Browsing by Author "GANESH KUMAR, B"
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ThesisItem Open Access A COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS MODEL OF RYTHU BAZAAR vis-a-vis MODERN RETAIL OUTLET IN HYDERABAD(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2015) MAHENDRA KUMAR CHOUDHARY; GANESH KUMAR, BIndia is the second largest producer of vegetables after China. India with diverse soil and climate comprising several agro-ecological regions provides ample opportunity to grow a variety of vegetable crops. Horticulture plays a unique role in India’s economy by improving the income of the rural people. Cultivation of vegetable crops is labour intensive and such they generate lot of employment opportunities for rural population. Vegetables are also rich source of vitamins, minerals, protein and carbohydrates, which are essential in human nutrition. Vegetables have varying proportions of vitamins such as vitamin-A, vitamin-K and vitamin-B6, provitamins, dietary minerals and carbohydrates. They contain a great variety of other phytochemicals, some of which claimed to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticarcinogenic properties. Some vegetables also contain fibre, important for gastrointestinal function. Vegetables contain important nutrients necessary for healthy hair and skin as well. Eating a diet rich in vegetables and fruit as part of an overall healthy diet may reduce risk for heart disease, including heart attack and stroke and protect against a certain types of cancers. Thus, cultivation of vegetable crops plays a vital role in the prosperity of a nation and is directly linked with the health and happiness of the people. The study on a comparative analysis of business models of Rythu Bazaar vis-a – vis Modern Retail outlet in Hyderabad with the following objectives: 1. To study the business structure, conduct and performance of the farmer - producers selling vegetables in the selected Rythu Bazaar in Hyderabad city. 2. To study the business model pursued by the modern retail outlet namely Reliance Fresh and Heritage Fresh in Hyderabad City. 3. To compare the marketing margins, marketing efficiency and price spread for selected vegetables in rythu bazaar vis-a-vis modern vegetable retail outlet. 4. To explore the constraints faced by Rythu Bazaar farmer –seller and managers in modern vegetable retail outlet. The study was conducted in Hyderabad city, which was purposively selected. For the study, the total sample size of 30 farmer –producers in two Rythu bazaar,15 samples were chosen for survey and 1-1 modern vegetable retail .Out of these 30 samples, 15 samples are collected from the each Rythu Bazaar in the selected markets and modern vegetable retailer each namely Reliance Fresh and Heritage foods surveyed in city. In Mehdipatnam Rythu Bazaar producers’ share of consumer rupees was 89.81%,89.53%,86.40%,90.94% and 90.11% respectively for tomato, chilli, cauliflower ,brinjal and onion and producers’ share of consumer rupees was 89.25%,88.42%,88.57%,90.18% and 89.29% respectively in case of tomato, chilli, cauliflower ,brinjal and onion in Falaknuma Rythu Bazaar . Where as in Reliance Fresh producer share in consumer rupees was 38.65%,53.72%,56.83%,52.50% and 50.04% of consumer rupee in case of tomato, chilli, cauliflower, brinjal and onion. In Heritage Fresh 46.20%,54.23%,68.46%,54.86% and 43.70% of consumer rupee in case of tomato, chilli, cauliflower ,brinjal and onion. That means in every vegetable producer benefits by selling in Rythu Bazaar as they get higher share in consumer rupees. Generally, the modern retail vegetable outlets are preferred by higher and new emerging middle class especially in a developed city like Hyderabad who prefers quality over the price. However, for a country like India where still majority of people belong to poor and middle class the Rythu Bazaar is source of vegetable at cheap rate compare to modern vegetable retail outlets. Mehdipatnam Rythu bazaar market efficiency by used Shepherd’s approach was 9.82, 9.47, 7.38, 11.03 and 10.11 and by used Acharya approach were 8.82, 8.48, 6.37, 10.03 and 9.11 respectively for tomato, chilli, cauliflower, brinjal and onion. Falaknuma Rythu bazaar market efficiency by used Shepherd’s approach was 9.30, 8.64, 6.19, 10.18 and 9.34 and by used Acharya approach, it was 8.30, 7.64, 5.48, 9.18 and 8.34 respectively for tomato, chilli, cauliflower, brinjal and onion. On the other hand the marketing efficiency of Reliance Fresh by shepherd’s approach was 4.19, 6.13, 6.87, 4.44 and 4.33 and by acharya approach 0.63, 1.16, 1.31, 1.10, and 1.00 respectively for tomato, chilli, cauliflower, brinjal and onion. The marketing efficiency for Heritage Fresh by Shepherd’s approach was 4.83, 5.66, 7.82, 5.31 and 5.28 and by Acharya approach was 0.85, 1.18, 2.17, 1.23 and 0.77 for tomato, chilli, cauliflower, brinjal and onion respectively .From the comparism of market efficiency calculated using Shepherd’s and Acharya approach it was clear that Mehdipatnam and Falaknuma Rythu Bazaar marketing efficiency is higher than modern retail outlet Reliance Fresh and Heritage Fresh. Reliance Fresh and Heritage Fresh make lot of margin from selling their vegetables at a higher price to customer based on providing good quality, hygienic condition, brand image and facilities like parking, water, air condition and entertainment.ThesisItem Open Access MARKETING STRATEGIES OF DIFFERENT LOCAL, DOMESTIC AND MULTINATIONAL BRANDS OF PESTICIDES IN NIZAMABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA.(2020) PRAVEEN REDDY, B; GANESH KUMAR, BIn view of the fact that nearly 22-25 per cent of the potential food production is lost in India (The Hindu, 2015) due to the damage caused by the insect pest, plant pathogens, weeds, rodents, birds etc., the use of pesticides has become absolutely essential. Hence, the pesticide industry in India has a vital role in the economy of the country. The Indian crop protection industry is estimated to be USD 4.25 billion in FY14 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12 per cent to reach USD 7.5 billion by FY19. The industry is dominated by insecticides which contribute to 60 per cent of the overall demand, followed by fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides/nematicides which account for 18 per cent, 16 per cent and 6 per cent of the demand respectively. Top 20 agro chemical companies share 80 per cent in the Indian agro chemical market. The market share of large players depends primarily on product portfolio and introduction of new molecules. The study has been taken up with the following objectives. - To estimate the trends in pesticide consumption in maize and rice crops in India, Telangana and Nizamabad district. - To assess the market share of multinational brands, domestic and local brands of pesticides in study area. - To compare four Ps of marketing of multinational companies, domestic players and local players in the pesticide industry. - To assess the preference pattern of farmers and dealers towards various pesticide brands. For the study, four mandals in Nizamabad district are selected based on the cultivated area of paddy and maize. From each mandal five villages are selected based on the cultivated area of paddy and maize. From each village six farmers are selected randomly. From each mandal five pesticide dealers are selected randomly. Data was also collected from one salesperson each from three top MNC’s, domestic companies and local companies in the study area. Primary data is collected from farmers, dealers and salesperson using separate questionnaires. Secondary data relating to usage of pesticides and firms information was collected from Agriculture Commissionerate office, Hyderabad, journals, company websites and other relevant reports. The data collected was analysed by using percentages and other statistical tools like Garrett’s ranking technique, Compound annual growth rate in order to draw valid conclusions. Compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption in India was 1.9 with level of significance at 1 per cent. That implies positive trend in pesticide consumption in India and that was significant. Percentage change in 2015 over 2001 was 24 per cent. Compound Annual Growth Rate of pesticide consumption in Telangana was 2.9 with level of significance at 1 per cent. That implies positive trend in pesticide consumption in Telangana and that was significant. Percentage change in 2015 over 2001 was 18 per cent. MNC’s majorly focusing on crash campaigns, demonstrations, trainings, paintings, banners, hoardings, literature and dealer’s general meetings. Domestic companies promotional activities majorly focus on demonstrations, trainings, exhibitions, posters, banners, crash campaigns, regional mela participation and dealer’s general meetings. Local companies promotional activities are majorly dealer oriented, they mainly focus on dealer’s general meetings. It can be noticed that most of the multinational company products are applied on all crops. All the companies are majorly focusing on paddy, maize, cotton, fruits and vegetables in the study area. Most of domestic company products are majorly focusing on paddy and maize in the study area, apart from this they are also focusing on fruits and vegetables. Among the selected local companies, Nova agri tech has products suitable for specific crops, whereas the other two companies products are suitable for all crops. From the table it can be noticed that there is not very high variation in prices among the prices of multinational and domestic companies. It can be noticed that the average usage of pesticide in liquid form is more in paddy crop, where as in granules form it is more in cotton crop in the study area. Farmers are not happy with the quality of products of local companies and they are mostly satisfied with the products of multinational and domestic companies. Peer farmers and sales personnel are an important sources of information for farmers. Credit is the most influencing factor to purchase a particular brand of pesticide in case of farmers, as can be noticed from the table 4.22 . Price, performance of the product are second and third most influencing factors. On the whole, 90 per cent of dealers in the study area were dealing with three product lines i.e., pesticides, fertilizers and seeds, 10 per cent dealers are dealing with pesticides and seeds. The multinational companies and domestic companies compete on the basis of their product strength, promotional activities and giving trainings to the dealers, where as the local companies compete on the basis of promotional activities and maintaining good relation with the dealers given them good margins. Though these activities are also taken up by domestic companies and multinational companies their focus is not majorly on these activitiesThesisItem Open Access MARKETING STRATEGIES OF DIFFERENT LOCAL, DOMESTIC AND MULTINATIONAL BRANDS OF PESTICIDES IN NIZAMABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA.(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) PRAVEEN REDDY, B; GANESH KUMAR, BIn view of the fact that nearly 22-25 per cent of the potential food production is lost in India (The Hindu, 2015) due to the damage caused by the insect pest, plant pathogens, weeds, rodents, birds etc., the use of pesticides has become absolutely essential. Hence, the pesticide industry in India has a vital role in the economy of the country. The Indian crop protection industry is estimated to be USD 4.25 billion in FY14 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12 per cent to reach USD 7.5 billion by FY19. The industry is dominated by insecticides which contribute to 60 per cent of the overall demand, followed by fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides/nematicides which account for 18 per cent, 16 per cent and 6 per cent of the demand respectively. Top 20 agro chemical companies share 80 per cent in the Indian agro chemical market. The market share of large players depends primarily on product portfolio and introduction of new molecules. The study has been taken up with the following objectives. - To estimate the trends in pesticide consumption in maize and rice crops in India, Telangana and Nizamabad district. - To assess the market share of multinational brands, domestic and local brands of pesticides in study area. - To compare four Ps of marketing of multinational companies, domestic players and local players in the pesticide industry. - To assess the preference pattern of farmers and dealers towards various pesticide brands. For the study, four mandals in Nizamabad district are selected based on the cultivated area of paddy and maize. From each mandal five villages are selected based on the cultivated area of paddy and maize. From each village six farmers are selected randomly. From each mandal five pesticide dealers are selected randomly. Data was also collected from one salesperson each from three top MNC’s, domestic companies and local companies in the study area. Primary data is collected from farmers, dealers and salesperson using separate questionnaires. Secondary data relating to usage of pesticides and firms information was collected from Agriculture Commissionerate office, Hyderabad, journals, company websites and other relevant reports. The data collected was analysed by using percentages and other statistical tools like Garrett’s ranking technique, Compound annual growth rate in order to draw valid conclusions. Compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption in India was 1.9 with level of significance at 1 per cent. That implies positive trend in pesticide consumption in India and that was significant. Percentage change in 2015 over 2001 was 24 per cent. Compound Annual Growth Rate of pesticide consumption in Telangana was 2.9 with level of significance at 1 per cent. That implies positive trend in pesticide consumption in Telangana and that was significant. Percentage change in 2015 over 2001 was 18 per cent. MNC’s majorly focusing on crash campaigns, demonstrations, trainings, paintings, banners, hoardings, literature and dealer’s general meetings. Domestic companies promotional activities majorly focus on demonstrations, trainings, exhibitions, posters, banners, crash campaigns, regional mela participation and dealer’s general meetings. Local companies promotional activities are majorly dealer oriented, they mainly focus on dealer’s general meetings. It can be noticed that most of the multinational company products are applied on all crops. All the companies are majorly focusing on paddy, maize, cotton, fruits and vegetables in the study area. Most of domestic company products are majorly focusing on paddy and maize in the study area, apart from this they are also focusing on fruits and vegetables. Among the selected local companies, Nova agri tech has products suitable for specific crops, whereas the other two companies products are suitable for all crops. From the table it can be noticed that there is not very high variation in prices among the prices of multinational and domestic companies. It can be noticed that the average usage of pesticide in liquid form is more in paddy crop, where as in granules form it is more in cotton crop in the study area. Farmers are not happy with the quality of products of local companies and they are mostly satisfied with the products of multinational and domestic companies. Peer farmers and sales personnel are an important sources of information for farmers. Credit is the most influencing factor to purchase a particular brand of pesticide in case of farmers, as can be noticed from the table 4.22 . Price, performance of the product are second and third most influencing factors. On the whole, 90 per cent of dealers in the study area were dealing with three product lines i.e., pesticides, fertilizers and seeds, 10 per cent dealers are dealing with pesticides and seeds. The multinational companies and domestic companies compete on the basis of their product strength, promotional activities and giving trainings to the dealers, where as the local companies compete on the basis of promotional activities and maintaining good relation with the dealers given them good margins. Though these activities are also taken up by domestic companies and multinational companies their focus is not majorly on these activities.ThesisItem Open Access NON-PERFORMING ASSETS: A CASE OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF STATE BANK OF HYDERABAD, MAHABUBNAGAR(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2017) VARSHA SURVE; GANESH KUMAR, BThe Indian banking sector had been facing serious problems of raising Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth had a direct impact on profitability of banks. Based on the recommendations of Narasimham committee and Verma committee, some steps had been taken to solve the problem of old NPAs in the balance sheets of the banks. It continues to be expressed from every corner that there had rarely been any systematic evaluation of the best way of tackling the problem. There seemed to be no unanimity in the proper policies to be followed in resolving this problem. NPAs affected the liquidity and profitability, in addition to posing threat on quality of asset and survival of banks. The problem of NPAs not only affects the banks but also the whole economy. It is necessary to trim down NPAs to improve the financial health in the banking system and improve the method of loan lending to farmers and a better system of NPA recovery in the farming sector. An attempt is made in this paper to understand NPA, the status and trend of NPAs, the factors contributing to NPAs, reasons for high impact of NPAs and recovery of NPA in the Agricultural Development Branch of State Bank of Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar. OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION 1. To examine the trend in the NPA position of the selected bank from 2005- 2015. 2. To study the composition of advances against varied instruments given by the bank. 3. To document the new steps initiated by the bank to improve the loan recovery and analyze their impact on loan repayment rate 4. To understand the constraints faced by the bank and the farmers with regard to credit lending and repayment. To achieve the stated objectives, both primary and secondary data were utilized. In order to corroborate the inferences generated from the secondary data analysis, primary data were obtained on the incidence, impact and management of NPA with special reference to Agriculture Development Bank, State Bank of Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar .Statistical package like Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the data and to generate inferences. The research utilized mathematical expressions such as Averages and Percentages. Garrett ranking was used to explain the causes of NPA and to demonstrate ranking of different aspects related to the NPAs. The research findings highlighted the trends in NPA occurrence and management. In a highly competitive, diverse, sophisticated banking environment and the rural setting NPA can be effectively managed through incorporating more proactive measures, notably an improvement in the credit evaluation, appraisal and monitoring system of banks and handling the recovery methods of loans from the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES AND BUYING BEHAVIOR OF TRACTORS IN ADILABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, 2021-01-01) KAUSTUB, B; GANESH KUMAR, BAgriculture today cannot be imagined without tractor because all the agriculture implements such as combine harvesters, transplanters, land levelers, rotavators and threshers are tractor mounted and run by the tractor. Tractor is highly versatile machinery having many uses, used in agriculture for both land reclamation and carrying out various crop cultivation activities. In 2006-07 production of tractors in India was 3, 52,368 units which has increased to 7, 90,673 units in the year 2017-18. Whereas, sales of tractors in 2006-07 was 3, 52,827 units which increased to 7, 96,873 in 2017-18. (Agriculture Research Data Book, 2019). The Adilabad district of Telangana state is spread across an area of 4,153 km2 and gross cropped area of the district is 3, 52,262 Ha. Major crops cultivated in the area are cotton, soybeans, pluses like red gram and bengal gram and grains (wheat, rice and sorghum). Farmers in the district are adopting various farm implements/machinery which are tractor mounted and run by tractor for their cultivation practices. Author : BHURE KAUSTUB I.D. NO : RMBA/18-14 Title of the thesis : A STUDY ON PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES AND BUYING BEHAVIOR OF TRACTORS IN ADILABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE. Degree : MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department : AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT Major advisor : Dr. B. GANESH KUMAR Principal Scientist, Agribusiness Management, ICAR - National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030 University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of Submission : 2021 The study was undertaken with the following specific objectives: - 1. To analyse the promotional strategies adopted by various tractor firms in Adilabad district of Telangana State. 2. To identify and analyse the factors influencing buying decision of farmers with regard to tractors in Adilabad district of Telangana State. 3. To identify the market segments and the penetration level of tractors in each market segment. The data was collected through personal interview method from farmers, dealers and company personnel with the help of schedules. For the study a total of twelve sample dealers were selected from six tractor companies (i.e., Mahindra, Eicher, Tractor and Farm Equipments Limited, John Deere, Escorts and Swaraj) in the Adilabad district. As for the farmers a total of 120 sample farmers were selected from six talukas of Adilabad district (20 sample farmers from each taluka) viz., Jainad, Bela, Adilabad rural, Tamsi, Talamadugu and Echoda. The study focused on factors influencing buying decision of tractors by farmers and penetration level of tractors in each market segment in Adilabad district, Telangana state. The study reveals that Fuel/Oil efficiency as the most important factor in purchase of tractor, followed by subsidies, maintenance cost, horse power, low price, recommendations by relatives/friends/local mechanics/dealers/company persons, brand reputation, spare parts availability, product appearance, service of the company, sales promotion/ gift scheme, easy availability of finance and resale value in the descending order of ranking. According to dealers the factors that the farmers considered in tractor purchase were subsidy followed by fuel efficiency, maintenance cost, low price, horse power, recommendation by relatives/ local mechanics/ dealers/ company persons, spare parts availability, recommendation of people about the brand, product appearance, service of company, sales promotion/gift scheme, and resale value in the descending order of ranking. Apart from these, the sample farmers believed that 40-50 horse power segment was the most suitable segment for the selected area and it is ranked first by sample farmers. Above 50 horse power tractor segment was the next suitable segment. Among the promotional tools demonstration was ranked first followed by the word of mouth promotion by fellow farmers, dealer and sales persons, van campaigning and hoardings which are ranked second, third, fourth and fifth respectively by the sample farmers as the promotional activities influencing tractor purchase in the study area. The study suggested that door to door service and training (related to daily service and hourly service) and imparting knowledge about tractors to farmers is important. Government schemes related to subsidy for tractors also play an important role in encouraging farmers to purchase tractors, increase in the number of dealers per district for proper distribution, more promotional activities in local language and taking proper feedback from the dealers and maintaining good contact with the customers also important measures that can be adopted by the tractor companies to increase their salesThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES AND BUYING BEHAVIOR OF TRACTORS IN ADILABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-03-21) KAUSTUB, B; GANESH KUMAR, BAgriculture today cannot be imagined without tractor because all the agriculture implements such as combine harvesters, transplanters, land levelers, rotavators and threshers are tractor mounted and run by the tractor. Tractor is highly versatile machinery having many uses, used in agriculture for both land reclamation and carrying out various crop cultivation activities. In 2006-07 production of tractors in India was 3, 52,368 units which has increased to 7, 90,673 units in the year 2017-18. Whereas, sales of tractors in 2006-07 was 3, 52,827 units which increased to 7, 96,873 in 2017-18. (Agriculture Research Data Book, 2019). The Adilabad district of Telangana state is spread across an area of 4,153 km2 and gross cropped area of the district is 3, 52,262 Ha. Major crops cultivated in the area are cotton, soybeans, pluses like red gram and bengal gram and grains (wheat, rice and sorghum). Farmers in the district are adopting various farm implements/machinery which are tractor mounted and run by tractor for their cultivation practices. Author : BHURE KAUSTUB I.D. NO : RMBA/18-14 Title of the thesis : A STUDY ON PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES AND BUYING BEHAVIOR OF TRACTORS IN ADILABAD DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE. Degree : MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department : AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT Major advisor : Dr. B. GANESH KUMAR Principal Scientist, Agribusiness Management, ICAR - National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030 University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of Submission : 2021 The study was undertaken with the following specific objectives: - 1. To analyse the promotional strategies adopted by various tractor firms in Adilabad district of Telangana State. 2. To identify and analyse the factors influencing buying decision of farmers with regard to tractors in Adilabad district of Telangana State. 3. To identify the market segments and the penetration level of tractors in each market segment. The data was collected through personal interview method from farmers, dealers and company personnel with the help of schedules. For the study a total of twelve sample dealers were selected from six tractor companies (i.e., Mahindra, Eicher, Tractor and Farm Equipments Limited, John Deere, Escorts and Swaraj) in the Adilabad district. As for the farmers a total of 120 sample farmers were selected from six talukas of Adilabad district (20 sample farmers from each taluka) viz., Jainad, Bela, Adilabad rural, Tamsi, Talamadugu and Echoda. The study focused on factors influencing buying decision of tractors by farmers and penetration level of tractors in each market segment in Adilabad district, Telangana state. The study reveals that Fuel/Oil efficiency as the most important factor in purchase of tractor, followed by subsidies, maintenance cost, horse power, low price, recommendations by relatives/friends/local mechanics/dealers/company persons, brand reputation, spare parts availability, product appearance, service of the company, sales promotion/ gift scheme, easy availability of finance and resale value in the descending order of ranking. According to dealers the factors that the farmers considered in tractor purchase were subsidy followed by fuel efficiency, maintenance cost, low price, horse power, recommendation by relatives/ local mechanics/ dealers/ company persons, spare parts availability, recommendation of people about the brand, product appearance, service of company, sales promotion/gift scheme, and resale value in the descending order of ranking. Apart from these, the sample farmers believed that 40-50 horse power segment was the most suitable segment for the selected area and it is ranked first by sample farmers. Above 50 horse power tractor segment was the next suitable segment. Among the promotional tools demonstration was ranked first followed by the word of mouth promotion by fellow farmers, dealer and sales persons, van campaigning and hoardings which are ranked second, third, fourth and fifth respectively by the sample farmers as the promotional activities influencing tractor purchase in the study area. The study suggested that door to door service and training (related to daily service and hourly service) and imparting knowledge about tractors to farmers is important. Government schemes related to subsidy for tractors also play an important role in encouraging farmers to purchase tractors, increase in the number of dealers per district for proper distribution, more promotional activities in local language and taking proper feedback from the dealers and maintaining good contact with the customers also important measures that can be adopted by the tractor companies to increase their salesThesisItem Open Access SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF LITCHI IN MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) GULAB PATHAK; GANESH KUMAR, BLitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn), an important sub-tropical evergreen fruit crop belonging to family Sapindaceae, is believed to have originated in China, where it has been grown in Southern Guangdong state for thousands of years. It is highly specific to climatic requirements and probably due to this reason its cultivation is restricted to few countries in the world. In India, litchi was introduced in the 18th century through Burma, and from there, it spread to many countries. India and China account for 91 percent of the world litchi production.In India, during 2014, 585300 MT of litchi was produced annually from 84200 ha(http://www.agricoop.nic.in, 2014). Bihar produces nearly 55 per cent of total litchi of the country with 38.67 per cent of the area under cultivation. It is cultivated in an area of about 32 thousand hectares with a total production of 198 thousand metric tonnes and productivity of 6.2 metric tonnes/ hectare (http://www.agricoop.nic.in, 2014).According to the Directorate of Horticulture (http://www.orihort.in, 2014) database, litchi is produced in 27 districts in Bihar. Muzaffarpur is the largest litchi producing district with a production of 56,006 MT followed by Vaishali at 26, 498 MT and Sitamarhi at 15,518 MT. West Champaran, East Champaran and Katihar are other three districts having production of more than 10, 000 MT. Litchi is a non-climacteric fruit that possesses poor shelf life and results in very high post-harvest losses. The study was conducted in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar with the following specific objectives: xii 1. To identify the marketing channels involved in litchi supply chain. 2. To enumerate the role and functions performed by various market intermediaries in litchi supply chain. 3. To estimate the price spread and marketing efficiency of litchi supply chain. 4. To suggest suitable policy measures for improving marketing efficiency in litchi supply chain in study area. About 60 litchi growers and 80 market intermediaries were selected from four blocks viz. Kanti, Mushahri, Motipur and Sarai. The result of the study showed the compound growth rates for area, production and productivity of Muzaffarpur district during the period of 2005-06 to 2014-15 were 0.3 per cent, 0.5 per cent and 0.3 per cent respectively. Among the all three variables, only the area has shown significant growth rate.Four channels of marketing were identified which are Channel I: Producer- Pre-harvest contractor - Commission agent cum Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer. Channel II: Producer- Village Trader- Wholesaler (local) – Commission agent (distant) – Wholesaler (distant) – Retailer – Consumer. Channel III:Producer- Retailer – Consumer. Channel IV: Producer – Consumer. The producer’s share in consumer rupee in Channel IVisthe highest since it is the shortest channel (70.23 per cent). Whereas the producer’s share in consumer rupee in Channel I, Channel II and Channel III are 36.21 per cent, 12.89 per cent and 43.42 per cent respectively. The price spread in Channel IV is the lowest because it is the shortest channel (Rs. 593.38). Whereas the price spread in Channel I, Channel II and Channel III are Rs. 2466.27, 9458.28 and 1824.08 respectively. The marketing efficiency for Channel I, II, III and IV were 0.74, 0.21, 1.19 and 9.60 respectively. It is observed from this efficiency index that Channel IV was the most efficient one. This is because of the fact that Channel IV does not involve any intermediary. The R.B.Q values with regard to the constraints in marketing placed perishability of the fruit as the most important with top overall rank followed by lack of cold storage, labour shortage, lack of market information,lack of infrastructure,high transportation cost for distant markets, lack of credit facility, unorganized production, price fluctuations. The study suggested an overall improvement in marketing efficiency, market information, quality of fruits, provision of cold storage etc.ThesisItem Open Access SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF PAPAYA IN MAJOR MARKETS OF HYDERABAD(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2015) NARENDRA, S; GANESH KUMAR, BIndia is the major producer of papaya. India is first largest country followed by Brazil in papaya production and contributes about 42.6 percent of world papaya production. In India the area, production and productivity were 132.2 ha, 5382 Mt and 40.7 t/ha respectively for the year 2012-13. Andhra Pradesh is the leading state in both area and production followed by Gujarat. Assam stands first in productivity wise with 191.9 Mt per hectare. Hyderabad is the 6th largest metropolitan city in India. 74% of populations are literates and they are having the high awareness regarding the consumption of fruits. According to the Annual Report - 2013-14 published by the Government of India is stating that increased per capita availability of fruits from 158gm/day/person in 2007-08 to 179 gm/day/person in 2012-13. Per capita income of the people in the city is higher than any other city in the state. Because of the wide diversity of the people, the income levels are varied across the different locations of the Hyderabad. Besides, the city has many number of organized retailer stores, unorganized retail stores, platform sellers and push cart vendors are involving fruit selling activities. The present study entitled “Supply chain analysis of papaya in major markets of Hyderabad” was studied with following objectives: 1 Trends in wholesale prices and volumes traded in Gaddiannaram market 2 Socio Economic Characteristics of the wholesalers 3. Socio economic characteristics of the retailers, platform sellers and push cart vendors 4. Business strategies of the retailers, platform sellers and push cart vendors The data was primarily collected through personal interview with the help of a pretested questionnaire designed especially for the purpose. The required secondary data was also collected from various sources. Different analytical tools were employed for analysis of collected data. Tabular analysis was done by working out simple averages and percentages. For evaluating the trends of area, production, yield and exports of India and Andhra Pradesh and trends of wholesale prices and volumes traded in papaya Gaddiannaram market, Hyderabad, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was used. To identify the constraints faced by wholesalers, retailers, Platform sellers and push cart vendors in trading of papaya in different wholesale markets and local markets Likert scaling and Garrett Ranking Techniques technique was used. Out of five years’ time period, there is no remarkable increase in the price per quintal of papaya from Rs.1224 in 2009 to Rs.1881 in 2011-12 and Rs.1484 in 2013-14, thus it showing that there is only a price difference of Rs.680 per quintal from past five years. The overall increase in the wholesale prices of papaya for the year 2013-14 over the year 2009-10 showed positive growth of 34.25 per cent. The compound growth rates of wholesale prices of papaya in the Gaddiannaram market over the period of time was significant, i.e. 3.53., it is concluded that trend in wholesale price is positive. The overall increase in the arrival of papaya for the year 2013-14 over the year 2009-10 showed positive growth of 277.92 per cent. The compound growth rates of wholesalers volume of papaya in Gaddiannaram market over the period of time was significant, i.e. 10.465. It is concluded that trend in volumes is positive. Papaya brought to the market by farmers, commission agents and produce was sold by auction. Pricing depends on the demand raised by the purchaser and is highly influenced by many other factors like quantity of produce, quality, variety etc. The marketing cost and marketing efficiency in channel – I (Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer), Channel – II (Producer – Wholesaler – Platform sellers– Consumer), Channel – III (Producer – Wholesaler – Push cart vendors – Consumer) are 4.82, 5, 5.06 and 0.34, 0.44, 0.39 respectively. Major constraints faced by wholesalers are credit availability and malpractices in the auction. Major constraints faced by retailers, platform sellers and push cart vendors are transportation and price fluctuation of produce, perishability and traffic police, transportation and perishability. Farmers and market participants are satisfied with the facilities provided at market yard. Facilities like grading, equipments to load, unload and for weighments, payment process, physical infrastructures and labor availability require upgrading.