Comparison of cytologic, immunohistologic and molecular methods for the diagnosis and prognosis of canine mammary tumors
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Date
2017
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Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
Abstract
The spontaneously occurring canine mammary tumor (CMT) is considered as an excellent model for human breast cancer instigating a large number of immunohistochemical studies. The present investigation was aimed at finding cytology and immunocytochemistry as alternative methods for diagnosis, prognosis and molecular classification of CMT. The studies revealed more involvement of caudo-inguinal and inguinal glands in older dogs (mean age 9.9±0.28 years). All cases of CMT were malignant on fine needle aspiration cytology, inclusive of carcinomas (33%), carcinosarcomas (44.4%), sarcomas (14.80%) and ‗others‘ (11.11%) in decreasing order. Whereas, the excisional biopsy of 23 samples pinpointed 39.13%, 30.43%, 26.08% and 4.35% cases of carcinomas, carcinosarcomas, sarcomas and ‗others‘, respectively. Most cases of CMT were found in the advanced stage and high grade. The immunocytochemistry done on 19 cases showed ERα, ERβ, PR, Her2, CK and vimentin expression in 57.89%, 73.68%, 63.16%, 36.84%, 73.68% and 89.47%, respectively, whereas, immunohistochemistry outlined ERα, ERβ, PR, Her2, CK and vimentin expression in 34.78%, 69.57%, 60.86%, 39.13%, 82.60% and 91.30% cases, respectively. Ki67 expression was observed in 65.21% cases. The diagnostic accuracy of cytology versus histopathology was 100% for malignancy, but 65% for sub-type determination. Both showed a moderate to good correlation in delineating molecular markers of CMT. The real time qPCR showed that down regulation of ER and PR expression was noted in majority of cases. Serum and tissue ELISA for estradiol, progesterone, IL-8, TNFα and CA15.3 revealed a significant increase than controls. Survival studies indicated poor survival with increase in grade, stage and Her2 expression and decrease in ERβ and PR expression. Pilot cell block studies were encouraging. The study signifies the importance of cytology in diagnosis and prognosis of CMT, hitherto poorly documented in veterinary literature.
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