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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF GREEN GRAM (Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek) LINES FOR YMV RESISTANCE USING MOLECULAR MARKERS MOHD ABDUS SUBHAN(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) MOHD ABDUS SUBHAN SALMAN; ANURADHA, CHGreen gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), is one of the important pulse crops mainly grown in developing countries. However, the yield level of the crop is very low due to many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, yellow mosaic virus (YMV), which is transmitted by white fly (Bemisiatabaci) causes significant yield losses ranging from 10-100% and it leads to severe yield reduction. The biggest challenge in YMD management is the effective utilization of an array of information gained so far, in an integrated manner for the development of genotypes having durable resistance against yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infection. The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) resistant green gram. The present investigation was carried out for screening of green gram RILs against Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and evaluation based on morphological characters and molecular markers. An attempt was made to evaluate microsatellite markers linked to the YMV resistance in a F6 generation of green gram. The genotypes, MGG 295, susceptible to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) and WGG 42 (Yadadri) resistant to YMV were chosen as parents for development of F6 population. The studies were carried out at Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and ARS Madhira, Khammam during 2019-2020 with 128 F6 RILs to elicit the information on nature and extent of the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and molecular evaluation for YMV.For molecular marker evaluation studyof 128 F6 RILs, SSR primers were employed. Observations were recorded on 13 characters viz., days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of cluster per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, pod length, seed yield per plant,100seed weight and percent of disease incidence under natural incidence of whitefly at hot spot. Results obtained conveyed that genetic variability was present for all the characters studied indicating that the RILs represented wide variability. The genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters studied were lesser than the phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating the modifying effects of the environment in association with the characters at genotypic level. High PCV and GCV estimates was noticed for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, number of cluster per plant and number of pods per cluster. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, number of cluster per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per pod and plant height indicating the role of additive genes in governing the inheritance of these traits and could be improved through selection. The traits seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant and number of pods per cluster had recorded high PCV, GCV, high heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicated these traits were less influenced by environment and possess high genetic variability.Hence these RILs would be suitable for green gram breeding programme to develop improved varieties. The parental DNA was extracted and screened with 185 microsatellite markers to detect the polymorphic markers. Out of these markers, 102 were amplified and 83 markers were not amplified. Of these 102 amplified markers, 15 primers showed polymorphism (14.7%) between the parents, and the rest of the markers were found to be monomorphic. All the 128 F6 lines were genotyped with the 8 polymorphic markers. CEDG228 was found to be significantly associated with the YMV resistance in green gram. Identification of molecular marker associated with resistance gene in the present study, will increase the efficiency and accuracy in YMV-resistance breeding program and this marker can be used in future for the development of high yielding YMV resistant cultivars in green gram.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR COLD TOLERANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2013) SRINIVAS, D; ANURADHA, CHIn the present investigation, 76 rice genotypes were evaluated for diversity to cold tolerance by employing morphological traits and SSR markers. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications at college farm, as well as in CRD at the laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2011. In the study the genotypes showed significant differences for days to germination, germination percentage, growth rate and seedling vigour at seedling stage. The highest germination percentage was observed with genotype Pusa superfast followed by IR-83222- 174 indicating their tolerance to cold. Gedanzipeton has the lowest germination percentage. Among 76 genotypes tested for various parameters the genotypes Pusa superfast, Emergency, IR-83222-174 and Tellahamsa exhibited tolerance to cold temperature prevailing at seedling stage in terms of leaf yellowing score. The seedlings of these genotypes remained green with higher growth rate. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant difference among genotypes for all the characters observed. Studies of genetic variability revealed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for the traits viz., number of tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, number of filled grains per panicle and total number of grains per panicle indicating simple selection can be practiced for improvement of these characters. Detection of minor differences between GCV and PCV for all the characters indicated less influence of environment on these characters. Morphological divergence by Euclidian2 method indicated the existence of significant diversity among genotypes which were grouped into nine clusters. Days to 50 percent flowering, unfilled grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and panicle length contributed maximum towards genetic diversity. Maximum difference among the genotypes within the same cluster was shown by cluster VII. The maximum inter cluster distance was noticed between the cluster VI and IX. From the inter cluster D2 values of nine clusters the highest divergence occurred between cluster VI and IX indicating their importance to contributing genetic diversity. Cluster VI and IX were represented by single genotype indicating high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes. The genotypes showing cold tolerance in terms of leaf yellowing score, germination percentage, days to germination and growth rate at seedling stage were grouped in cluster I, II, III and V indicating their divergence to cold tolerance from other clusters. Character association studies revealed that the character grain yield per plant showed significant positive association with filled grains per panicle, number of tillers per plant, total number of grains per panicle and panicle length. This indicated that simultaneous selection of all these characters were important for yield improvement. A critical analysis of the results by path analysis revealed that the traits number of filled grains per panicle, number of tillers per plant, panicle length and plant height were directly influencing the grain yield per plant. Hence, these traits were considered as important attributes in formulating selection criterion for achieving desired targets. Diversity analysis for cold tolerance through molecular markers was carried out employing 12 SSR markers. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 8 with a mean of 4.08 indicating greater magnitude of diversity among the genotypes. The PIC value ranged from 0.688 to 0.943 with an average of 0.855, conformed the markers used were highly informative. Cluster analysis using SSR markers revealed a dendrogram with range of 0.51 to 0.96 similarity indicating considerable amount of diversity among the genotypes. Cluster analysis was done with cold tolerant QTL linked markers. Cluster analysis using SSR markers revealed a dendrogram with range of 0.51 to 0.96 similarity index. The genotypes were grouped into two main clusters. Cluster I consisted of single genotype while the remaining 75 genotypes were accommodated in the cluster II, which was the major cluster. Cluster II was classified into two sub-clusters IIA and IIB. Cluster IIA consisted of single genotype while IIB had 74 genotypes. Cluster IIB sub grouped into IIB1 and IIB2.Cluster IIB1 consisted of single genotype while IIB2 had 73. IIB2 was a major cluster sub grouped into IIB2a and IIB2b. Cluster IIB2a contains 31 genotypes while cluster IIB2b had 42. Molecular and morphological analysis did not give similar results, but molecular markers (SSR) were more informative and could group the genotypes into different clusters based on their genetic constituency. But both can be complementary for assessment of diversity for cold tolerance and genotype identification in breeding programme. Based on the present study, cold tolerant (Tellahamsa, IR-83222-174,Emergency and Pusa superfast) and susceptible genotypes were identified. The findings of this study can be utilised in Breeding programmes and marker assisted Breeding for development of cold tolerant varieties for the benefit of the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2014) Lenin Kumar, Y; ANURADHA, CHAn investigation on genetic diversity for yield and yield related traits (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) was carried out during Rabi 2013-14 at experimental field of college farm, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), with 50 genotypes to elicit the information on nature and extent of the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence. Molecular diversity studies employing SSR primers are carried out. Observations were recorded on 14 yield attributing traits viz., days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, pod initiation, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating that the genotypes represented wide variability. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than the estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under study indicating the environmental influence over the traits. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per plant. The association of high heritability with high genetic advance was indicative of additive gene effects and could be improved through selection of these traits. The results of multivariate analysis revealed the presence of considerable genetic diversity among the 50 genotypes and were grouped into eight clusters as per D2 analysis. The grouping of genotypes into clusters was at random indicating that geographical isolation might not be the only factor causing genetic diversity. Cluster IV recorded highest mean value for number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster and pod length. Cluster VI showed maximum mean value for number of clusters per plant, 100 seed weight. Cluster VII showed highest mean value for Days to initial flowering, pod initiation, Days to maturity. Cluster VIII recorded the highest mean value for number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant, plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant. Based on cluster means and divergence, it was concluded that the hybridization between genotypes from two divergent clusters could produce desirable recombinants for grain yield. Among the characters studied relative contribution of number of seeds per plant (16.33%), number of clusters per plant (12.90%), seed yield per plant (8.41%), 50% flowering (8.33%) pods per plant (7.35%), number of Seeds per pod (5.63), were the major yield traits causing genetic divergence among accessions. From the correlation studies, it is observed that number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod length and number of seeds per pod showed highly significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant at genotypic level and improvement of these characters might contribute to high yields in blackgram. Path analysis revealed that highest positive direct effects on seed yield were exerted by number of seeds per plant followed by number of pods per plant, days to maturity, number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant and 100 seed weight. Therefore these characters must be given priority in selecting for high yielding varieties in blackgram. Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using fifty nine SSR primers employed of which 20 showed polymorphism and remaining primers were monomorphic. The PIC value ranged from 0.87 to 0.23 with an average value of 0.53. The highest PIC value was recorded in MB-14 and lowest in MB-7. A dendogram based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) grouped 48 blackgram genotypes into 2 clusters. Among these there is distinct variation recorded with the genotypes LBG-726, LBG-730 and LBG-738 with less similarity coefficient of 20 to 35 (%). So it is recommended to go for intraspecific variation within the genotypes based on multivariate analysis. If sufficient variability exists in the blackgram genotypes they are potential to be used in selection of suitable parents for breeding, genetic mapping studies and QTL analysis.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L).Hepper)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2015) JEEVULA NAIK, B; ANURADHA, CHBlackgram (Vigna mungo (L). Hepper) (2n=22) is an excellent source of easily digestible proteins with low flatulence which complements the staple rice diet in Asia. YMD affects many legumes in India and other south Asian countries and is caused by whitefly (BemisiatabaciGenn.) transmitted by Gemini viruses. These Plant viruses are responsible for a significant proportion of crop diseases. Blackgram (Vignamungo (L). Hepper) MYMV is the most destructive viral disease affecting yield potential of blackgram both qualitatively and quantitatively and ability to cause yield loss up to 85%.The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing MYMV resistant urdbean. In order to identify the markers linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene T9 (MYMV resistant) and LBG 759 (MYMV susceptible) parents were crossed to produce F1 and F2 mapping population. Parents P1 and P2, F1 and 112 F2 mapping population were subjected to natural screening to assess their resistance or susceptibility against MYMV. This study revealed that single recessive is governing the inheritance of resistance to MYMV. F2 mapping population segregated gene in 85 susceptible:27 resistant i.e 3:1 ratio showing that resistance to yellow mosaic virus is governed by monogenic recessive gene A total of 59 SSR markers were used to study parental polymorphism. Of these 12 SSR markers were found polymorphic showing 20.30% of polymorphism between the parents. These 12 markers were used to screen the F2 populations to find the markers linked to the resistance gene by bulk segregant analysis. The marker VR9 present on linkage group 8 clearly distinguished resistant and susceptible parents, bulks and ten F2 resistant and susceptible plants indicating that this marker is tightly linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L).Hepper)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2015) JEEVULA NAIK, B; ANURADHA, CHBlackgram (Vigna mungo (L). Hepper) (2n=22) is an excellent source of easily digestible proteins with low flatulence which complements the staple rice diet in Asia. YMD affects many legumes in India and other south Asian countries and is caused by whitefly (BemisiatabaciGenn.) transmitted by Gemini viruses. These Plant viruses are responsible for a significant proportion of crop diseases. Blackgram (Vignamungo (L). Hepper) MYMV is the most destructive viral disease affecting yield potential of blackgram both qualitatively and quantitatively and ability to cause yield loss up to 85%.The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing MYMV resistant urdbean. In order to identify the markers linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene T9 (MYMV resistant) and LBG 759 (MYMV susceptible) parents were crossed to produce F1 and F2 mapping population. Parents P1 and P2, F1 and 112 F2 mapping population were subjected to natural screening to assess their resistance or susceptibility against MYMV. This study revealed that single recessive is governing the inheritance of resistance to MYMV. F2 mapping population segregated gene in 85 susceptible:27 resistant i.e 3:1 ratio showing that resistance to yellow mosaic virus is governed by monogenic recessive gene A total of 59 SSR markers were used to study parental polymorphism. Of these 12 SSR markers were found polymorphic showing 20.30% of polymorphism between the parents. These 12 markers were used to screen the F2 populations to find the markers linked to the resistance gene by bulk segregant analysis. The marker VR9 present on linkage group 8 clearly distinguished resistant and susceptible parents, bulks and ten F2 resistant and susceptible plants indicating that this marker is tightly linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) RAMBABU, E; ANURADHA, CHBlackgram (Vigna mungo (L). Hepper) (2n=22) is one of the most highly valuable pulse crop, cultivated in almost all parts of india. It is a good source of easily digestible proteins, carbohydrates and other nutritional factors. Beside different biotic and abiotic constraints, viral diseases mostly yellow mosaic disease is the prime threat for massive economic loss in areas of production. The Yellow Mosaic disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV), a Gemini virus transmitted by whitefly ( Bemesia tabaciGenn) is one of the most downfall disease that has the ability to cause yield loss upto 85%. The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing MYMV resistance uradbeans. The investigation was carried out to find out the markers linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene, MYMV resistant parent T9 and MYMV susceptible parent LBG 759 were crossed to produce mapping population. Parents, F1 and 125 F2 individuals of a mapping population were subjected to natural screening to assess their reaction to against MYMV. This investigation revealed that single recessive gene is governing the inheritance of resistance to MYMV. F2 mapping population revealed segregation of the gene in 95 susceptible : 30 resistant i.e 1:3 ratio showing that resistance to yellow mosaic virus is governed by a monogenic recessive gene. A total of 50 SSR primers were used to study parental polymorphism. Of these 14 SSR markers were found polymorphic showing 28% of polymorphism between the parents. These fourteen markers were used to screen the F2 populations to find the markers linked to the resistance gene by bulk segregant analysis. The marker CEDG185 present on linkage group 8 clearly distinguished resistant and susceptible parents, bulks and ten F2 resistant and susceptible plants indicating that this marker is tightly linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene. F2 population was evaluated for productivity for nine different morphological traits namely height of the plant, number of branches, number of clusters, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, single plant yield and MYMV score. The presence of additive gene action was observed in the number of pods per plant, single plant yield, plant height, number of branches per plant, pod length whereas nonadditive genetic variance was observed in number of seeds per pod which indicate the epistatic and dominant environmental factors controlling the inheritance of these traits. The presence of additive gene indicates the availability of sufficient heritable variation that could be used in the selection programme and can be easily transferred to succeeding generations. The difference between GCV and PCV for pods per plant and seed yield per plant were high indicating the greater influence of environment on the expression of these characters, whereas, the remaining other traits were least influenced by environment. The increase in mean values in the segregating population indicates, scope for further improvement in traits like number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and pod length and other characters in subsequent generations (F3 and F4), there by facilitating selection of transgressive segregates in later generations. This marker CEDG185 is used to screen the large germplasm for YMV resistance. The material produced can be forwarded by single seed-descent method to develop RILS and can be used for mapping YMV resistance gene and validation of identified markers. High heritability, variability, genetic advance as percent mean in the segregating population can be handled under different selection schemes for improving productivity.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE IN GREENGRAM (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2014) ANUSHA, N; ANURADHA, CHMungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) (2n=22) is an excellent source of easily digestible proteins with low flatulence which complements the staple rice diet in Asia. The average yield of mungbean is very low, not only in India, but also in entire tropical and subtropical Asia. Plant viruses are responsible for a significant proportion of crop diseases. Among the various viral diseases, Yellow Mosaic Virus is most destructive viral disease and leads to severe yield reduction. The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing MYMV resistance mungbean. In order to identify the markers linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene MYMV resistant LGG 460 and MYMV susceptible PM 115 parents were crossed to produce F1 and F2 mapping population. Parents P1 and P2, F1 and 123 F2 mapping population were subjected to natural screening to assess their resistance or susceptibility against MYMV. This study revealed that single recessive gene is governing the inheritance of resistance to MYMV. F2 mapping population segregated in 91 susceptible: 32 resistant i.e. 3:1 ratio showing that resistance to yellow mosaic virus is governed by monogenic recessive gene. A total of 59 SSR primers were used to study parental polymorphism. Of these 13 SSR markers were found polymorphic showing 22.30% of polymorphism between the parents. These thirteen markers were used to screen the F2 populations to find the markers linked to the resistance gene by bulk segregant analysis. The marker MB14 present on linkage group 8 clearly distinguished resistant and susceptible parents, bulks and ten F2 resistant and susceptible plants indicating that this marker is tightly linked to yellow mosaic virus resistance gene. F2 population was evaluated for productivity for nine different morphological traits namely height of the plant, number of branches, number of clusters, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, single plant yield and MYMV score. The presence of additive gene action was observed in the number of pods per plant, single plant yield, plant height, number of branches per plant, pod length whereas non-additive genetic variance was observed in number of seeds per pod which indicate the epistatic and dominant environmental factors controlling the inheritance of these traits. The presence of additive gene indicates the availability of sufficient heritable variation that could be used in the selection programme and can be easily transferred to succeeding generations. The difference between GCV and PCV for pods per plant and seed yield per plant were high indicating the greater influence of environment on the expression of these characters, whereas, the remaining other traits were least influenced by environment. The increase in mean values in the segregating population indicates, scope for further improvement in traits like number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and pod length and other characters in subsequent generations (F3 and F4), there by facilitating selection of transgressive segregates in later generations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of YMV-resistance linked marker in greengram. This marker is used to screen the large germplasm for YMV resistance. The material generated can be forwarded by single seed-descent method to develop RILS and can be used for mapping YMV resistance gene and validation of identified markers. High heritability, variability, genetic advance as percent mean in the segregating population can be handled under different selection schemes for improving productivity.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION IN GREEN GRAM (Phaseolus aureus Wilczek)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2010) ANURADHA, CH; RAMESH, TOrganic inputs, namely Bio-Phos, Bio-Potash and Bio-Zinc obtained from M/s Prathista Industries Ltd., Hyderabad were analysed for their physico-chemical and chemical properties. The analytical data showed that the Bio-Phos was strongly acidic (pH 5.03) in reaction with EC of 4.88 dS m-1. The total organic carbon, N, P, K and Zn contents of Bio-Phos were 3.23, 0.016, 1.91, 1.0 and 0.11 percent, respectively. The analytical data of Bio-Potash showed that it was slightly acidic (pH 6.54) with EC of 6.66 dS m-1. The total organic carbon, N, P and K were 3.97, 0.042, 0.41 and 2.0 percent, respectively. The triacid extractable zinc content was 0.15 percent. The Bio- Zinc was slightly acidic (pH 6.31) with EC of 6.45 dS m-1. The total organic carbon, N, P and K contents in Bio-Zinc were 4.42, 0.032, 0.49 and 1.25 percent, respectively. The triacid extractable zinc in the Bio-Zinc was 0.502 percent. A pot culture experiment was conducted in red soil to study the effect of above Bio-Phos, Bio-Potash and Bio-Zinc on the growth and uptake of N, P, K and Zn by green gram which was used as test crop. The experiment was in completely randomised with factorial design and replicated thrice. There were eight treatments including one treatment as control i.e., with out any fertilizers. For the other seven treatments, the basic dose of N, P and K 20-40-20 was same. But in one of the treatments N, P and K were applied through urea, SSP and MOP, where as P was only substituted by Bio-Phos in one treatment, K only was substituted by Bio-Potash in another treatment, where P and K were substituted by Bio-Phos and Bio-Potash in one treatment. In the other two treatments only zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 was included to the basic dose of inorganic N, P and K in the form of ZnSO4 and Bio-Zinc, respectively. In the eighth treatment, P and K were substituted by Bio-Phos and Bio-Potash and Zn @ 5kg ha-1 was applied through Bio-Zinc. The results of analysis of pot culture experiment for plant samples revealed that highest dry matter, succulence, nodule number, N, P, K and Zn were recorded by the treatment T8 where P, K and Zn were supplied through organic inputs. The soil samples after harvest of green gram revealed that pH of the soil increased by the addition of organic inputs. The treatment T8 recorded the highest electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity of soils increased from 30 to 45 to 60 DAS. The highest soil organic carbon was recorded by the treatment T4 (20N-40P-20K where K was applied through Bio-Potash). The highest soil available N was recorded by the treatment T2 (20N-40P-20K applied through inorganic fertilizers). The highest soil available P2O5 was recorded by the treatment T3 where P was applied through Bio- Phos. The highest soil available K2O was recorded by the treatment T6 where N, P, K and ZnSO4 were applied through inorganic fertilizers. With increase in time from 30 to 45 DAS there was an increase in available K and organic carbon, and from 45 to 60 DAS the available potassium was decreased. The highest soil available zinc was recorded by the treatment T2 where N, P and K were applied through inorganic fertilizers. With increase in days after sowing from 30 to 60 days there was decrease in soil available nitrogen, phosphorous and zinc. Regression analysis revealed that 94 to 99 % variation in biomass and 64 to 87 % of seed yield could be explained by the uptake of nutrients. Bio-Phos along with Bio-Zinc influenced biomass, where as Bio-Zinc alone effected seed yield at crop harvest.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE IN GREENGRAM USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2013) JYOTHSNA NAND, M; ANURADHA, CHMungbean, (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an excellent source of easily digestible proteins with low flatulence which complements the staple rice diet in Asia. The protein is comparatively rich in lysine, an amino acid that is deficient in cereal grains but, cereals are rich in methionine, cystine and cystein, the sulphur bearing amino acids. The average yield of mungbean is very low, not only in India, but in entire tropical and subtropical Asia. Plant viruses are responsible for a significant proportion of crop diseases that result in serious crop losses. Among the various viral diseases, Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) is reported to be the most destructive viral disease caused by Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and it leads to severe yield reduction. The advancements in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation can be utilized in developing Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) resistant mungbean. The present investigation is on screening of mungbean genotypes against Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and identification of sources of resistance and to study the genetic diversity based on morphological characters and molecular markers. The genetic diversity studies were carried out during rabi 2012-2013 at experimental field of college farm in Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), with 50 genotypes to elicit the information on nature and extent of the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, trait correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence. For molecular diversity studies 54 genotypes employing SSR primers are carried out. Observations were recorded on 11 characters viz., days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to full maturity, 100- seed weight, seed yield per plant, pod length, 50% podding and percent of disease incidence. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating that the genotypes represented wide variability. The genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters studied were lesser than the phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating the modifying effects of the environment in association with the characters at genotypic level. High PCV and GCV estimates were observed for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant indicating the role of additive genes in governing the inheritance of these traits and could be improved through selection. The results of multivariate analysis of morphological data revealed the presence of considerable genetic diversity among the 50 genotypes studied which grouped into four clusters as per D2 analysis. Out of 11 characters studied, percent disease incidence (32.65%) contributed maximum towards divergence followed by number pods per plant (16.49%), number of seeds per pod (11.43%), seed yield per plant (6.86%), 100 seed weight(6.37%) and days to full maturity (6.12 %), days to initial flowering (5.80%), number of branches per plant (5.47%), days to 50% flowering (4.90%), 50% podding (2.94%) and pod length (0.98%). Crosses between genotypes LGG-542, PM-112, LGG-581 (II), MH-521, IPM/02- 03, MGG-350, IPM/02-19 (III) and LGG-537 (IV) are expected to exhibit high heterosis and might result in high yielding segregants with desired traits. Cluster IV showed the highest mean value for seed yield per plant. Cluster II recorded highest mean value for number of pods per plant. Cluster IV showed maximum mean value for 100 seed weight. Cluster IV recorded the highest mean value for number of seeds per pod. Cluster III recorded highest mean value for number of branches per plant, Cluster II recorded highest mean value in pod length and 50% podding. The correlation studies indicated that days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering, no. of branches per plant, no. of pods per plant, no. of seeds per plant, days to full maturity, 100 seed weight (g), pod length (cm) and 50% podding are positively and non significantly correlated with seed yield and simultaneous improvement of these characters along with seed yield is possible. The path analysis for seed yield revealed that number of seeds per pod, pod length, 50% podding and 100-seed weight has high positive direct effects and they would directly increase seed yield. In molecular diversity studies of 54 SSR primers employed only 14 primers detected polymorphism while remaining primers were monomorphic. The neighbour-joining tree developed based on weighted average for dissimilarity matrix using DARWIN, grouped the 54 genotypes into three clusters. Cluster-I contains 25 genotypes and the similarity coefficients ranged from 20-50% from similarity matrix, Cluster-II contains 15 genotypes and the similarity coefficients ranged from 22-62%, Cluster-III contains 14 genotypes and the similarity coefficients ranged from 16-45%. Both morphological traits and SSR markers were highly effective in estimating genetic diversity and distinguishing genotypes in mungbean. Direct selection for yield improvement through traits such as number of seeds per pod, pod length, 50% podding and 100 seed weight would be rewarding. Lowest diseased genotypes PM-113, LGG-545, LGG-564, IPM/02-10, LGG-548, LGG-496, LGG-538, LGG-580, LGG-544, LGG-551, LGG-537, LGG-577, MH/3-18, LGG-522, LGG-491, LGG-542, PM-115, LGG-558, LGG- 582, PUSA-06-072, LGG-572, LGG-460, LGG-578, LGG-575, LGG-540, LGG-581, LGG-568, LGG-543, LGG-569 and LGG-479 can be used to breed for resistance to MYMV.Sufficient variability exists in the mungbean genotypes which are potential to be used in selection of suitable parents for breeding, genetic mapping studies and QTL analysis.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo (L).Hepper) FOR YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RESISTANCE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2015) GEETHANJALI, K; ANURADHA, CHIn the present investigation,fifty two genotypes of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) were evaluated to study these genotypes against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) and to study the genetic diversity based on morphological characters and molecular markers. The genetic diversity studies were carried out during rabi 2014-15 at experimental field of college farm in Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University (PJTSAU) with fifty two genotypes to find out the information on Disease incidence and nature and extent of the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association, path analysis and genetic divergence. For molecular diversity studies 52 genotypes employing 50 SSR primers are carried out. Fifty two blackgram genotypes were screened for disease screening based on disease severity index by using 0-5 scale. Based on their reaction no genotype was found to be highly resistant, LBG-752 was resistant and MBG-1050 was observed highly susceptible. Observations were recorded on 12 characters, viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to full maturity, percent disease incidence , seed yield pre plant and 100 seed weight. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating that the genotypes represented wide variability. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than the estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under study indicating the environmental influence over the traits. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for plant height. The association of high heritability with high genetic advance was indicative of additive gene effects and could be improved through selection of these traits. Days to initial flowering, Days to 50% flowering, Days to full maturity and Disease incidence % were recorded high heritability with low genetic advance as percent mean, these characters are not inherited to generations hence these traits cannot used for selection. Based on the relative magnitude of D2 values, the genotypes were grouped into ten clusters. The cluster I was the largest comprising of twenty four genotypes followed by cluster II and III with eight genotypes, cluster IV with six genotypes and cluster V,VI,VII, VIII, IX and X with one genotype each. The highest divergence occurred between cluster IX and X (15.02), followed by cluster III and IV (14.07), cluster IV and VII(13.07) and cluster III and IX (12.96). Based on the inter cluster distances, hybridization between the genotypes from two divergent clusters could produce desirable recombination in yield. Among the characters studied relative contribution of days to initial flowering (22%) showed maximum towards divergence followed by percent disease incidence ( 21%), days to full maturity (19%), plant height (17%), 100 seed weight (5.58%), number of pods per plant (4.9%), days to 50% flowering (4.45%), number of clusters per plant (2.79%), number of branches per plant (0.83%), pod length (0.30%) and seed yield per plant (0%). From the correlation studies, it is observed that plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight, days to initial flowering, days to 50% flowering and days to full maturity showed positive correlation with seed yield per plant and improvement of these characters might contribute to high yields in blackgram. Path analysis revealed that highest positive direct effects on seed yield were exerted by number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod length, disease incidence percentage, days to initial flowering, number of branches per plant and plant height they would directly increase the seed yield. Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using fifty SSR primers employed of which 18 showed polymorphism and remaining primers were monomorphic. The PIC value ranged from 0.71 to -0.45 with an average value of 0.49. The highest PIC value was recorded in VR040 and lowest in VR-357. A dendrogram based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) grouped 52 blackgram genotypes into 2 clusters. Among these there is distinct variation recorded with the genotypes MBG-223, MBG-1034 and LBG-685 with less similarity coefficient of 55 to 65 (%). So it is recommended to go for intra specific variation within the genotypes based on multivariate analysis. Both morphological traits and SSR markers were highly effective in estimating genetic diversity and distinguishing genotypes in blackgram. Direct selection for yield improvement through traits such as number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to 50% flowering and 100 seed weight would be rewarding. Lowest diseased genotypes T9, LBG-752, LBG-685, LBG-402, LBG-17, BG-7, KU-12-06, RU-13-108 and RU 12-05 can be used to breed for resistance to MYMV. Sufficient variability exists in urdbean genotypes which are potential to be used in selection of suitable parents for breeding, genetic mapping studies and QTL analysis.