Browsing by Author "DIVYA, K"
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ThesisItem Open Access PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTENT AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SELECTED WHOLE AND PROCESSED FOOD GRAINS GROWN IN CENTRAL TELANGANA ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) DIVYA, K; UMA MAHESWARI, KThe use of pesticides has become inevitable in agriculture due to diverse reasons. Farmers are compelled to administer pesticides owing to the affluence of pests, eventually affecting the yield and quality of crops grown. This certainly affects the economy of farmer and the nation as a whole. Consequently, there is excessive use of pesticides to combat the issues. Pesticide usage is age old and over the decades, there have been various alterations in the pattern of usage owing to surged awareness. Therefore, the current investigation was undertaken to estimate pesticide residues in selected food grains grown in the Central Telangana Zone (Warangal, Medak and Khammam) of Andhra Pradesh. The crops selected for the study were jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram. The recommended package of practices of pesticide usage by the farmers was studied using structured questionnaire specifically developed for the study. The selected food samples were analyzed for nutritional quality (standard procedure given by AOAC) and pesticide residue content in two forms i.e. whole and processed forms. The nutritional parameters analyzed were moisture, protein, fat, ash, fibre and carbohydrate. The pesticide residues analyzed were monocrotophos, acephate, chloropyrifos, quinalphos, carbofuran and endosulfan (Sharma 2007). The results revealed most of the farmers (40.0%) were illiterates, followed by 28% studied up to 1st to 5 th class, 20.0% studied up to 6th and 10th class, 9.0% studied up to intermediate and only 3.3% were with degree qualification. Besides agriculture farmers were exploring ancillary occupation such as horticulture (10 .0%), poultry (14.0%) and dairy (69.0%). Major crops grown by the farmers in the area during kharif season were maize (60%), jowar (32.0%), blackgram (16.0%) and bengalgram (10.0%). The major crops grown during rabi season were maize (34.0%), jowar (36.0%) , blackgram (29.0%) and bengalgram (10.0%). Fifty to seventy percent of the farmers were getting the yield per acre as recommended by Central Telangana Zone, Warangal. Maximum percent of the farmers (50 -60 %) were applying the pesticides more than the recommended level for various crops. Pre processing techniques adopted by the farmers were dehulling for blackgram, bengalgram and jowar, popping for maize, germination technique for jowar and bengalgram and flour making process for all the four samples. The post processing techniques adopted by the farmers were washing and soaking for blackgram, bengalgram and jowar, roasting for maize and bengalgram and boiling for maize and bengalgram. The moisture content of whole and processed jowar was 10.21% and 10.60% respectively. It was 10.34g % and 10. 80 g% for whole and processed maize respectively. The whole and processed blackgram contained 9.65 g% and 10.60 g % moisture respectively. The moisture content was 7.65 g% and 8.50 g% in whole and processed bengalgram. The protein content was 8.88 g%, 7.77 g%, 21.82 g% and 21.48 g% in whole jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. The same was 8.95 g%, 8.17 g%, 23.88 g% and 23.41 g% in processed jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. The fat content was 1.70 g% and 1.87 g% in whole and processed jowar. The whole and processed maize contained 1.25 g% and 1.51 g% of fat respectively. The fat content was 0.98 g% and 1.64 g% in whole and processed blackgram. It was 3.97 g% and 4.30 g% for whole and processed bengalgram respectively. The ash content of whole and processed jowar was 1.50 mg% and 1.65 mg% respectively. It was 1.30 mg% and 1.64 mg% for whole and processed maize respectively. The whole and processed blackgram contained 3.69 mg% and 4.30 mg% ash respectively. The ash content was 3.09 mg% and 3.78 mg% in whole and processed bengalgram. The fibre content was 1.30 g%, 2.68 g%, 2.81g% and 2.68 g% in whole jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. The same was 0.95 g%, 1.97 g%, 0.78 g% and 1.85 g% in processed jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. The carbohydrate content was 76.66 g%, 76.63 g%, 57.86 g% and 61.13 g% in whole jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. The same was 75.96 g%, 75.89 g%, 56.78 g% and 58.14 g% in processed jowar, maize, blackgram and bengalgram respectively. Statistically significant difference at 5% level was observed with regard to all the nutrients analysed between the whole and the processed samples, except protein in jowar and maize, fat and ash in jowar and carbohydrate in jowar, maize and blackgram. The pesticide residues analyzed in selected whole and processed food grains were below the detection limits (BDL). Residues of pesticides are relatively less likely to persist in cereals and pulses than in vegetables or fruits. The amounts of residues thus, detected are low to negligible. This perhaps was due to the fact that cereals and pulses contained low moisture content, thus not enabling pesticide residues to persist. Farmers in the zone experienced many health implications as a consequence of unsafe handling and application of pesticides, due to lack of knowledge .There is a need to educate the farmers about ill health effects of not taking proper precautions during the application of pesticides and to avoid the minor and major health aliments. Most of the pre and post processing techniques adopted by the farmers such as drying, dehulling, decortication and milling etc., may result in ultimately below detectable levels of pesticide residues in whole and processed food grains indicating the safety of use of food grains produced by the farmers by applying monocrotophos, endosulfan, acephate, quinalphos, chloripyriphos and acephate pesticides at the point of study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ADVANCED MUTANT BREEDING LINES OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2018) DIVYA, K; SHOBHARANI, TIn the present investigation, a set of 133 genotypes comprised of mutant breeding lines (37), germplasm lines (31), local cultivar lines (15), promising germplasm lines (20), RILs (4), IVT’s (12), AVT’s (2), MLT’s (4), popular varieties (4) and checks (3) were received from AICRP on sesame, RARS, Jagtial and UAS, Raichur. These genotypes were evaluated for genetic diversity for selection of diverse parents. Various genetic parameters for different yield and yield contributing traits and disease parameters along with the interrelationship of yield and yield traits with seed yield including direct and indirect effects were assessed. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Polasa, Jagtial, Karimnagar, during kharif, 2017. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant genotypic differences among the genotypes for yield, its components and disease parameters except for test weight. Highest GCV, PCV, Heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for the characters namely number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, seed yield per plant and phyllody (% incidence) indicating the influence of additive gene action, as such these traits can be improved through simple selection. The genotypes with highest means for these characters can be used in breeding programmes to develop into high yielding cultivars with disease resistance. Based on the relative magnitude of D2 values, the genotypes were distributed into 19 clusters. Out of them, cluster I being the largest with 54 genotypes and with one genotype each in 13 clusters forming the solitary clusters. The highest divergence occurred between cluster XIV and XV while the lowest was observed between clusters X and XI. The parents chosen from different clusters for hybridization generate promising segregants for seed yield. Data on character means for these clusters indicated that the cluster III had highest mean, cluster XI for plant height and cluster XIV for days to maturity and plant height. Genotypes SDSN-15-98 and SGPS-17-15 were grouped into two clusters IV and XV respectively depicting more amount of diversity among them. Therefore, they can be confirmed for resistance and further can be used as donors in resistance breeding programme and they were found promising for disease resistance in field conditions. For seed yield, YLM-66 had highest mean which may be directly used as a parent in future hybridization with promising genotypes for development of high yielding resistant lines. Correlation studies revealed that seed yield per plant showed positive significant association with number of capsules per plant, plant height, number of branches per plant and among characters between 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity. All the three diseases (phyllody (% incidence), Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spot) showed negative significance with seed yield, which indicated the severity of disease causing decrease in economic yield of the crop. While positive direct effect was highest with number of capsules per plant on seed yield followed by test weight and plant height. Biotic stress caused by diseases clearly revealed negative direct effect on seed yield. The study resulted in identification of two resistant lines (SDSN-15-98 and SGP-17-15) and seven moderately resistant genotypes for phyllody. For Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spot none of the entries showed resistance reaction. The lines identified can be confirmed and used as donors in the resistance breeding programme. By imparting host plant resistance in the genotypes, the cost of cultivation decreases which is a very effective method.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PRICE BEHAVIOUR OF IMPORTANT PULSES IN ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) DIVYA, K; RAJESWARI, SThe Present study entitled “A Study on Price Behaviour of Important Pulses in Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to study the price trends of bengalgram, blackgram, greengram and redgram, price volatility and to estimate price forecasts. The study was conducted in major pulse markets of Andhra Pradesh. Two markets were selected for each crop., bengalgram (Koilakuntla and Kurnool), blackgram (Tenali and Ponnur), greengram (Suryapeta and Thandur and redgram (Thandur and Kurnool) based on maximum arrivals. The data pertained to the period from 2000 to 2014. Apart from using simple linear trend method, twelve months ratio to moving average method, ARIMA, ARCH and GARCH models were also used. There was an increasing trend in the prices of bengalgram, blackgram, greengram and redgram in all the selected markets and were found to be highly significant at 1 per cent level of significance. The monthly increase in prices of bengalgram was found to be highest in Koilakuntla market (Rs.15.32/qtl)) whereas lowest in Kurnool market (Rs.12.28/qtl). In respect of blackgram monthly increase in prices was highest in Ponnur market (Rs.23.2/ qtl), whereas it was lowest in Tenali market (Rs.22.13/qtl). In the case of greengram the annual increase in prices was lowest in Suryapeta market (Rs.22.86/qtl), whereas it was highest in Thandur market (Rs.25.31/qtl) and in case of redgram annual increase in prices was highest in Thandur market (Rs.20.01/qtl), whereas it was lowest in Kurnool market (Rs.14.36/qtl). In all the selected markets, no seasonal variations in prices were observed. In Kurnool market the highest seasonal index for bengalgram was found in June (104.92) and lowest index was recorded in February (95.84). Blackgram recorded the highest seasonal index in Tenali market during the month of May (105.97) and lowest index was recorded in December (96.42). In the case of greengram, higher values were observed in Thandur market during the month of December (106.83) and lowest in May (93.19). In redgram the highest index was found in April (107.41) and lowest was in the month of October (94.4). The cyclical indices in the selected markets showed that there were cycles with definite period in prices of Tenali and Ponnur markets of blackgram and in Suryapeta and Thandur markets of Greengram. In the case of bengalgram and redgram prices there were no cycles observed. The irregular fluctuations in prices did not exhibit any definite periodicity in any of the selected markets. The results of ARIMA model for bengalgram indicated that the prices from January to March, 2015 would be ranging from Rs.2788 to Rs.2830 per quintal in Koilakuntla market and Rs.2565 to Rs.2583 per quintal in Kurnool market. For blackgram Rs.5966 to Rs.6009 per quintal in Tenali market and Rs.5986 to Rs.6037 per quintal in Ponnur market. For greengram Rs.6137 to Rs.3187 per quintal in Suryapeta market and Rs.6183 to Rs.6277 per quintal in Thandur market. In the case of redgram Rs.4933 to Rs.4969 per quintal in Thandur market and Rs.3680 to Rs.3813 per quintal in Kurnool market. When the forecasts were compared with the real time prices, it was observed that there was less deviation in the case of bengalgram, blackgram, greengram and redgram. With respect to price volatility, the results revealed that there was no volatility in prices of bengalgram, greengram, redgram in the selected markets and blackgram in Ponnur market. This indicated that the volatility shocks were not quite persistent in these markets. Blackgram prices in Tenali market were more volatile with a value equal to 1.02 as indicated by the sum of Alpha and Beta values.ThesisItem Open Access TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND SUPPLY RESPONSE OF MAJOR CROPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) DIVYA, K; BHAVANI DEVI, IThe Present study entitled “Total factor productivity and supply response of major crops in Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to study the productivity growth and acreage response of rice, maize, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, bengalgram and redgram. Since these crops comprised of almost 50-60 per cent of the cultivated lands in the state. For the estimation of the cropping pattern and growth rates of area, production and yield of the selected crops, data was collected for the period from 1996-97 to 2015-16. The required data for this purpose was collected from various published documents of the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh. The selected period of study was from 1996-97 to 2014-15 for the estimation of total factor productivity (TFP) in the state. Data required for this purpose was collected from the published documents of the xv Cost of Cultivation scheme of Government of India and its website. The required data on the variables chosen as the determinants of TFP in the state were collected from various Statistical Year Books published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was employed to calculate and decompose the Malmquist TFP indices of the selected crops. DEA helped to decompose the TFP index into various efficiency measures. Multiple regression analysis was carried out by taking the TFP index of individual crop as dependent variable to determine the factors affecting the TFP growth in Andhra Pradesh state and ordinary least square adopted from nerlovian model was used to calculate the supply response for the major crops. The cropping pattern in the state was analysed in terms of the percentage of area under cultivation of the selected crops The gross cropped area in 1991-92 was 82.48 lakh ha while in 2014-15 it was 76.90 lakh ha. Rice was the main cultivated crop in the state in the year 1991-92 with a share of 26.07 per cent of total cultivated area, followed by groundnut (21.90 per cent), cotton (3.35 per cent), sugarcane (1.54 per cent), redgram (1.34 per cent), bengalgram (0.41 per cent) and maize (0.31 per cent). The growth rates of area, production and productivity are assessed in terms of annual compound growth rates (CAGR). Area under rice declined at an annual rate of 0.46 per cent, maize grew at a phenomenal annual rate of 16.39 per cent followed by bengalgram which too registered a very encouraging growth rate of 11.83 per cent. Cotton recorded a growth rate of 6.40 per cent annually. Redgram was another crop which recorded a production growth rate of above unity i.e., 1.85. Production of groundnut declined at an annual rate of 3.61 per cent. Sugarcane one of the important commercial crop grown in the state was observed to have a negative production growth rate of 0.96 per cent. Maize recorded the highest growth xvi rate of productivity with 4.57 per cent followed by cotton (3.73 per cent), bengalgram (2.08 per cent), rice (1.66 per cent) and redgram (1.58 per cent). The growth of all the inputs were in increasing trend except for the human labour and animal labour of all the selected crops from the base year to current year. The contribution of all the inputs are higher in all the selected crops except seed and animal labour inputs that was not impressive to contribute the huge percents to the total factor productivity growth in the state. The results for rice alone the MSP as percentage of cost A2 was 150 per cent during all the years of study, while it was 17 years of study each for maize and cotton, 14 years for sugarcane, 9 years out of 10 years in respect of bengalgram, 9 years in the case of redgram. MSP as percentage of cost C2 was maximum with 140.94 in one only year for rice and 145.82 per cent for cotton in year. Area effect was most responsible factor for an increase in production of sugarcane, groundnut, bengalgram and cotton. Yield effect was most responsible factor for increasing the production of rice and redgram. Increase in maize production was mainly due to interaction effect of area and yield. The decomposition of the TFPch for the corresponding years into EFFch and TECHch revealed that the increase in TFPch, which was due to the improvement in innovation (TECHch) for all the selected crops. The variables area under high yielding varieties and annual rainfall were significantly influencing the growth of TFP. The growth in total output index was higher than the growth in the total input index for rice, maize, groundnut, cotton and redgram. The total input index was highest for rice followed by groundnut, maize, bengalgram, cotton, sugarcane and redgram. xvii The estimates of instability in area, production and yield for major crops revealed that the production (44.29 %) and yield (35.92%) was highly unstable in the case of groundnut, area (32.63%) and production (41.37%) in cotton, production (34.39) in bengalgram and production (35.11%) in redgram was highly unstable. The area, production and yield of remaining crops i.e., rice, maize, sugarcane showed low instability. Acreage, production and yield response of crops were estimated and the results of the study period from 1996-97 to 2015-16 showed that the regression coefficients of the coefficient of lagged price and rainfall was in rice, lagged yield in the case of maize, lagged yield and rainfall in ground nut, rainfall and previous year’s area in cotton, lagged price and lagged area in sugarcane, lagged price, lagged yield and lagged area in bengalgram showed positive and significant influence on acreage. The regression coefficients of the previous year’s, lagged price and Irrigation in maize, rainfall in groundnut, price and rainfall in cotton, previous year’s production and irrigation in sugarcane, previous year’s production and rainfall in bengalgram showed positive and significant influence on production. The variables influencing yield were area under irrigation and lagged yield in rice, total rainfall in maize, total rainfall and lagged yield in groundnut, area under irrigation and lagged yield in cotton and total rainfall in bengalgram and redgram. The short run and long run elasticities of area response obtained from the regression coefficient of one year lagged prices was found to be less responsive to price changes of selected crops except for cotton and bengalgram. The short run and long run elasticities of production response obtained from the regression coefficient of one year lagged prices was found to be less responsive to price changes of selected crops except for maize and xviii cotton. The short run and long run elasticities of production response obtained from the regression coefficient of one year lagged prices was found to be less responsive to price changes of selected crops except for maize and cotton. The short run and long run elasticities of yield response obtained from the regression coefficient of one year lagged prices was found to be less responsive to price changes of all the selected crops. The coefficient of adjustment for rice, maize, groundnut, cotton and redgram was quicker for area response. The adjustment was quicker in the case of cotton and redgram for production response. The adjustment took less time in the case of sugarcane, bengalgram and redgram for yield response. The above mentioned crops indicated that the farmers took less number of years to realize 95 per cent of price effect.