OCCURRENCE OF ENROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN BEEF AND COW MILK
| dc.contributor.advisor | Dr. C. Latha | |
| dc.contributor.author | JISNA JAMAL P. P | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-08-12T07:16:42Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2024-08-12T07:16:42Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2023-03-22 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat thatchallenges the scope and ability of modern medicine to effectively treat common bacterial infections. The present study was conducted for the isolation and identification of enrofloxacin and tetracycline resistant K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. from beef and raw cow milk samples. A total of 200 beef and 200 raw cow milk samples were collected from different retail outlets and milk societies of Thrissur and Palakkad districts. The samples were collected during a span of 10 months, from January 2022 to October 2022. The samples were subjected to conventional culture techniques followed by biochemical tests for the preliminary identification of the organisms. On analysis of milk samples from both districts, highest number of K. pneumoniae was obtained from Palakkad (86 per cent) district, followed by Thrissur (69 per cent) district. In the case of beef samples, 45 per cent and 30 per cent revealed the presence of K. pneumoniae from Thrissur and Palakkad districts, respectively. On statistical analysis, it was revealed that, the difference in occurrence of K. pneumoniae in milk samples from Thrissur and Palakkad districts were significant (p<0.01). Similarly, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the occurrence of K. pneumoniae in beef samples from Thrissur and Palakkad districts. Among the 200 milk samples analysed, seven per cent of the samples from Palakkad district and five per cent of samples from Thrissur district were contaminated with Salmonella spp. A higher amount of Salmonella spp. was detected in beef samples from Thrissur (17 per cent) and Palakkad (12 per cent) districts. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in occurrence of Salmonella spp. in both milk and beef samples from Thrissur and Palakkad districts. On molecular confirmation, 91.03 per cent K. pneumoniae and all theSalmonella spp. isolates generated amplicons specific for rpoB and invA genes, respectively by PCR. None of the Salmonella spp. isolates in this study amplified virulence specific spvC gene on PCR. The confirmed isolates were subjected to phenotypic confirmation of antibiotic resistance by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test against 15 commonly used antibiotics. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index was calculated for both K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. The MAR index for K. pneumoniae isolates analysed in this study ranged from 0.06 to 0.6, and that of Salmonella spp. showed a range of 0.06 to 0.33. The phenotypically enrofloxacin resistant isolates were subjected to Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay (MAMA) PCR, to detect point mutations in gyrA and parC genes. The gyrAmutations were detected in 13 isolates of K. pneumoniae and three isolates of Salmonella spp. isolates. None of the isolates in this study showed parC mutations on MAMA PCR. The enrofloxacin resistant isolates were also screened for the presence of plasmid mediated quinolone resistant, qnrS gene. A total of 31 isolates, comprising 23 isolates of K. pneumoniae and eight isolates of Salmonella spp. amplified qnrS gene on PCR. Genotypic confirmations of tetracycline resistance in the isolates were done by targeting the tetracycline resistant genes tetA, tetB, tetO and tetX on PCR. The presence of tetA gene was detected in 58.7 per cent of K. pneumoniae isolates and 80 per cent of Salmonella spp. isolates. The gene tetB was detected in 43.48 per cent and 50 per cent of K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. organisms respectively. None of the isolates amplified tetO and tetX genes on PCR. The representative amplicons of the resistant genes were sequenced and submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and accession numbers were obtained. The results of the study revealed that beef and milk acts as an important reservoir of enrofloxacin and tetracycline resistant K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. This highlights an urgent need for the implementation of control strategies in management of food animals and handling of food products. In order to effectively control the emergence and spread of the resistance, inter-sectoral collaboration and a One Health Approach incorporating agriculture, animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, human medicine and environment science should be adopted. The use of antimicrobials in human and animals should be monitored and specific control policies which acknowledge the use of antimicrobials in food producing animals should be developed. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810213142 | |
| dc.keywords | OCCURRENCE OF ENROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN BEEF AND COW MILK | |
| dc.keywords | ENROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE | |
| dc.keywords | ENROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND SALMONELLA SPP. | |
| dc.language.iso | English | |
| dc.pages | 198 | |
| dc.publisher | COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY | |
| dc.research.problem | Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. in beef and cow milk samples from Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala , Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based detection of virulence genes of the isolates, Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates by phenotypic as well as genotypic assays | |
| dc.sub | Veterinary Public Health | |
| dc.theme | Occurrence of enrofloxacin and tetracycline resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. in beef and cow milk | |
| dc.these.type | M.V.Sc. | |
| dc.title | OCCURRENCE OF ENROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN BEEF AND COW MILK | |
| dc.type | Thesis |