Browsing by Author "Girish Kumar, V."
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ThesisItem Open Access Cytological Studies on Dermatological Disorders in Dogs with Emphasis on Treatment of Pyoderma(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2013-04-12) Kshama, M.A.; Yathiraj, S.; Narayana Bhatt, M.; Satyanarayana, M.L.; Girish Kumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.; Shrikrishna IsloorThe present research work was undertaken to study various aspects of dermatological disorders especially pyoderma in dogs with the objectives of evaluating different cytological techniques for diagnosis, the Staphylococcal organisms involved in pyoderma in dogs with emphasis on methicillin resistant strains, the immune status of dogs with pyoderma and the efficacy of Clindamycin alone as well as combination of Clindamycin along with topical preparation of Silver sulphadiazene and Chlorhexidine gluconate in the treatment of pyoderma. The efficacy of the two diagnostic techniques, cytology and punch biopsy was compared. The results of the two techniques correlated as far as bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the skin were concerned. Cytology was found to be a simple and inexpensive tool for diagnosis of dermatological disorders. Cutaneous punch biopsy was found to be a reliable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of neoplastic conditions and in conditions where there was ambiguity regarding etiology and diagnosis. As for the etiology of pyoderma, S. intermedius was found in 81.81 per cent, S. aureus in 18.18 per cent and coagulase negative staphylococci in 3.03 per cent of isolates examined. Methicillin resistant staphylococci were observed phenotypically in 15.91 per cent of isolates of which 5.68 per cent were S. aureus and 10.23 per cent were S. intermedius. Six of these isolates were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR and four of the isolates yielded 304 bp amplification encoding for mecA gene specific for methicillin resistance. Further, no evidence of immunodeficiency was observed in dogs with pyoderma. Therapeutic trials with Clindamycin @ 11mg /kg sid orally for 15 days and combination of Clindamycin @ 11 mg/kg sid orally along with topical application of Silver sulphadiazene and Chlorhexidine gluconate cream sid and bid for 15 days and the topical preparation alone once and twice daily were used. Clindamycin alone and in combination with the topical preparation was found to be useful in the treatment of pyoderma (92.40-97.20% efficacy) and the topical preparation was found to be moderately effective in pyoderma (41.98-66 % efficacy). It was thus concluded that Clindamycin is an effective antibiotic for treatment of pyoderma in dogs and that the topical preparation can be used as an adjunct therapy for treatment of pyoderma.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Certain Aspects of Gastroenteritis with Special Reference to Canine Parvoviral Infection in Dogs(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2013-07-17) Mallikarjun, G.; Upendra, H.A.; Anil Kumar, M.C.; Deepti, B.R.; Girish Kumar, V.; Chandrashekhar Murthy, V.; --, --In the present study, medical records for 5 years (2007 to 2011) in the Veterinary College Hospital, Veterinary College, Bangalore were studied for the prevalence of gastroenteritis in dogs. Thirtyeight thousands five hundred ninetythree dogs were presented to the hospital during the period, out of which 7.43 per cent were gastroenteritis cases and 4.13 per cent were Canine Parvo virus cases. The Prevalence of gastroenteritis was highest during the year 2010 (9.21%) and lowest during 2008 (5.48%); highest in hot season, lowest in cold season; highest in male dogs, lowest in female dogs; highest in dogs, less than 3 months lowest in dogs more than 12 months; highest in Nondescript dogs followed by Labrador Retriever, Spitz , German Shepherd, lowest in Siberian Husky, Miniature Pinscher and Black Russian Terrier. In the clinical study, 100 cases exhibiting clinical signs of gastroenteritis were studied for the detection of Canine Parvo viral antigen in the faeces by using CPV Antigen Rapid Test Kit with the principle of lateral flow immunochromatography assay and coprological examination for the positive cases for parasitic infestation. Fiftyfour cases were positive for CPV antigen but no parasites were found in the faecal sample. The CPV antigen was detected; more in males, less in females; more in less than 3 months, less in more than 12 months old; more in Labrador Retriever followed by German Shepherd, Doberman Pinscher, Rottweiler, Spitz, Golden Retriever and Nondescript, lowest in Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, Dachshund, Pug, Great Dane and Saint Bernard breeds. The main clinical signs exhibited were reduced appetite, vomiting, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, dehydration and kyphosis. Haematological picture showed normochromic, normoncytic anaemia with decreased TEC, Hb, TLC and PCV. Biochemical picture showed hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and no significant difference in creatinine and ALT levels in CPV positive cases. All the faecal samples positive for CPV antigen in CPV Antigen Rapid Test were also positive for polymerase chain reaction when subjected for further confirmation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Certain Metabolic Profiles in Pregnant Ewes(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011-07-15) Mahesha, N.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Krishanaswamy, A.; Devaraj, M.; Girish Kumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.A study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic profiles of pregnant Bannur sheep of Karnataka, with the objective to identify the metabolic changes during various stages of pregnancy and also to associate the biochemical profiles in maternal serum to different stages of pregnancy and of growing fetus. Thirty pregnant ewes were categorized in to three equal sized groups (n=10) of early, mid and late gestation using ultra sound findings. Blood glucose, total protein, Albumin, globulin, creatinine, cholesterol, blood urea, serum calcium and phosphorus were estimated at different stages of gestation. The blood glucose decreased significantly from early to late pregnancy. The total protein, globulins and urea and were higher early pregnancy compared to their level at mid and late pregnancy. In contrast albumin concentration increased from early to late pregnancy. The serum cholesterol at peak during early pregnancy and reduced significantly by mid pregnancy with no further significantly falls during late pregnancy. Whereas serum creatinine concentration has shown no significant difference as pregnancy advance. The serum calcium increased significantly to early to mid, mid to late pregnancy whereas no change in phosphorus levels were observed from early to late pregnancy. The magnitude of changes was greater towards the end of gestation could be attributed to the nutrient requirements of ewes. The present study clearly demonstrate the increased nutritional requirement of pregnant ewes, this fact necessitates better managerial practices during last month of gestation to reduce the possibilities of occurrence of metabolic disordersThesisItem Open Access Studies on Certain Metabolic Profiles in Pregnant Ewes(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2011-07-15) Mahesha, N.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Krishanaswamy, A.; Devaraj, M.; Girish Kumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic profiles of pregnant Bannur sheep of Karnataka, with the objective to identify the metabolic changes during various stages of pregnancy and also to associate the biochemical profiles in maternal serum to different stages of pregnancy and of growing fetus. Thirty pregnant ewes were categorized in to three equal sized groups (n=10) of early, mid and late gestation using ultra sound findings. Blood glucose, total protein, Albumin, globulin, creatinine, cholesterol, blood urea, serum calcium and phosphorus were estimated at different stages of gestation. The blood glucose decreased significantly from early to late pregnancy. The total protein, globulins and urea and were higher early pregnancy compared to their level at mid and late pregnancy. In contrast albumin concentration increased from early to late pregnancy. The serum cholesterol at peak during early pregnancy and reduced significantly by mid pregnancy with no further significantly falls during late pregnancy. Whereas serum creatinine concentration has shown no significant difference as pregnancy advance. The serum calcium increased significantly to early to mid, mid to late pregnancy whereas no change in phosphorus levels were observed from early to late pregnancy. The magnitude of changes was greater towards the end of gestation could be attributed to the nutrient requirements of ewes. The present study clearly demonstrate the increased nutritional requirement of pregnant ewes, this fact necessitates better managerial practices during last month of gestation to reduce the possibilities of occurrence of metabolic disordersThesisItem Open Access Studies on Certain Strategies to Improve Synchronization of Estrus and Ovulation in Ewes Under Controlled and Field Conditions(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2014-05-15) Ravindranatha, B. M.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Krishnamoorthy U.; Girish Kumar, V.; Ramachandra, S.G.A study was carried out to establish the reproductive performance of NARI Suwarna ewes maintained under two systems of feeding management namely, balanced diet and pasture grazing, and to assess the efficiency of estrus symchronization protocols on the reproductive performance. A standout reproductive trait of NARI Suwarna ewes was high incidence of multiple births as compared to its frequency in other Indian breeds. The other reproductive traits such as age at puberty, weight at puberty, duration of gestation, post partum anestrus period and incidence of gestational, parturient and post parturient reproductive disorders was comparable to many other Indian breed but some of the traits were found to be influenced by methods of feeding. The estrus synchronization protocol involving progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponge, PMSG and PGF2α was found to be highly effective in inducing estrus response in NARI Suwarna ewes. However, the estrus response, conception rate and incidence of multiple births also seem to be influenced by the type of feeding management during estrus synchronization protocol. Lambs born as single or multiple to ewes maintained under pasture grazing had lower birth weight and high incidence of mortality. The introduction of ram during estrus synchronization protocol did not significantly influence the conception rate of animals maintained under pasture grazing while, administration of GnRH did. The poor reproductive performance of pasture fed animals was attributed to hypoglycemic and hypocalcemic status of the animal. It was concluded that, NARI Suwarna ewes need to be supplemented with some source of energy and calcium to optimize their reproductive performance.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Effect of Administration of hCG at the Time of Mating on the Conception and Litter Size in Labrador Female Dogs.(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2013-06-15) Yathish Kumar, M.S.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Honnappa, T. G.; Girish Kumar, V.; Narayana Swamy, M.; Nagaraj, C. S.A clinical study was conducted to document the effect of administration of hCG at the time of mating on the conception and litter size in Labrador female dogs. A total of 50 Labrador female dogs were used for this study and were assigned to five different groups, each group contained 10 animals. Group 1, served as control and was mated based on vaginal exfoliative cytology. Group 2 was mated based on vaginal exfoliative cytology and administered inj. hCG 500 IU. i/v. Group 3 was mated based on vaginal exfoliative cytology and administered inj. hCG 1000 IU. i/v. Group 4 was mated based on vaginal exfoliative cytology and serum progesterone concentrations, whereas Group 5 was mated based on vaginal exfoliative cytology and serum progesterone concentrations followed by administration of inj. hCG 500 IU. i/v., on the day of recommended mating. The conception rate, litter size and gestational period of control group were 60 per cent, 5.83 ± 0.70 and 66.67 ± 0.33 days respectively. The conception rate in group 2, 4 and 5 was 70 per cent and group 3 was 80 per cent. The litter size in group 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 6.28 ± 0.47, 6.75 ± 0.45, 6.42 ± 0.64 and 6.57 ± 0.57 respectively. The gestational period in group 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 65.14 ± 0.34, 64.88 ± 0.40, 64.71 ± 0.29 and 64.86 ± 0.46 respectively. There was no significant difference in the conception rate and litter size between the control group and group 2, 3, 4 and 5 (p>0.05). Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the gestational period between control group and group 3, 4 and 5. This emphasized that there was no effect of administration of hCG at the time of mating on the conception rate and litter size in Labrador female dogs. But, programmed ovulation in the female dogs occurs following the administration of hCG which might be useful to predict the date of whelping in female dogs. However, ovulation induction with administration of hCG was clinically not useful in conjunction with routine breeding management of Labrador female dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Genetic Polymorphism of Alpha S1 Casein Gene in Nandidurga Goats(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 21-12-14) Umesha Kavali; Jayashankar, M.R.; Nagaraja, R.; Bhaskaran, R.; Girish Kumar, V.A study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the genetic variation at Alpha S1 Casein gene region in Nandidurga non-descriptive goats of Karnataka by using PCR - RFLP technique. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 85 animals. The genetic diversity of caprine Alpha S1CSN locus was investigated by PCR - RFLP by amplifying part of intron 8, exon 9 and part of intron 9 of the Alpha S1 CSN gene. Restriction endonuclease enzyme XmnI was used to detect the genetic variation of the experimental unit in Alpha S1 CSN gene. Upon PCR - RFLP analysis, two patterns were observed which allowed the identification of two alleles A and B, and two genotypes, AA and BB. Further PCR - RFLP study in 35 Osmanabadi and 50 Bidri goats prevalent in North Karnataka revealed similar observations. Ironically AB type was not observed in any of these goats. The sequence analysis indicated that there was a high homology between the present result and the published caprine Alpha S1CSN gene sequences. There was query coverage to the extent of 100 per cent. This is one of the first studies in non-descript goats. Presence of predominant 'A' allele among these goats provides other selection criteria in addition to traditional selection methods, for increased milk protein.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Genetic Polymorphism of Alpha S1 Casein Gene in Nandidurga Goats(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 12-12-14) Umesha Kavali; Jayashankar, M.R.; Nagaraja, R.; Bhaskaran, R.; Girish Kumar, V.A study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the genetic variation at Alpha S1 Casein gene region in Nandidurga non-descriptive goats of Karnataka by using PCR - RFLP technique. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 85 animals. The genetic diversity of caprine Alpha S1CSN locus was investigated by PCR - RFLP by amplifying part of intron 8, exon 9 and part of intron 9 of the Alpha S1 CSN gene. Restriction endonuclease enzyme XmnI was used to detect the genetic variation of the experimental unit in Alpha S1 CSN gene. Upon PCR - RFLP analysis, two patterns were observed which allowed the identification of two alleles A and B, and two genotypes, AA and BB. Further PCR - RFLP study in 35 Osmanabadi and 50 Bidri goats prevalent in North Karnataka revealed similar observations. Ironically AB type was not observed in any of these goats. The sequence analysis indicated that there was a high homology between the present result and the published caprine Alpha S1CSN gene sequences. There was query coverage to the extent of 100 per cent. This is one of the first studies in non-descript goats. Presence of predominant 'A' allele among these goats provides other selection criteria in addition to traditional selection methods, for increased milk protein.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Association of Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism with Milk Production in Cattle(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 27-12-12) Punya, J.; Jayashankar, M.R.; Girish Kumar, V.; Shrikrishna Isloor; Nagaraja, C.S.The genetic variation at the growth hormone gene in a HF cross bred population and to study the possible association of the identified polymorphism with first lactation milk yield. Two fragments of bovine growth hormone gene covering part of intron 3 and exon 5 were PCR amplified from 50 HF cross bred cattle and subjected to RFLP with MspI and AluI enzymes respectively. PCR-RFLP of exon 5 of growth hormone gene with AluI yielded monomorphic pattern of 223, 171 and 52 bp fragments. The sequencing of PCR product confirmed the pattern as heterozygous (LV). No homozygotes were observed in the population. The PCR-RFLP of intron 3 region of growth hormone gene with MspI yielded three genotypes. The frequency of genotypes Msp (+/+), Msp (+/-) and Msp (-/-) were 0.28, 0.12 and 0.60 respectively. The population was not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to Msp polymorphism. The average first lactation milk yield of HF cross bred cows with genotypes Msp (+/+), Msp (+/-) and Msp (-/-) were 2493 kgs, 2473 kgs and 2558 kgs respectively and were not significantly different indicating that the SNP had no influence on the first lactation milk yield in the population studied.