a detailed postmortem examination of fifty rabbit carcasses. The gross and histopathological lesions were closely observed and classified based on age and nature of changes. Vascular lesions were predominant in the stomach whereas inflammatory conditions outnumbered vascular and degenerative changes in the intestine. In the stomach the most conspicuous vascular change was congestion while catarrhal gastritis was the prominent inflammatory lesion. Catarrhal enteritis was the commonly observed pathology in the intestine. Parasitic as well as bacterial agents were found to be associated with the lesions. The most important bacterial pathogens isolated were E. coli and Salmonella. Intestinal coccidiosis was also observed in a considerable number of cases. Various developing forms of Eimeria spps were identified in the sections of duodenum and jejunum in affected cases. Verminous enteritis was observed in one case where the larvae of pinworm was seen penetrating the submucosa of the jejunum. Mesenteric lymph nodes of fifteen cases revealed vascular, degenerative and necrotic changes of varying degrees. Depletion of lymphocytes associated with degeneration and necrosis of germinal centers in lymphoid follicles of mesenteric lymph nodes were all indicative of immune suppression. Lymphoid depletion was also evident in the Peyer’s Patches of ileum. Liver samples of thirty animals showed pathological changes, some in combination with gastrointestinal lesions. Pasteurella was isolated from the liver in two cases with hemorrhagic tracheitis. Hepatic coccidiosis was observed in certain cases, which were histologically characterized by bile duct hyperplasia, fatty degeneration and vascular changes. The higher incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, the role of immune suppression and isolation of different pathogens indicated the necessity for an indepth study on the multi factorial etiology associated with gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of the respiratory system in rabbits(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Rekha, S; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe present study was undertaken .to assess the pathology of the respiratory system in rabbits. The results of the study revealed a high incidence (80 per cent) of respiratory disorders. A detailed systematic examination of fifty cases of rabbit carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail. Vascular and inflammatory lesions were predominant in the trachea and the lungs. Degenerative changes were seen in the trachea, pleura and the lungs. Bronchial lymph nodes revealed mild congestion and depletion of lymphocytes occasionally. A case of alveolar carcinoma was encountered in the present study. Adenomatous proliferation of the bronchial epithelium was seen in one case. Bacterial isolations were obtained from the trachea and the lungs. Escherichia coli (16 cases), Staphylococcus sp.(3 cases) and Proteus sp. (1 case) were obtained. The need and the scope of investigation into the pathological disorders in the respiratory system ofthe rabbits were highlighted.