GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDIES IN CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.) UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS
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Date
1997
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AAU, Anand
Abstract
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an important seed spice crop cultivated in Rajasthan and Gujarat. In these states, the crop is being damaged heavily by the wilt, blight and powdery mildew diseases. In certain seasons, Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria burnsii devastates the complete crop area when appears in epidemic form. In the absence of wide genetic variability and resistance source in presently cultivated species, knowledge of callus induction and somatic embryogenesis is essential for making efficient use of tissue culture technique in cumin crop improvement. Therefore, it is essential to standardize the technique for callus induction from different explants, to identify the best hormonal combination and concentration for (1) Callus growth and differentiation as supplements to MS medium and subsequently use them to the genotype X environment (media) interaction and stability of media as well as genotypes and (2) to screen the calli of twelve different genotypes against Alternaria blight disease to isolate resistant cell lines. The experiments were conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory, Vegetable Research Unit, GAU, Anand Campus, Anand during 1992-96. Among the explants tested, hypocotyl and cotyledon responded well compared to leaf and root in callus induction studies. Hypocotyl had given significantly higher callus growth as compared to cotyledon explant. Of the various treatments used, MS medium supplemented with NAA (1.9 mgl-1) + Kn (1.1 mgl-1) followed by the treatments of MS + lAA (1.0 mgl-1) + Kn/BA (1.0 mgl-1) were found superior for good callus growth which yielded yellowish green/dark, green friable/semi friable calli. Studies on stability of media/genotypes using Eberhart and Russel (1966) model showed that all twelve genotypes performed differently for callus growth in all four media. All four media were found unstable for all genotypes and vice-versa. On the basis of higher mean performance, MS medium supplemented with lAA (1.0 mgl-1) + BA (1.0 mgl-1) was specifically adopted to the variety GC-1 and MC-43 only. Genotypic differential response was observed for callus growth parameters and somatic embryogenesis in hypocotyl and cotyledon explant of all twelve different genotypes. Of different genotypes, GC-1, MC-43, JC-19 and Hairy cumin responded to somatic embryogenesis on MS medium supplemented with lAA (1.0 mgl-1) and Kn (1.0 mgl-1). Maturation of somatic embryoids was obtained by the reducing the level of lAA (0.1 mgl-1) and keeping the same level of Kn and sucrose. Germination of embryoids was noticed on semisolid MS basal medium with 3% sucrose, however root initiation was not observed. For obtaining root induction, the regenerated shoots were transferred to modified MS basal medium with 3% sucrose and GC-1 variety ranked first in root induction as compared to other three genotypes. These rooted plantlets were transferred to MS basal medium for better growth of plants. Complete plantlets were developed in genotypes viz. GC-1, MC-43, JC-19 and Hairy cumin through somatic embryogenesis. All twelve genotypes were found susceptible to Alternaria blight disease under field condition. The GC-1 variety showed poor survival where as complete inhibition of callus growth was observed in other eleven genotypes at 5% test concentration of culture filtrate for 24 hours exposure. However, the surviving calli of GC-1 showed callus growth on non-toxic medium but somatic embryogenesis was not obtained. Present investigation revealed that the genotypic differential response was observed in all twelve genotypes for callus growth and somatic embryogenesis. Further, it was confirmed by differential disease reaction to Alternaria in in vitro condition. There is scope to induce genetic variation or development of resistant plants to Alternaria disease by isolating resistant cell lines, which was not possible by traditional breeding method.
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PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS, Agriculture, A CASE STUDY