EFFECTS OF COMBINATION OF SYNERGISTS WITH CRUDE ETHANOLIC HERBAL EXTRACTS OF CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM AND LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS

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dc.contributor.advisorAjith Kumar K.G
dc.contributor.authorPRASHANT S KURBET
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-17T07:39:29Z
dc.date.available2023-03-17T07:39:29Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-15
dc.descriptionSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE in Veterinary Parasitologyen_US
dc.description.abstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the anti-tick activity due to addition of the synergists viz., piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S, S, S-tributyl phosphotrithioate (DEF) with crude ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum philippinum and Leucas lavandulifolia against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and to evaluate the effects of these treatments on the reproductive organs of R. (B.) annulatus L. lavandulifolia (Family: Lamiaceae) and C. philippinum Schauer (Family: Verbenaceae) are generally annual spreading herbs seen in cultivated fields, wastelands and roadsides throughout India. Acaricidal effects of these plants were reported earlier. In order to increase the acaricidal activity, inhibition of fecundity and inhibition of hatching of eggs laid by treated ticks, the synergists like piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl phosphotrithioate (DEF) and tripheny phosphate (TPP) were added along with crude ethanolic extracts of L. lavandulifolia and C. philippinum at a ratio of 0.5:1. The addition of TPP, PBO and DEF to the crude ethanolic extract of L. lavandulifolia increased the adult tick mortality to 2.95, 2.95 and 0.51-fold respectively. In addition, the inhibition of fecundity increased 2.00, 1.98 and 1.65 times after addition of these synergists to the crude extract. The addition of TPP, PBO and DEF to the crude ethanolic extract of C. philippinum increased the adult tick mortality 1.90, 1.77 and 1.36 fold respectively. The inhibition of fecundity also increased 1.56, 1.54 and 1.49 times respectively. The present investigation revealed that the synergists TPP and PBO were the ideal synergists for producing adulticidal effects when combined with crude ethanolic extracts. The effect of extracts, sysnergists and synergised extracts were testedagainst the larvae of R. (B.) annulatus using larval packet test (LPT). The extracts of L. lavandulifolia alone exhibited larval mortality of 1.81 per cent at 1.1 per cent(IFD50) concentration. Similarly, at 0.55 per cent PBO, DEF and TPP exhibited 33.41, 88.57 and 33.58 per cent larval mortality. The highest larval mortality (99.09 ± 0.91 per cent) was seen when 1.1 per cent L. lavandulifolia synergised with 0.55 per cent DEF, PBO and TPP synergized extracts caused 97.66 ± 0.78 per cent and 71.97± 3.70 per cent mortality respectively. The crude ethanolic extract of C philippinum alone exhibited larval mortality of 0.36 ± 0.36 per cent at 0.4 per cent (IFD50 concentration). Similarly, when synergist alone was tested at 0.20 per cent concentration each, DEF, PBO and TPP exhibited 92.50, 76.94, and 0.00 per cent larval mortality respectively. The highest larval mortality (93.71 ± 2.00per cent) was seen when 0.4 per cent C. philippinum synergised with 0.2 per cent DEF. However, the larval mortality induced by the DEF synergised extract did not significantly increase when compared with DEF alone. Though PBO synergized extract also caused significantly high mortality, it was only 26.49 ± 7.37 per cent. However, TPP synergized extract of C. philippinum could not induce any larval mortality. Larval mortality caused by L. lavandulifolia. extract increased 39.76, 53.95 and 55.10 fold after addition of TPP, PBO and DEF respectively. Similarly, larval mortality caused by C. philippinum. extract also increased 0.00, 73.58 and 260.30-fold respectively. Hence, DEF was identified as better synergist causing larvicidal activity in combination with crude ethanolic plant extracts. Histological changes observed in the oocytes of ticks treated with synergized extract were reduction in size of oocytes, reduced basophilia of type I oocytes, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, reduced the amount of yolk granules, irregular shape, presence of vacuoles in the germ vesicle, decrease in the content of yolk droplets. Possible acaricidal bioactive molecules identified using GC-MS analysis in the crude ethanolic extracts of L. lavandulifolia and C. philippinum were benzaldehyde, caryophyllene, Octadec-9-enoic acid and hexadecanoic acid.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810195352
dc.keywordsCOMBINATION OF SYNERGISTS WITH CRUDE ETHANOLIC HERBAL EXTRACTS OF CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM, LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS, SYNERGISTS WITH CRUDE ETHANOLIC HERBAL EXTRACTS, TICKS , HERBAL ACARICIDES , Leucas lavandulifolia , Taxonomical classification, Botanical description, Insecticidal and acaricidal activity, Clerodendrum philippinum, Insecticidal activity , SOLVENTS, POSSIBLE BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN THE HERBAL EXTRACT WITH ANTITICK ACTIVITY, SYNERGISTS, Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), Synergists with herbal extracts , HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY, Ovary and oocyte,Acaricide induced histological changes in the oocyteen_US
dc.language.isoEnglishen_US
dc.pages170 p.en_US
dc.publisherCOLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODEen_US
dc.research.problemComparison of anti-tick activity due to addition of the synergists viz., piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S, S, S-tributyl phosphotrithioate (DEF) with crude ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum philippinum and Leucas lavandulifolia popularly known as “chendumulla/ Kattumulla” and “Rudrapushpam/Thumba” respectively against Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus , Evaluation of effects of treatments on the reproductive organs of R. (B.) annulatus.en_US
dc.subVeterinary Parasitologyen_US
dc.themeCOMBINATION OF SYNERGISTS WITH CRUDE ETHANOLIC HERBAL EXTRACTS OF CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM AND LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS, \en_US
dc.these.typeM.V.Sc.en_US
dc.titleEFFECTS OF COMBINATION OF SYNERGISTS WITH CRUDE ETHANOLIC HERBAL EXTRACTS OF CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM AND LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUSen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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