Effect of Spirulina feeding on sequential pathology of Infectious bursal disease vaccine in broiler chicken
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of chickens manifested by inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius and various degrees of immunosuppression. A number of vaccination strategies have been applied in the field to control IBD. Live commercially available hot strains of vaccines for IBD lead to varying levels of immunosuppression which increases the bird’s vulnerability to various infections. The present study was conducted to observe the effect of Spirulina feeding on sequential pathology of Infectious bursal disease vaccine (IBDV) in broiler chickens. One hundred and two day old chickens were reared up to 38th day of age. At the age of 10 days, chickens were divided randomly into four groups (groups A (33), B (27), C (21) and D (21) having different number of chickens. From 10 to 20 days, feed of all the chickens of group B and D was supplemented with probiotic Spirulina at the dose rate of 1.0 % of feed (i.e. 1.0 g/ 100 gm of feed) whereas all chickens of group A and C were given feed without Spirulina supplementation. All the chickens of group C and D were vaccinated with IBDV intermediate plus strain vaccine at the age of 17 days whereas no vaccine was given to the chickens of groups A, and B. Mild clinical signs were observed in broiler chickens after vaccination in vaccinated groups. Chickens in group C (IBDV vaccinated) showed mild dullness, depression, anorexia with reduced feed and water intake. Whitish coloured diarrhoea was also observed in few chickens at 7 and 14 day post vaccination (DPV). However in group D chickens (vaccinated and Spirulina fed) above mentioned clinical signs were milder in nature and were also observed only in few chickens throughout the experiment. Mean body weight in Spirulina fed group B was found to be significantly higher among all the groups. Mean body weight of group C was found significantly lower among all the groups. Spirulina supplementation increased the mean body weight in group D. Mean values of bursal index was higher in group B as compared to control group. There was significant reduction in bursal index in IBD vaccination. Spirulina was able to
significantly increase the bursal index in IBD vaccinated chickens. There was higher concentration of serum total protein and albumin in Spirulina fed group B. There was significant lower concentration of serum total protein and albumin in IBD vaccinate group chickens. Spirulina supplementation was able to slightly reduce the effect of IBD vaccine on total protein and albumin level. There was significantly lower activity of serum aspartate transaminase in Spirulina fed group however significantly higher activity was observed in IBD vaccinated alone group indicating that Spirulina supplementations in IBD vaccinated chickens was able to reduce the activity of this enzyme. IBD vaccination led to significantly higher activity of alanine transaminase in vaccinated chickens. Spirulina supplementation in IBDV vaccinated chickens helped to reduce the activity of this enzyme to some extent. A significant higher creatinine concentration was observed in IBDV vaccinated groups (C and D). Spirulina supplementation in IBD vaccinated chickens helped to keep the concentration of creatinine at lower levels. Mean blood urea nitrogen concentration (BUN) concentrations were slightly higher in the vaccinated groups (C and D). Amongst vaccinated groups (C and D) little higher values of serum BUN level was found in group C as compared to group D. Serum ALP activity was found to be significantly higher in group C (IBDV vaccinated). However Spirulina supplementation in IBD vaccinated chickens reduces the activity of this enzyme to some extent. SOD activity was found significantly lower in the vaccinated group chickens whereas Spirulina supplementation in IBD vaccinated chickens slightly increased the activity of this enzyme to some extent. There was significantly lower catalase activity in the vaccinated group C and group D. Amongst both the vaccinated groups C and D, there was non-significant lower values of catalase activity in group C as compared to group D. Spirulina supplementation in IBD vaccinated chickens slightly increases the activity of this enzyme in IBD vaccinated chickens. The glutathione reductase activity was lower in group B chickens among all the groups. Glutathione reductase activity was significantly higher in the IBDV vaccinated group C chickens. Among both the vaccinated groups (group C and D) glutathione activity was significant lower in group D chickens as compared to group C chickens. Lipid peroxidation activity (LPO) was significantly higher in group C chickens and Spirulina supplementation in IBD vaccinated chickens slightly reduces the activity of this enzyme in IBD vaccinated chickens. Gross lesion score in different organs as well as overall gross lesion score was higher in IBD vaccinated chickens. Microscopic lesions in IBD vaccinated chickens were hepatitis, inflammatory reaction around portal area in liver, congestion, haemorrhage, and tubular degeneration in kidney. Congestion and haemorrhage in lungs, intestine, thymus, spleen and caecal tonslis. Depletion of lymphocyte in bursal follicle, interfollicular inflammatory reaction and fibrosis was seen in bursa. Spirulina was able to reduce the gross and microscopic lesions score to some extent as compared to Spirulina non supplemented group chickens. Spirulina was able to provide 73.61% GLS basis and 58.40% HLS basis protection in IBDV vaccinated chickens.
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