Browsing by Author "ASHISH JOSHI"
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ThesisItem Open Access AMBIENCE ASSOCIATED VARIATIONS IN THE SERUM BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BUFFALOES OF ARID TRACT 'kq(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner - 334001, 2012) ASHISH JOSHI; Dr. (Mrs.) Nalini KatariaThe understanding of the role of oxidants and antioxidants in stressed animals is gaining importance to overcome oxidative stress, however, very little emphasis has been given on this aspect in Murrah buffaloes. Therefore the present investigation was carried out on four hundred and fifty apparently healthy adult females between 4 and 12 years of age to determine the ambience associated variations in the serum biomarkers of oxidative stress in Murrah buffaloes of arid tract. In each ambience (moderate, hot and cold), according to physiological states, buffaloes of group A included nonpregnant milch; pregnant milch and pregnant dry animals and buffaloes of group B included primipara and multipara animals. Biomarkers of oxidative stress included serum enzymes and antioxidants. Serum enzymes were catalase(CAT); monoamine oxidase (MAO); glutathione reductase (GR); oxidase; peroxidase;super oxide dismutase (SOD);xanthine oxidase (XO); and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) whereas antioxidants were vitamin E; vitamin C; vitamin A and Beta carotene and glutathione (GSH). Other serum analytes of the study were enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes. Serum enzymes were sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH); malate dehydrogenase (MDH); glucose–6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase); glucose6- phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PD); 5’nucleotidase (5’NT); alkaline phosphatase (ALP); and ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT). Serum metabolites were urea; creatinine; total proteins; cholesterol; triglycerides and and glucose. Serum electrolytes were inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The overall mean values of above mentioned parameters were 73.69±1.19 kU L-1; 289.25±5.20U L-1; 12.64±0.20kU L-1; 80.17 ± 2.55 mU L-1; 63.01±1.60 kU L-1; 284.18±2.75 mU L-1; 72.37±1.15 U L-1; 82.83±2.00U L-1; 3.54 ± 0.002; 19.78±0.34; 1.89±0.02; 2.20±0.03; 4.84±0.02; 10.00±0.04 ; 60.00±0.47 ; 11.32±0.10 ; 7.33±0.06; 6.00±0.05; 95.00±2.00 ; 60.33±1.02; 6.04±0.03 mmol L-1; 181.00±1.2 µmol L-1; 66.50±0.20 gL-1; 3.56±0.02 m mol L-1; 0.87±0.02 m mol L-1; and 3.53±0.02mmol L-1 ; 1.57±0.010 ; 2.42±0.01 ; and 0.93±0.002 , respectively, which were obtained from 450 animals irrespective of ambiences, sex and age. The mean values of serum MAO, GR, oxidase, peroxidase, SOD and GGT were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold ambiences; of serum CAT and XO were significantly(p≤0.05) higher during hot ambience and significantly (p≤0.05) lower during cold ambience; of serum vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, β carotene and glutathione were significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold ambiences; of serum SDH, MDH, G-6- Pase, 5’NT and ALP were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold ambiences; of serum G-6-PDH was significantly (p≤0.05) higher during cold ambience while significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot ambience; of serum OCT was significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and significantly (p≤0.05) lower during cold ambiences; of serum urea and creatinine were significantly (p ≤0.05) higher during hot and cold ambiences; of total serum proteins was significantly (p≤ 0.05) lower during hot and cold ambiences; of serum cholesterol and glucose were significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and higher during cold ambience; of serum triglycerides was significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold ambience; and serum inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium were significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold ambiences, in comparison to respective overall moderate mean value. In each ambience the effects of physiological states were significant (p≤0.05) for each parameter.The interactions between ambience X group A(non pregnant milch, pregnant milch and pregnant dry); and ambience X group B(primipara and multipara) and between group A X group B were highly significant (p≤0.01) for each parameter. It was concluded that extreme ambiences produced the oxidative stress in the Murrah buffaloes of all the physiological states, which was reflected in the form of altered status of the biomarkers of oxidative stress and other analytes determined in the serum. These findings indicated towards the modulation of physiological mechanisms in response to free radicals. The study will help in realistic evaluation of the management practices including antioxidant supplementation and diagnosis of disease conditions. The data obtained can also serve as a baseline for future research in the field of veterinary clinical physiology.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES vis-à-vis APPRAISAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRATEGIES IN FEMALE RATHI CATTLE IMPLYING MODULATIONS IN ENDOCRINE, ORGAN AND TISSUE FUNCTIONS, ENERGY METABOLISM AND CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSES(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, 2018) ASHISH JOSHI; Prof. (Dr.) Nalini KatariaPresent investigation assessed dynamics of environmental correlates vis-à-vis appraisal of physiological strategies in female Rathi cattle implying modulations in endocrine, organ and tissue functions, energy metabolism and cellular oxidative stress responses. Apparently healthy Rathi female calves, heifers and cows were screened to collect blood and urine samples from private dairies located in and around Bikaner district, Rajasthan during moderate ambience (October-November), extreme cold ambience (December- January), extreme hot ambience (May and June) and rainy ambience (JulyAugust-September). Animals were grouped as female calves (pre-ruminants ,transitional ,pre-weaning, post-weaning and calf-yearling transition), heifers (pre-pubertal and postpubertal) and cows as group A (non-pregnant milch, pregnant milch and pregnant dry) and group B (primipara, and multipara). Overall mean value of each parameter during extreme hot, rainy and extreme cold ambiences was compared with overall mean value recorded during moderate ambience as control. Changes in a particular function were assessed by computing per cent variation during extreme ambiences as compared to moderate ambience.Assessment of dynamics of environmental correlates was carried by measuring mean values as minimum, maximum and average of ambient temperature0C; relative humidity %;temperature humidity index (THI); air velocity msec-1; black globe temperature0C; and heat load index as 18.49±0.30, 32.59±0.28, 26.00±0.30, 28.00±1.00, 44.09±0.54, 33.00±0.55, 65.74±0.10, 76.00±.20, 71.07±0.10, 0.40±0.04, 0.50±0.04, 0.43± 0.04, 27.28±0.60, 38.00±0.38, 32.00±0.30, 66.05±0.10, 76.85±0.46 and 70.96±0.60, respectively during moderate ambience. Rainy ambience demonstrated maximum values of all the three components of THI and the range during rainy ambience was 84-96.10. In endocrine functions, the overall mean values of serum cortisol, aldosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) during moderate ambience were 30.00±0.41 nmolL-1;0.28±0.009 nmol L-1;1.91±0.005 nmol L-1; 41.31±0.31 n mol L-1 and 0.90±0.31 mIUL-1, respectively. It can be stated that impact of rainy ambience was enormous on all serum hormones studied.Liver functions included measurement of serum enzymes i.e. 5’ nucleotidase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase, arginase, aldolase and gamma-glutamayl transferase and other analytes of liver functions i.e. serum bilirubin, serum icteric index, serum Iron and total serum iron binding capacity, serum copper oxidase, blood clotting time and platelet count during moderate, extreme hot, rainy and extreme cold ambiences in Rathi 992 calves, heifers and cows. The overall mean values during moderate ambience were 58.00±0.40 UL-1;427.00±2.11UL-1; 17.80±0.08 UL-1; 4.11±0.11 UL-1; 27.80±0.11 UL-1; 61.00±1.00 UL-1; 8.80±0.10 UL-1;80.00±0.50 UL-1;18.00±0.42 UL-1;74.00±0.43UL1;62.00±0.38UL-1; 8.10±0.004 UL-1; 13.00±0.08 UL-1; 10.00 ± 0.07 UL-1; 68.33±3.00 UL-1; 5.20±0.007 µmolL-1; 4.10±0.006;32.00±0.07 µmolL-1; 64.00±0.07 µmolL-1;0.510±0.003 µmolL-1; 0.510±0.003 µmolL-1; 425.00±0.33 109L-1, respectively. It can be stated that impact of rainy ambience was enormous on all liver function analytes.Measurement of functions of pancreas was carried out on the basis of serum amylase, serum lipase, serum alanine aminotransferase, plasma calcium and serum triglycerides during moderate, extreme hot, rainy and extreme cold ambiences. The overall mean values during moderate ambience were 153.98±0.33 UL-1; 353.88±0.83 UL-1; 18.00±0.42 UL-1; 2.25±0.001 mmol L-1; and 1.57±0.006 mmolL-1, respectively. It can be opined that influence of rainy ambience was enormous on all pancreas function analytes investigated. Abomasum function was assessed by serum pepsinogen and overall mean value during moderate ambience was 150.00±2.10 mUtyrosine. Measurement of kidney functions incorporated tests based on blood analysis (plasma urea, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, plasma total proteins, plasma bicarbonate, plasma sodium, plasma potassium, plasma chloride, plasma calcium, plasma phosphorus and plasma magnesium); tests based on urine analysis (urea,urea nitrogen,creatinine, bicarbonate,sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium); measurement of tubular functions (tests for urinary acidification: plasma anion gap,urine anion gap and fractional excretion of bicarbonate; tests for phosphate handling:fractional excretion of phosphate (%); tubular reabsorption of phosphate (%) and index of renal threshold for phosphate;tests for potassium handling:fractional excretion of potassium and tubular gradient of potassium;tests for sodium handling;fractional excretion of sodium and tubular gradient of sodium;tests for magnesium handling:fractional excretion of magnesium;tests for calcium handling: calcium excretion index, fractional excretion of calcium and calcium creatinine ratio) and assessment of body fluid volume (plasma osmolality,plasma tonicity,specific gravity of blood,viscosity of blood,plasma sodium, potassium and chloride, urine osmolality,specific gravity of urine,urine total solids,urine titratable acidity, urine pH, urine sodium, urine potassium and urine chloride) during moderate, extreme hot, rainy and extreme cold ambiences in Rathi calves, heifers and cows. The overall mean values during moderate ambience were 8.33±0.10 m mol L-1; 8.42±0.10 m mol L-1; 113.67±0.24 µ mol L-1 ; 78.00±0.20 gL-1 ; 22.28±0.24 mmolL-1; 143.98± 0.43 m mol L-1; 6.85± 0.01 m mol L-1; 103.67± 0.44 m mol L-1; 2.25±0.001 m mol L-1; 1.30±0.002 m mol L1; 1.25±0.002 m mol L-1 ; 69.00±0.92m mol L-1 ; 70.75±0.92m mol L-1 ; 4113.88±2.41µ mol L1; 28.99± 0.22 m mol L-1 ; 68.43± 0.10 m mol L-1 ; 202.88±0.44 mmol L-1 ; 243.98± 1.43 m mol L-1; 6.31± 0.003 m mol L-1 ; 3.30± 0.002m mol L-1; 5.30± 0.004m mol L-1 ; 24.88± 0.20 m mol L-1; 27.33± 0.12 m mol L-1 ; 7.40± 0.006; 3.95± 0.29 % ; 7.01± 0.20 % ; 92.98 ± 0.01 %;1.20 ± 0.01 mmolL-1 ; 81.83± 0.21 % ; 15.06± 0.02 ; 1.31± 0.02 % ; 0.241± 0.0008 ; 11.75± 0.01 ; 0.174± 0.002 mmol L-1; 7.74 ± 0.01 % ; 1.533 ± 0.02; 292.34 ± 0.91 mOsmol Kg-1; 284.01 ± 0.41 mOsmol Kg-1; 1.0558 ± 0.0002; 3.500 ± 0.001; 143.98± 0.43 m mol L-1; 6.85± 0.01 m mol L-1; 103.67±0.44 mmol L-1; 574.62 ± 5.00 mOsmol Kg-1; 1.0198 ± 0.0001; 66.00± 0.30 gL-1; 0.552± 0.004m mol L-1; 7.40± 0.006; 68.43± 0.10 m mol L-1; 202.88±0.44 mmol L1; and 243.98± 1.43 m mol L-1, respectively. Qualitative analysis of urine included testing for ketone bodies, bilirubin, glucose, protein and blood by using dipsticks and the results were found to be negative for all the samples investigated during moderate, extreme hot, rainy and extreme cold ambiences. Negative tests indicated that animals were apparently healthy. Urine colour was assessed qualitatively only.During moderate ambience, it was pale yellow to yellow.In the muscle functions, the overall mean value of serum creatine kinase was 60.00± 1.00 UL-1 , serum malondialdehyde was 3.10± 0.004 µ mol L-1 , serum lactate 993 dehydrogenase was 427.00±2.11 UL-1, serum aldolase was 10.00 ± 0.07 UL-1, serum aspartate aminotransferase was 80.00±0.50 UL-1, plasma superoxide dismutase was 140.00±2.00 kUL-1, plasma catalase was 78.00±0.50 kUL-1, and of plasma glutathione was7.12±0.01 µ mol L-1.Brunt of rainy ambence was maximum on all the analytes investigated except for serum aldolase.In bone functions, the overall mean value of serum alkaline phosphatase was 74.00±0.43 UL-1; serum acid phosphatase was 8.00±0.10 UL-1; plasma calcium was 2.25±0.001 m mol L-1; and plasma phosphorus was 1.30±0.002 m mol L-1. Influence of rainy ambience was maximum on all the analytes investigated. In erythron functions, the overall mean value of RBC (1012L-1) was 7.00±0.07; of haemoglobin was 110.00±0.71 gL-1; of packed Cell Volume was 34.00 ± 0.11 %; of ESR was 0.713 ± 0.0007 mm hour-1; of MCV (fL), MCH (pg) and MCHC (g/dl) were 49.22±0.21;15.71±0.02; and 32.35±0.21, respectively ; of osmotic fragility, minimum and maximum were 0.422± 0.001 % (NaCl) and 0.543 ± 0.001% (NaCl), respectively. During rainy ambience, the per cent variations were found maximum for RBC, Hb, PCV; ESR and OFMin and OFMax. During extreme hot ambience, the per cent variations were maximum for MCV and MCHC. During extreme cold ambience, the per cent variation in the mean value of MCH. In energy metabolism, the overall mean value of serum phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase was 350.00±8.00 UL-1; glucose-6-phosphatase was 8.10±0.004 UL-1; aspartate aminotransferase was 80.00±0.50 UL-1; alanine aminotransferase was 18.00±0.42 UL-1; hexokinase was 45.00±0.41 UL-1; phosphoglucose isomerase was 4.50±0.09 UL-1; aldolase was 10.00 ± 0.07 UL-1; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was 450.00±6.00 UL-1; pyruvate kinase was 150.00±6.00 UL-1; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was 4.11±0.11 UL-1; 6Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was 50.00±1.00 UL-1; isocitrate dehydrogenase was 17.80±0.08 UL-1; malate dehydrogenase was 61.00±1.00 UL-1; lactate dehydrogenase was 427.00±2.11 UL-1 ; glutamate dehydrogenase was 27.80±0.11 UL-1; sorbitol dehydrogenase was 8.80±0.10 UL-1 ; serum glucose was 3.47±0.008 mmol L-1; plasma total proteins was 78.00±0.20 gL-1; plasma urea was8.33±0.10 m mol L-1; serum cholesterol was 3.57±0.008 mmolL-1; serum triglyceride was 1.57±0.006 mmolL-1; and serum total fatty acids was 1630.00±3.41 µg mL-1. In assessment of cellular oxidative stress responses the overall mean value of erythrocytic catalase was 2.30±0.14 kU gHb-1 ; erythrocytic superoxide dismutase was 6.00±0.18 kU gHb-1; erythrocytic glutathione reductase was 3.00±0.14 kU gHb-1; erythrocytic peroxidase was 9.00±0.14 mU gHb-1; erythrocytic vitamin E was 0.781±0.005 µ mol gHb-1; erythrocytic vitamin C was 3.60±0.004 µ mol gHb-1; erythrocytic vitamin A was 0.470±0.005 µ mol gHb-1; erythrocytic glutathione was 4.63±0.004 µ mol gHb-1; leucocytic catalase was 1.05±0.04 kU/WBC108 ; leucocytic superoxide dismutase was 3.10±0.06 kU/WBC108; leucocytic vitamin A was 0.360±0.003 µmol /WBC108; leucocytic vitamin E was 0.580±0.004 µmol /WBC108; plasma catalase was 78.00±0.50 kUL-1; plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase was 68.33±5.00 UL-1; plasma glutathione reductase was 8.00±1.50 kUL-1;plasma monoamine oxidase was 150.00±2.31 UL-1; plasma oxidase was 54.00±0.46 UL-1; plasma peroxidase was 50.00±1.10 mUL-1; plasma superoxide dismutase was 140.00±2.00 kUL-1; plasma xanthine oxidase was 74.00±0.66 mUL-1; plasma Vitamin E was 4.10±0.01 µ mol L-1; plasma Vitamin C was 23.60±0.10 µ mol L-1; plasma Vitamin A was 2.10±0.003 µ mol L-1; and plasma glutathione was 7.12±0.01 µ mol L-1. Impact of rainy ambience was found maxium. In cardinal physiological parameters the overall mean values of rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate incorporating morning and afternoon values during moderate ambience were 100.50±0.01 and 100.80±0.01 0F for morning and afternoon RT; 53.40±0.04 and 54.40±0.01 Minute-1 for morning and afternoon PR; and 33.39±0.03 and 35.40±0.03Minute-1 for morning and afternoon RR, which were obtained from 300 Rathi cattle incorporating calves, heifers and cows. Impact of rainy ambience was maximum.