Browsing by Author "DHARMENDRA KUMAR"
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ThesisItem Open Access Biodegradation of phthalate esters using efficient microorganisms(DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY ICAR- INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI, 2019) DHARMENDRA KUMAR; Livleen ShuklaThe present study was carried out for isolation, identification and characterization of DEP and DEHP degrading bacteria from Centre for Cultivated Protection Technology (CPCT) IARI, New Delhi. Phthalate esters are categorized according to their molecular weight. DEHP is classified as higher molecular weight esters while DEP as low molecular weight. Both the PAEs are well-known xenobiotics and recalcitrant nature. Phthalate esters and their metabolites are known to exhibit carcinogenic action and also found to be endocrine disruptors and produce adverse reproductive, neurological and immune effect in both human and wildlife. In solving the serious problems of pollution caused by phthalate esters, it is important to assess the potential of bacterial strains indigenous to sites, contaminated with phthalate esters for their ability to degrade DEP and DEHP. The eleven bacterial isolates were identified through 16S rDNA sequencing, which grew well at 500 ppm of DEP and DEHP as sole carbon source in minimal salt medium. However, reduction in their growth was observed at 700 ppm both DEP and DEHP. Out of eleven isolates, ten isolates belonged to class γ Proteobacteria, matched with sequences of Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. One isolate Achromobacter belonged to β- Proteobacteria. DEP degradation by Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain DEPA3 is reported for the first time in the present study and these might represent new DEP-degrading taxa. HPLC studies revealed decrease in the residual DEP and DEHP and formation of intermediates such as Phthalic acid by selected isolates. The three isolates viz Pseudomonas sp. DEHPA2, Pseudomonas sp. DEHPB2 and Pseudomonas sp. DEHPC2 were inoculated individually and also as consortium in MS broth containing 300 mg L-1 DEHP as sole carbon source. The most efficient degradation was observed when the three bacteria were inoculated as consortium. The DEHP percentage degradation was observed 79.8 - 87.8% after 10 days, 87.1- 91.3% after 20 days and 88.7 to 96.6% after 30 days of incubation in MS broth. Also, study in soil microcosm and the variation in percentage DEHP degradation among the bacterial isolates from 72.2 to 88.5% from 10 days to 30 days of incubation but a good DEHP percentage degradation was 116 observed with consortium of three bacteria. Three bacterial isolates namely viz. Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain DEPA3, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strain DEPB3 and Enterobacter cloacae strain DEPC1 were selected for the degradation of DEP in MS broth and soil microcosm in different time interval by individuals and consortium of three bacteria. In MS broth (84.91 - 96.14%) observed more DEP degradation than soil microcosm (81.16-92.39%). The potential isolates obtained in the present study can be used for developing consortium which can be tested further at larger scale to strengthen the findings of the study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DETOXIFIED JATROPHA (JATROPHA CURCAS) AND NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) CAKES FOR MEAT PRODUCTION FROM GOATS(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2011) DHARMENDRA KUMAR; Dr. Subhash ParnerkarThirty growing Marwari kids of similar body weight were randomly allotted to five groups, six in each and were individually fed for 15 days preliminary feeding and 120 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirement as per ICAR (1998) standards. The group dJC-0/dNC-0 served as common control whereas dJC-25 and dJC-75 group animals were fed detoxified jatropha cake (dJC) and group dNC-25 and dNC-75 animals fed detoxified neem cake (dNC) replacing dietary soybean protein at 25 and 75 % level in the concentrate and the jowar hay was fed ad libitum. The total gain in body weight in dJC-0, dJC-25 and dJC-75 groups was 10.96ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DETOXIFIED JATROPHA (JATROPHA CURCAS) AND NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) CAKES FOR MEAT PRODUCTION FROM GOATS(AAU, 2011) DHARMENDRA KUMAR; Dr. Subhash ParnerkarThesisItem Open Access Water Production Functions for Stress Tolerant Rootstocks of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)(DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ICAR–INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI–110012, 2022) DHARMENDRA KUMAR; Dr. G.C. Wakchaure; T-10864Grafting with viable rootstocks have strategic role for sustaining productivity of fruiting vegetables and mitigating water stress in drought prone areas. However, its impacts is yet be quantified for eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), a popular moderately tolerant vegetable crop cultivated in water stressed regions of Deccan Plateau of India. Therefore, field study was conducted during year 2021-22 to evaluate the interactive effects of grafting of wild rootstocks viz., Solanum macrocarpon (SM), Solanum gilo (SG), and Solanum torvum (ST) and commercial cultivar (cv. Ajay, AJ) and varied levels of water deficit irrigations (100, 75, 50 and 25% ET) applied based on crop evapotranspiration using line source sprinkler system. The maximum total fruit yields (TFY) of 40.6 Mg ha-1 was obtained at 100% ET and declined to 31.6, 20.1 and 9.2 Mg ha-1 at low (75% ET), medium (50% ET) and severe (25% ET) stress conditions, respectively. Marketable fruit yields (MFY) and water productivity (WP) were improved by 15.4-43.9% and 5.8-11.1 kg m-3 in grafted treatments under medium and severe water deficits owing to its better growth, canopy and physiological traits. Fruit yield 1. Title of the Thesis : Water Production Functions for Stress Tolerant Rootstocks of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) 2. Full name of the candidate : Dharmendra Kumar 3. Full name of the Research Guide : Dr. G.C. Wakchaure 4. Discipline : Agricultural Engineering 5. University : ICAR-IARI, New Delhi 6. Degree to be awarded : M. Tech (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering) 65 losses reduced by 27.5-65% in grafting of wild rootstocks over non-grafted eggplant. Further, this study specified that selection of appropriate grafting combinations viz., AJ/SM and AJ/SG reduces water usage by 26.1-42.2 per cent. The linear functions (R2=0.97-0.99) best defined the relationship between TFY and AW, whereas the quadratic functions fitted (R2 = 0.93-0.99) best define the relationship between WP and AW, indicating that efficient utilization of water stored in the root zone by grafted plants in water deficit conditions due to deeper root systems of wild rootstocks. The lower values of yield response factors viz., KAJ/SM and KAJ/SG i.e. ≤ 1 with AJ/SM and AJ/SG grafting combinations indicates their higher tolerance to water stress. The physiochemical fruit quality traits such as harvest index, mean fruit diameter, mean weight, protein and TSS declined with water deficit stress while these were markedly rectified with grafting of wild rootstocks. Similarly, higher accumulation of dry matter, rehydration quality, phenolic and flavonoids compounds in fruits of grafted eggplants under medium water deficits indicating their suitability for transportation, storage and processing purpose. Overall, among the different grafting combinations, AJ/SM was found super for enhancing crop growth, productivity and fruit quality owing to its better compatibility and higher capacity of water and nutrients absorption under water deficits. It is concluded that shifting towards grafting of wild rootstocks Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum gilo along with medium deficits could help in rational utilization of water resources and thus enhanced fruit yield and quality of eggplant fruits under drought prone regions of Deccan Plateau, India.ThesisItem Open Access प्रवाह ससिंसित सिट्टी से पटें ाक्लोरोसिनोल जवै -रूपािंतरण जीवाणओु िं के लक्षण वणणन Characterization of Pentachlorophenol bio-transforming bacteria from effluent irrigated soil(IARI,DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY, 2013) DHARMENDRA KUMAR; Rajeev KaushikThe present study was carried out for isolation, identification and characterization of pentachlorophenol biotransforming bacteria from pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated soils of Lal Kuan, Uttrakhand. PCP is a high molecular weight, recalcitrant, hydrophobic aromatic hydrocarbon compound toxic to all forms of life since it is an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. In solving the serious problems of pollution caused by PCP, it is important to assess the potential of bacterial strains indigenous to sites contaminated with PCP for their ability to degrade PCP. Twenty two bacterial isolates were identified through 16S rDNA sequencing, which grew well at 500 ppm of PCP as sole C source in minimal salt medium. However, reduction in their growth was observed at 700 ppm PCP. Out of 22 isolates, 19 isolates belonged to class - Proteobacteria, matched with sequences of Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. Two isolates, Ochrobactrum sp (LK59) and Ensifer adhaerens (LK 4) belonged to α- Proteobacteria. The single isolate of Firmicutes phyla was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis (LK156) which could show significantly higher growth at 300 and 500 ppm of PCP than other isolates. PCP degradation by Ensifer adhaerens and Lysinibacillus fusiformis is reported for the first time in the present study and these might represent new chlorophenoldegrading taxa. HPLC studies revealed decrease in the residual PCP and formation of intermediates such as tetrachlorohydroquinone (TeCH) and dichlorophenols (DCP) by selected isolates. Removal of PCP from sterile soil by selected isolates, viz. Ensifer adhaerens, Pseudomonas putida and Lysinibacillus fusiformis , was studied in a 30 d experiment under controlled condition. These isolates were used alone and in combination. PCP removal by mixed inoculum was significantly higher (68.81%) than single inoculation after 30 d of incubation. The results of this study indicate that ability to degrade pentachlorophenol is widely distributed amongst phylogenetically diverse group of bacteria in agricultural soils irrigated with effluent discharged from pulp and paper mill. The enriched mixed inoculum has better potential in scavenging PCP from soil as compared to individual isolates. The potential isolates obtained in the present study can be used for developing consortium for bioremediation of sites contaminated with PCP.