Browsing by Author "Chandra, Ravish"
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of impact of climate change on water requirement and Yield of Rabi Maize using FAO-AquaCrop model for Pusa, Bihar(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Chandan, Vipin; Chandra, RavishClimate change has become very important for farming sector in India. The persistent dry seasons and floods threaten to the sustenance of billions of individuals who rely on land for theirfuture requirements. Two significant changes are being noticed prominently i.e., convergences of carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature. This necessitates studies to be undertaken on the interrelationship of climatic condition, crop growth and yield. Keeping the importance of climate change and its impact on crop growth and water requirement the present investigation was under taken to study the response of climate change on crop yield, biomass and crop water requirement of rabi maize. The study was also extended to estimate the effect of quantity and quality of irrigation water on crop yield and biomass of rabi maize. The simulation analysis was made for three rabi seasons 2016-17,2017-18 and 2018-19 and for five levels of maximum and minimum temperature increase and compared with the performance of rabi maize crop with actual temperature level. The five levels of maximum and minimum temperature increases were Tmax+10C, Tmax+2 0C, Tmax+3 0C,Tmax+40C, Tmax+5 0C and Tmin.+10C, Tmin+2 0C, Tmin+3 0C,Tmin+40C, Tmin+5 0C respectively. To investigate the impact of increased carbon dioxide level (CO2) on simulated crop yield and biomass of rabi maize three different scenario in the model was selected. Regrading Assessment of effect of different depth of irrigation water on simulated crop yield and biomass of rabi maize was done for three years for 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the help of FAO-Aqucrop model. For rabi maize, model prediction for the future temperature increase in maximum temperature for five levels Tmax+10C, Tmax+2 0C, Tmax+3 0C,Tmax+40C, Tmax+5 0C showed a positive response on simulated crop yield and biomass. The increase in yield and biomass of rabi maize varied from 5.6 to 23.7 % for 2016-17, 4.3 to 19.6 % for 2017-18 and 6.4 to 27.3 % for 2018-19 for five levels of temperature increase Tmax+10C, Tmax+2 0C, Tmax+3 0C,Tmax+40C, Tmax+5 0C. The average increase in simulated yield and biomass of rabi maize was found to be 3.73 % for 2016-17, 3.06 % for 2017-18 and 4.19 % for 2018-19 for one degree (10C) rise in maximum temperature. Model prediction for the future temperature increase in minimum temperature for five levels also showed a positive response on simulated crop yield and biomass. But the predicted yield and biomass increase are more pronounced in case ofincrease due to maximum temperature elevation. The average increase in simulated yield and biomass of rabi maize was found4.07 % for 2016-17, 3.37 % for 2017-18 and 4.47 % for 2018-19 for one degree (10C) increase in minimum temperature. Crop water requirement increasedwith increasing level of maximum temperature for all three years. With increase in temperature simulated yield also increased for winter maize alongside crop water requirement. The simulated yield and biomass of rabi maize increased with increase in CO2 level for all the three growing season of 2016-17, 2017-18 & 2018-19 and three different scenario. The increase in rabi maize simulated yield and biomass for the year 2016-17 for three different scenario of MaunaLoa.CO2 (Default) A2 scenario and B2 scenario were (0.9 %, 2.2% and 3.0 %), (1.6 %,3.0% and 4.9 %) and (0.8 %, 2.3% and 3.2 % ) respectively. Assessment of different depth of irrigation water on simulated crop yield and biomass of rabi maize using FAOAquacrop model suggests that crop yield is increasing till 40 cm depth of irrigation water application for all the three seasons. In case of deficit irrigation of 20 cm depth of irrigation water application the simulated yield reduced by 14.4 %, 25.4 % and 11.4 % for the year 2016- 17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. When the similar comparison was made for 30 cm depth of irrigation water application the simulated yield reduction was only 0.79 %, 2.2% and 2.4% respectively for the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Assessment of response of different quality irrigation water on simulated crop yield and biomass of rabi maize using FAOAquacrop model suggests that simulated yield was found maximum with 1 dsm-1. The reductionin simulated yield with 10 dsm-1 water quality was observed maximum with a the values of 41.3 %, 44.4 % and 38.4 % respectively for the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19.ThesisItem Open Access Performance Evaluation of FAO-AquaCrop Model for Maize crop in Eastern Part of Indo-Gangetic Plain(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2018) Kumar, Vicky; Chandra, Ravishhe present study was undertaken to study the response of different level of irrigation on crop growth, yield, biomass and water use efficiency of Rabi maize under North Bihar condition. A further field investigation was also undertaken to evaluate of FAO-AquaCrop model for Rabi maize under different level of furrow irrigation at experimental field of AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar. Crop growth, yield, biomass and water use were measured under different treatments. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate Rabi maize yield and biomass under full deficit irrigation and rainfed treatments. Evaluation of AquaCrop model was accomplished using the observed values from field experiment during 4th Nov. 2016 to 13th April 2017 for Rabi maize. The biometric parameters like plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and canopy spread were significantly superior in treatment T1(control/full irrigation) compared to other deficit irrigation and rainfed treatments. The biometric parameters like plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and canopy spread for treatment T1(control/full irrigation) was 179.80 cm, 29.90 mm, 12 and 87.70 cm respectively. Rabi maize yield was highest for treatment T1 with a value of 11.12 t/ha, followed by treatment T2 (75% of CI) with a value of 10.98 t/ha and lowest for treatment T4 (Rainfed) with a value of 3.35 t/ha. Biomass was highest for treatment T1 (CI) with a value of 24.92 t/ha, followed by treatment T2 (75% of CI) with a value of 24.65 t/ha and lowest treatment T4 (Rainfed) with the value of 7.931 t/ha. The crop yield and biomass were significantly higher for treatment T1 (control/full irrigation) compared to other treatments. The water use efficiency of Rabi maize yield decreased with increase in irrigation level for all treatments of furrow irrigation. Water use efficiency was highest for treatment T3 with a value of 310 kg/ha-cm followed by treatment T2 with a value of 303 kg/ha-cm. The water use efficiency was significantly higher treatment T3 (50% of CI) compared to other treatments. The adapted values of canopy growth coefficient and canopy decline coefficient were 15.4% day-1 and 9.5% day-1 respectively for Rabi maize. The days of emergence, sowing to flowering, senescence and maturity were 6, 60, 142 and 161 days respectively. The adopted values of water productivity (WP) were obtained as 30.7 g m-2. The harvest index was obtained as 48%. The AquaCrop model evaluated for grain yield and biomass under different irrigation levels resulted in prediction error ranging from 2.25% to 9.59% and 2.44% to 11.84% respectively. The AquaCrop model was evaluated for simulation of grain yield and biomass of Rabi maize for all treatment with the prediction statistics 0.971 < E < 0.988, 0.221 < RMSE < 0.731, 0.987 < R2 < 0.997 and 0.421 < MAE < 0.806 t ha-1. The AquaCrop model predictions for grain yield and biomass of Rabi maize were in line with the observed data corroborated with E and R2 values approaching one. The AquaCrop model was more accurate in predicting the maize yield under full and 75% of CI as compared to the rainfed and 50% of CI.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF GROUND WATER BALANCE AND CARBON EMISSION DUE TO GROUND WATER ABSTRACTION IN RPCAU CAMPUS PUSA(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) SINGH, SACHINDRA KUMAR; Chandra, RavishGroundwater is the most preferred water source in various user sectors in India due to its near universal availability, reliability and low capital cost. Groundwater resource estimation is essential for planning and management and distribution of precious ground water resource and gives us insight to allocate groundwater to various sectors like agriculture, water supply, drinking water judiciously. There is an urgent need to study the annual ground water draft, annual ground water recharge to compute the complete evaluation of ground water resource and ground water balance for future possible corrections. Keeping the above things in mind a study in “Study of Ground Water Balance and Carbon Emission due to Groundwater Abstraction in RPCAU Campus Pusa” was undertaken to estimate annual ground water recharge, annual ground water draft, and annual ground water balance for Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa Campus. The study was conducted for three years (2018 to 2020). The GEC norms 1997 was used to estimate annual ground water recharge, annual ground water draft and ground water balance for the study area. This methodology uses the water table fluctuation technique and empirical formula for recharge calculation. The data collected for this investigation were water table fluctuation, annual rainfall, normal rainfall, number of tubewells, brand of tubewells, Power rating of tubewells, tubewell discharge, operating hours and other details of pumping system, hydrology of the area, specific yield, ground water draft, pond area etc. In the present study, the energy consumption and carbon emission through groundwater abstraction in the RPCAU Pusa campus were also studied. The energy required for groundwater abstraction was estimated as per the methodology provide by Rothausen and Conway, 2011. The carbon emission through pumping of groundwater was calculated by using the methodology given by Nelson and Rothausen, 2008.The annual ground water draft used for water supply was found to be 118.2 ha-m, 122.9 ha-m and 111.9 ha-m respectively for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the annual ground water draft used for irrigation water supply was found to be 104.8 ha-m, 105.9 ha-m and 84.6 ha-m respectively for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020 The total annual ground water recharge for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020 was found to be 108.43 ha-m, 140.49 ha-m and 194.1 ha-m respectively. The stage of ground water development for the year 2018, 2019, and 2020 was found to be 205.7 %, 162.9 % and 101.2 % respectively. The energy requirement for municipal water supply was found to be 239186.5 kWh, 243770.2 kWh and 223198.8 kWh respectively for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020. The energy requirement for irrigation water supply was found to be 155571.6 kWh, 157235 kWh, and 125622.05 kWh respectively for the year 2018, 2019, and 2020. The total carbon emission due to ground water pumping was found to be 97.2 ton, 99 ton and 90.7 ton respectively for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020. The total carbon emission due to irrigation water was found to be 63.2 ton, 63.9 ton and 51 ton respectively for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020.ThesisItem Open Access Sustainable Water Resource Planning for Burhi Gandak River Basin using Soft-Computing Techniques(RPCAU, Pusa, 2024) PRAJAPATI, RAJAT; Chandra, RavishThe present research work was conducted in the Burhi Gandak river Basin which is anintegral part of major basins in north Bihar. The assessment ofavailable groundwater resource was accomplished by the latest data provided by the CGWB and methods of surface water assessment was done using the discharge data of the gauge stations lying within the basin. The demand side of the basin that considered major water demanding sectors like crop water demand , domestic, livestock and industrial water demand. The CWR of major crops was estimated using FAO’s CROPWAT 8.0 model. The domestic and livestock water demand was estimated using the estimated and projected population from the latest census reports available. The industrial water demand was assessed by the data provided by CGWB, 2022 ArcGIS software and Google Earth Engine, a cloud-basedplatform, were primarily used toassess thedynamics of land use and cover change.Three sets oftime periods, 2013, 2017, and 2022, were examined using LANDSAT pictures to assess theclassificationoflanduseandlandcoverwithchangingdynamics.Totalsixclasses- forest, vegetation, waterbodies, built-up area, agricultural area and barren land wereusedinthe LULCclassificationscheme. Thesupervisedclassificationscheme,RandomForest algorithm was used by the Google Earth Engine to analyze this LULC categorizationThe overallaccuracy and Kappa statistic for LULC classification were found to be 66.67 % and 66.67 %,72.22 % and 0.53, 0.53 and 0.72 for year 2013, 2017 and 2022 respectively.The average surface water available in the BG basin was 4.51 BCM and the total ground water available was 2.85 BCM making the total water resource available in the basin to be 7.36 BCM. Total water demand of all the sectors including crop water requirements, domestic water demand , livestock water demand and industrial water demand for year was estimated to be 3.85 BCM and total water demand for the projected year 2027 was 4.21 BCM. Total water balance of the basin for year 2022 was estimated to be 3.50 BCM and 3.15 BCM for the projected year 2027. The LULC change dynamics were observed between the years of 2013 and 2022, and it wasfoundthat,asaresultofindustrializationandpopulationgrowth,theareaextentofvegetation, agriculturalland,andbarren landdecreasedby -8.18 percent,-25.40 percent and -56.28 percent, respectively, while forest and waterbodies increased by 11.26 and 65.95 percent. Finally, a sustainable water resource management plan was compiled that suggested conjunctive use of water available water, resources resource conservation techniques with utilization of MIS technology incorporating with promotion of IFS (integrated farming system).