AGE RELATED ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF HIP JOINT OF BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)

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dc.contributor.advisorDr. V. CHINNI PREETAM
dc.contributor.authorSUNDARI RANJITH KUMAR
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-06T13:30:08Z
dc.date.available2023-11-06T13:30:08Z
dc.date.issued2021-08-06
dc.description.abstract“Age related anatomical changes in articular cartilage of hip joint of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)” was conducted to study in detail the anatomical features of articular cartilage in twenty four intact hip joints of apparently healthy buffaloes procured from GHMC Abbattoir, Hyderabad. Proximal epiphysis of femur and intact acetabulum were taken afresh and divided into four groups viz., Group I (prenatal), Group II (Birth - 3yrs), Group III (3 – 6 yrs) and Group IV (6 yrs and above). Gross and morphometric details like thickness of femoral head and acetabular AC, width of acetabular AC, average diameter and depth of acetabular cavity coupled with microscopic and SEM features of AC in fresh tissue samples were studied by H & E, Van Gieson‟s, Masson‟s trichrome and Safranin „O‟ stains and SEM facility at Ruska labs respectively. Morphological features of AC of femoral head and acetabulum revealed that both articular surfaces were covered by a strip of AC made up of hyaline cartilage adjacent to sub-chondral bone in post-natal groups, whereas in prenatal stage entire proximal epiphysis of femoral head and acetabulum was purely hyaline cartilage since AC was not yet differentiated. In post-natal groups (II, III and IV) a layer of mature AC covered the hemispherical femoral head entirely and also the lunate part of acetabulum. Femoral head AC blended peripherally with epiphyseal cartilage and covered the surface of the neck merging into cartilaginous structure of the trochanter. Thickness of femoral head AC reduced marginally with advancing age in various points of articular surface of femoral head viz., lateral surface, at neck and at midpoint. It was 1.89 mm, 1.38 mm and 1.49 mm thick in Gr-II which reduced to 1.64 mm, 1.37 mm and 1.36 mm in Gr-IV respectively. As age advanced, average length and width of femoral head increased fivefold from 2.83 and 2.43 cm in Gr-I (prenatal) to nearly 10.77 and 9.43 cm in Gr-IV (postnatal) specimens respectively. Surface of AC in young specimens was shiny pink in color in fresh state, whereas aged specimens it showed signs of yellowish discoloration and few indentations around the neck. Acetabular AC in post natal groups was continuous on antero-lateral and caudo-lateral aspects i.e., towards ilium and ischium respectively, whereas at medial part i.e., towards pubis it was separated on either side. Mean AC thickness of acetabulum at three points showed slight variation. Overall average width of acetabular AC increased with age viz., 23.85 mm to 28.95 mm in Gr- IV, whereas the dimensions of acetabulum like the diameter and depth revealed a steady increase with advancing age. In Gr-I thickness and width were 0.35 cm and 0.4 cm, which increased up to 5.38 cm and 4.11 cm in Gr – IV respectively. Irregular erosions towards centre of acetabulum were seen on AC surface in aged specimens of groups III and IV. Microscopic features of articular surface of femoral head in prenatal stage (Gr- I) was smooth and made up of hyaline cartilage. Increased cellularity was observed with slight eosinophila of matrix towards the surface. Superficial zone showed tangentially oriented flat and elongated, oval chondrocytes with dense nuclei randomly arranged in close proximity. Cartilage canals of different shapes were seen in deeper zone. In post-natal specimens from Gr-II onwards, femoral head AC was clearly seen over sub-chondral bone and its matrix comprised four zones viz., superficial zone accounting to 5 – 10 % of total AC thickness (TAT), second zone was almost 50 % to 60% of TAT followed by third zone, which was 20 to 30 % of TAT. Innermost calcified zone accounted to 10% of TAT. A clear tide mark separated deeper and calcified zones in femoral head AC in post natal specimens. Cellular profile of femoral head AC in post natal groups showed spindle shaped chondrocytes arranged tangentially to surface in first zone followed by a wide second zone with polymorphic chondrocytes in isogenous groups. Deeper third zone had cell nests oriented perpendicular to surface. Calcified zone was adjacent to irregularly outlined clear tidemark separating it from deeper zone. It consisted atrophied chondrocytes in moderate ICM. Age related changes were seen in femoral head AC, such as in Gr-IV there was decrease in number of chondrocytes within mid zone and large single chondrocytes adjacent to sub-chondral zone in pyknotic state. Microscopic features of acetabular AC showed that it was entirely cartilaginous in prenatal stage of Gr-I since AC was not yet differentiated. Articular surface was smooth with numerous chondrocytes in random arrangement in second zone. Large chondrocytes were in homogenous cartilage matrix in mid zone amongst cartilage canals. Acetabular AC was appreciable in all post-natal groups since it was clearly differentiated from underlying sub-chondral bone. Ligamentous tissue of acetabular labrum infiltrated into the AC on one side in specimens of groups II, III and IV. Deeper zone closer to tide mark showed larger chondrocytes in isogenous groups and calcified zone showed atrophied chondrocytes with few areas of calcification. In group III and IV specimens of five and half and eight years old surface of acetabular AC was uneven in outline. Second zone showed slightly large and oval chondrocytes in lacunae and deeper zone above the calcified part consisted elongated chondrocytes arranged in perpendicular columns. Acetabular labrum blended with AC of acetabulum at one side invaded by bundles of collagen. Superficial zone was devoid of chondrocytes in AC of Gr-IV specimens. Scanning electron microscopic features of articular surface of femoral head AC in Gr-I revealed a continuous surface without any break with longitudinal folds and numerous tightly packed chondrocytes, which were unidirectional and protruding outwards, separated by fine grooves. At much higher magnification uniformly dispersed chondrocytes protruded as hemispherical, irregular or spindle-shaped elongations, whose size ranged from 6.01 μm to maximum 8.39 μm. In Gr-II and III specimens AC surface of femoral head under SEM was smoother with few erythrocytes on surface. Protrusion of chondrocytes along with numerous minute debris of synovial fluid secretions was seen. At the junction of AC and sub-chondral bone cartilage matrix was smoother and osseous part comprised collagen fibres. Femoral head AC surface in specimens of Group III and IV revealed an uneven outline with deeply located cells and remnants of synovial fluid. Few cells were surrounded by a furrow caused by collapse of pericellular matrix. In group IV cross sectional SEM AC surface of femur showed finely cracked up longitudinal fissures with empty lacunae. Scanning electron microscopic features of prenatal stage of group I acetabular articular surface showed evenly outlined surface with fine longitudinal fissures and numerous chondrocytes along with few erythrocytes. AC was not yet differentiated at this stage. Whereas the AC surface of acetabulum in Gr-II consisted of pit like lacunae at the junction with sub-chondral bone. On higher magnification surface was uneven showing erosion like areas. In group III specimens cross sectional SEM features displayed chondrocytes in pairs of two or more in tiny pit like elliptical lacunae with minute secretions in few places. In the last group viz., Gr-IV the AC surface was uneven and mostly devoid of cells with large inter-cellular matrix and in few places granularity and patches of wear were noticed. Rough elevations giving an irregular appearance to AC along with few protruding cells were a feature in this group. Subchondral bone in post natal groups in SEM displayed thick bony trabaculae with wide spaces in between.
dc.identifier.otherSUNDARI RANJITH KUMAR
dc.identifier.urihttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810200447
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.pages123
dc.publisherPVNRTVU, HYDERABAD
dc.subPoultry Science
dc.themeP.Sc.
dc.these.typePh.D
dc.titleAGE RELATED ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF HIP JOINT OF BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
dc.typeThesis
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