Browsing by Author "Bharathi, R."
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ArticleItem Open Access Chronic respiratory disease outbreak in an organized native chicken farm(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2018-05) Karthik, K.; Bharathi, R.; Mahaprabhu, R.; Manimaran, K.; Shoba, K.; TANUVASIndian poultry industry is moving with rapid strides in the global market but disease outbreaks cause a major setback to this huge industry. Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallispeticum (MG) is one among the important poultry disease affecting the growth of the industry. This current communication presents the outbreak of CRD among native chicken breeds in an organized farm of India. Post mortem investigation was carried out in the farm as mortality was reported to be 5% and morbidity was 50%. Samples namely trachea, lung, air sac and infra orbital sinus were collected for identifying the causative agent and were subjected to bacteriological and virological detection tests. Samples were found positive for MG by conventional bacteriological method while other bacteriological and virological agents were found negative. Isolates on further characterization using Mycoplasma specific PCR and MG specific PCR revealed that the isolates belong to MG and proved the involvement of the bacterium in causing the disease. Histopathology of the samples also showed the presence of necrotic material and infiltration of lymphocytes. Based on gross pathology, histopathology, isolation and molecular characterization showed that the disease was CRD caused by MG. Thus this reports warrants need for further insights into the clear picture on the status of CRD among native chicken breeds of India so as to carve out a better prevention measure.ArticleItem Open Access Detection and Molecular Characterization of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Isolated from a Breeder Flock(2021-04) Jaisree, S.; Shoba, K.; Ramesh, A.; Vijayarani, K.; Vairamuthu, S.; Bharathi, R.; TANUVASInfectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important viral respiratory disease in poultry. Recently, re-emergence of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) has been reported in several countries. This study reports the severe form of ILTV outbreak in a breeder flock located at Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Morbidity and mortality rate observed in the current outbreak were 70% and 12% respectively. On post mortem examination haemorrhage and caseous plug were noticed in the trachea. PCR for ICP4 gene was targeted for initial screening and ILTV was isolated from positive samples. Molecular characterization was carried out by gJ gene sequencing, one of the virulent gene responsible for viral egress. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the study isolate is genetically related to Australian virulent virus, Italy virulent virus, Russian virulent virus, USA virulent virus and CEO vaccines.ThesisItem Open Access Development of a rhizobacteria based bio-formulation for the management of major pests and diseases in chillies(Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 2001-12-31) Bharathi, R.; Samiyappan, R.Abstract availableArticleItem Open Access Effect of dietary ochratoxin on biochemical and antioxidant profile in broiler chickens(Indian Poultry Science Association, 2014-11) Bharathi, R.; Pazhanivel, N.; Balachandran, C.; Raj, G. Dhinakar; TANUVASTwelve newly hatched broiler chicks were randomly allotted to two groups (Control -6 Nos. and 100 ppb ocharatoxin A (OA) toxin fed group-6 birds) and maintained up to 28 days of days. On 28th day, all the birds from both the groups were sacrificed to study the serum biochemical alterations and liver antioxidant profile. Significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed in the globulin and A:G ratio in the OA fed group. Hypoglycaemia, hypoamylasaemia, reduction in HDL, elevation in ALT, ALP, BUN, triglycerides, VLDL and TC/ HDL ratio were observed in the OA fed group. No significant differences were observed between the control and OA fed group in the total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, LDL and lipase. TBaRs levels of liver were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the OA fed group compared to the control group. SOD, catalase, GPx, GSH and GST levels were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the liver of OA fed birds compared to the control group. Biochemical alterations indicated the hepatocellular damage, renal damage and alimentary tract pathology. Antioxidant profile revealed that hepatocellular degeneration and oxidative stress. It was concluded that dietary dose of 100 ppb ochratoxin caused liver and kidney dysfunctions, hypoglycaemia, increased liver lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant levels.ArticleItem Restricted Effects of Sublethal Dose of Ochratoxin on the Growth and Haematological Parameters in the Broiler Chicken(Indian Veterinary Journal, 2014-10) Bharathi, R.; Pazhanivel, N.; Balachandar, C.; Raj, G. Dhinakar; TANUVASArticleItem Open Access Equine Brucellosis: Review On Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Signs, Prevention And Control(2016-12) Karthik, K.; Prabakar, G.; Bharathi, R.; Khurana, Sandip Kumar; Dhama, Kuldeep; TANUVASBrucellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases that affect several domestic animals, wild animals and also marine mammals. Though there is no specific Brucella sp. that can affect horses, B. abortus and B. suis can affect horses naturally and B. canis experimental infection has also been reported in equines. Brucellosis in equines is characterized by two conditions namely Poll evil and fistulous withers. Organism has its predilection for joints, ligaments and tendons in case of equines and causes inflammatory conditions leading to formation of fistula. Equine brucellosis has been documented from several parts of the world and prevalence has been reported time to time mostly based on serological diagnosis. Diagnosis of brucellosis mainly depends on serological methods though isolation of the organism is the gold standard. Due to hazardous nature of the pathogen, tests like Rose Bengal plate agglutination test, Standard tube agglutination test and other serological assays are commonly employed. Isothermal amplification assay like LAMP are gaining momentum these years due to swiftness in diagnosis of the pathogen. LAMP with high specificity and sensitivity for detection of Brucella spp. and also B. abortus has been developed in the recent years. Prevention and control of brucellosis is of utmost important to halt the spread of the organism to other animals and human. Trauma is a major reason for predisposition of poll evil and fistulous withers hence proper fitting of saddle will help to prevent the disease. Housing and feeding the horses separately can prevent spread of disease from cattle. The present review discusses equine brucellosis, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs along with appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted.ArticleItem Open Access Genetic diversity of different avian strains of Pasteurella multocida recovered during four outbreaks in India(2018-02) Karthik, K.; Dillibabu, V.; Mahaprabhu, R.; Bharathi, R.; Manimaran, K.; Shoba, K.; TANUVASPasteurella multocida causes fowl cholera in avian species and type A is predominantly reported from outbreaks of fowl cholera. Biochemical, serological, and molecular methods are employed for its diagnosis and typing. Utilizing rapid molecular tools like repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) PCR and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, P. multocida isolates from four outbreaks (three from Chennai and one from Ahmadabad, India) were characterized and typed to determine their relationships. A total of 36 isolates were recovered from the outbreaks, including one isolate from a parakeet, which was also subjected to characterization by conventional and molecular analysis. All of the isolates were found to be capsular type A based on PCR assay capsular typing. ERICand REP-PCR showed differences in the banding patterns among different outbreak isolates, and also among the geographical regions. Differences were also noticed among different host species, as the banding pattern in the ERIC- and REP-PCR differed; the analysis of results also revealed the same. All of the isolates were found to be sensitive to enrofloxacin and cefotaxime among the antibiotics used in the study. It was found that different strains might have been involved in the different outbreaks reported in the study. The results show that molecular typing methods like ERIC- and REP-PCR are useful epidemiological tools for classifying the strains.ArticleItem Open Access Incidence of Feather Follicular Cysts in a Pigeon (Columba Livia)(TANUVAS, 2018-01) Sundaram, A. Shanmuga; Gnanaraj, P. Tensingh; Bharathi, R.; Pothiappan, P.; Nishanth, B.; TANUVASThe main objective of this study was to report the incidence of Feather Follicular cyst in pigeon (Columba livia). A four year old, Rock pigeon (Columba livia) was examined in the Animal Science Park unit of Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai with the history of swelling on the right wing. On clinical examination elongated 50 mm diameter, irregular, mass seen in the skin of the wing. On palpation, the mass was in soft nature. Fine needle aspiration was done and sent for cytological examination. Based on cytology the case was diagnosed as “Feather Follicular cysts”.ArticleItem Open Access Incidence of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Virus Infection and its Control in the Desi Chicken Far of Kanchipuram District(Indian Veterinary Association, 2019-01) Durairajan, R.; Murugan, M.; Bharathi, R.; TANUVASAn investigation on the incidence of Infectious Bursal disease in Aseel desi chicken was made near VUTRC, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu. The lesions were suggestive of IBD based on history, clinical findings, postmortem lesions, histopathological examination and it was confirmed for the first time in Melmaruvathur region as IBD by CIE. Affected birds were kept in isolation and treated with supportive therapy with vitamins, and electrolyte orally. The farms and individual birds were cleaned with disinfectant and the mortality was controlled within two days of the control measures.OtherItem Open Access Isolation and Identification of Pasteurella Multocida Type-A from Native Chicken(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2018-12) Manimaran, K.; Karthik, K.; Ezhilvalavan, S.; Bharathi, R.; TANUVASFowl cholera (Synonyms: Avian Pasteurellosis, Avian haemorrhagic septicemia) is a common avian disease which may affect all types of birds throughout the world. It is a contagious bacterial disease of domesticated and wild avian species caused by infection with Pasteurella multocida. In the present study was undertaken to isolate and identify Pasteurella multocida type-A from an outbreaks of native chicken. There was more than 60% mortality in the present outbreaks. Swab samples from conjuctival sinuses, oropharynx, oesophagus and trachea were collected from clinically till birds.ArticleItem Open Access Mesotheliomain a Desi Hen-Case Report(Indian Veterinary Association, Chennai, 2019-07) Niranjana, C.; Kollipillai, Joanna; Bharathi, R.; Kavitha, S.; TANUVASA 2-year-old Desi hen was presented with the history of abdominal distension, anorexia and cessation of egg laying. Clinical examination revealed no traces of egg shell in the cloaca and fluid thrill was felt in the distended abdomen. Radiograph confirmed ascites. However, the bird collapsed and could not be revived.Post mortem examination revealed multiple, small, firm, whitish nodules along the length of the intestines. Histopathology revealed tumour cells resembling epithelial cells with an acidophilic, granular cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli and vesicular nucleus, indicativeof mesothelioma.ArticleItem Open Access Outbreak and management of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in desi chicken and turkey flocks in an organized mixed farm(2018-01) Bharathi, R.; Karthik, K.; Mahaprabhu, R.; Manimaran, K.; Geetha, T.; Gnanaraj, P. Tensingh; Roy, Parimal; TANUVASIn an organized farm, desi chicken and turkeys were reported with the clinical signs of congestion of conjunctival mucous membrane, dullness, unilateral and bilateral head swelling and nasal discharge. Flock strength was 545 desi chickens and 296 turkeys of 75 and 50 days old respectively. Morbidity was 3.67 and 6.75% and mortality was 0.91 and 0.67% in chickens and turkeys respectively. On investigation, clinical signs started 12 days after the introduction of desi chicken from another organized farm. In total, 10 chickens and 20 turkeys showed clinical signs, of which 5 desi chicken and 2 turkeys died. On necropsy, the birds showed congestion of conjunctival mucous membrane, unilateral and bilateral infraorbital sinus swelling and caseous material with mucous exudates in the infraorbital sinus. Lungs were congested and edematous. Thoracic and abdominal air sacs were cloudy with beaded appearance, thickened with yellowish caseous material. Infraorbital sinus and ocular swab were collected from live birds. Infraorbital sinus swab, lung and air sacs were collected from dead birds. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from infraorbital sinus and air sac samples and was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Histopathologically, mucopurulent sinusitis and airsacculitis were noticed. The Mycoplasma gallisepticum outbreak was effectively controlled by using effective treatment with 1% Tylosin and following strict bio-security measures.ArticleItem Open Access Pathological and Immunological Effects of Sublethal Experimental Ochratoxicosis in Broiler Chickens(Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2015) Bharathi, R.; Pazhanivel, N.; Balachandran, C.; Raj, G. Dhinakar; TANUVASTwelve newly hatched broiler chicks were divided into two groups (Control-6 Nos. and 100 ppb ochratoxin A (OA) fed-6 birds) and maintained up to 28 days. On 28th day, all the birds were sacrificed. Cell mediated and humoral immunity was assessed by lymphocyte stimulation index and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) respectively. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in the lymphocyte stimulation index and the antibody titres against IBV was observed in the OA fed group compared to the control group. Grossly, mild enlargement and paleness were observed in the liver and kidneys of the OA fed chicks. Histopathologically, in the OA fed birds major changes observed were mild vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, microgranuloma formation, biliary hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis in liver; congestion, tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis in kidneys; mucosal hyperplasia in the crop; mucosal hyperplasia and glandular necrosis in the proventriculus; defective koilin formation, mononuclear cell infiltration and periglandular fibrosis in the gizzard; fusion and broadening of villi in the intestine; congestion, mild lymphoid cell depletion, reticular cell hyperplasia and lymphoid cell necrosis in the spleen, thinning of cortex, lymphoid cell depletion and lymphocytolysis in the bursa of Fabricius and congestion and mild lymphoid depletion in the thymus. Lymphoid organs showed presence of apoptotic bodies which indicated immunosuppressive effect of OA, evidenced by reduction in humoral and cell mediated immunity.ArticleItem Open Access Report of Enterotoxaemia in Goat Kids(2017-07) Karthik, K.; Manimaran, K.; Bharathi, R.; Shoba, K.; TANUVASSheep and goats are affected by various infectious diseases among which enterotoxaemia is a notable since it can cause acute infection leading to sudden death without any clinical signs. Clostridium (C) perfringens type D secretes epsilon toxin that upon absorption into the blood circulation cause enterotoxaemia. Predisposing factors such as changes in feed, damage to the gut, worm load can lead to enterotoxaemia. The present report summarizes enterotoxaemia in goat kids of two months old. Three kids out of 19 recently purchased goats died without showing any clinical signs. Necropsy findings revealed that there were hemorrhages in the intestine, brain and congested lungs. Collected samples were examined for the involvement of bacterial pathogen and C. perfringens was isolated. Molecular toxinotyping revealed that the isolate was positive for alpha and epsilon toxin genes thus confirming that the isolate as C. perfringens type D. These findings highlight the need for regular vaccination of sheep and goats to prevent enterotoxaemia.OtherItem Open Access Towards Strategies for Gene Targeting in Theileria Annulata(TANUVAS, 2016-02) Sekar, S. Chandra; Jeyabal, L.; Nagarajan, K.; Muralidhar, M.; Bharathi, R.; Yathirajarao, T.; Ramnaresh, T.K.; Padmanath, K.ArticleItem Open Access Vegetative Endocarditis and Megaoesopagus in a Dog(Indian Veterinary Journal, 2014-10) Pazhanivel, N.; Balachandran, C.; Chavhan, S.G.; Bharathi, R.; Chandrasekaran, M.; Sridhar, R.; TANUVASBook chapterItem Open Access அக்ரா நச்சு மற்றும் மூச்சுக்குழல் அழற்சி நோயினால் பாதிப்பப்பட்ட கறிக்கோழிகளில் இருந்து கோழி கருமுட்டைகளில் சிறு மூச்சுக்குழல் அழற்சி வைரஸ் கிருமியை தனிப்படுத்துதல் மற்றும் அடையாளம் காணுதல்(Veelan ariviyal tamil iyakkam, Newdelhi, 2015) Bharathi, R.; Pazhanivel, N.; Balachandran, C.; Raj, G. DhinakarArticleItem Open Access ஒருங்கிணைந்த பண்ணைய முறையில் வளர்க்கப்பட்ட கிராமப்பிரியா கோழிகளில் குருதிக் கரிச்சல் நோய்(Veelan ariviyal tamil iyakkam, Newdelhi, 2016) Nithya, P.; Sivakumar, K.; Bharathi, R.; Roy, Parimal