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    ReportsItemOpen Access
    Development of Mono-picking pea variety of Mechanical Harvesting and Processing
    (Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Dhall, Rajinder Kumar
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the 159 genotypes for correlation and path analySIS at vegetable research farm, Punjab Agricultural Unversity, Ludhiana. The genotypes were sown in Randomized Block Design durmg 2018-19 and 2019-20 in three replications with row to row spacing of 30 cm and plant to plant spacing of 75 cm. The 45 kg Urea and 155 kg Super-phosphate per acre was applied before sowing. For weed control, Stomp 30 EC (pendimethalm) 1.0 litre per acre was applied within 1 days of sowing by dissolving in 150-200 litres of water. The crop was raised With recommended agronomic practices as mentioned in the Package of Practices of Vegetable crops. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The observations on 10 morphologial traits viz. node at which 1pod appears, plant height (cm). number of pods/plant, number of seeds pod. pod weight (g) shelling percentage, pod length (cm), and total yield plant ) were recorded by tagging five competitive plants from each plot while plot basis observations were made for days to 50% flowering and days to picking.
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    ReportsItemOpen Access
    Development of interspecific hybrids between Momordicacharantia x M. balsamina: Source of Root knot nematode resistance in bittergourd
    (Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Pathak, Mamta
    Bittergourd is an important vegetable mainly valued forits nutritional and medicinal properties. However, bitter gourd cultivation is seriously threatened due to the menace of root knot nematodes. Our studies have shown that M. balsamina possesses a high degree of resistance to this pest.Genetic resistance is the most viable alternative to contain this pest. In the present study refinement of the protocol for callus induction and plant regeneration in bittergourd has been done. Through tissue culture protocol for embryo culture for the interspecific hybrids has been standardized. Exact stage to collect the fruit for embryo culture has been identified. Interspecific hybrids between M. charantia with M. balsamina were confirmed with bittergourd specific SSR primers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS USING PARTIALLY DEFATTED PEANUT CAKE FLOUR ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MALNOURISHED CHILDREN
    (PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2016-07) Dhanesh, T. Bindhya; Kochhar, Anita
    Five nutritious value added products namely matthi, seviyan, pinni, panjiri and biscuits were developed using cereal-pulse flour (3:1), partially defatted peanut cake flour and green leafy vegetable powder for malnourished children. The products were first standardized with partially defatted peanut cake flour followed by fenugreek leaf powder in matthi and seviyan and spinach leaf powder in pinni, panjiri and biscuits. Matthi, seviyan and biscuits were acceptable at 10 per cent level while pinni and panjiri were acceptable with 15 per cent of peanut flour. Addition of fenugreek leaf powder was acceptable at 1 per cent in matthi and seviyan while spinach leaf powder was acceptable at 2 per cent in pinni and panjiri and 1.5 per cent in biscuits. Mean overall acceptability scores of developed products were significantly different (p < 0.01). The products were analyzed for nutritional composition. A significant (p < 0.01) difference was observed in terms of proximate composition among the developed products. Among the value added products, highest energy value was found as 492.85 kcal for pinni. Lysine and methionine content was observed highest in seviyan. In vitro protein digestibility was in the range of 60.22 to 80.13 per cent. The tannin content of the products decreased significantly. The developed products were stored in three different packaging material i.e. glass container, aluminium zip lock pouch+glass container and plastic zip pouch+glass container 90 days to check their shelf life and were found acceptable after sensory evaluation. To study the impact of supplementation of developed products on nutritional status of malnourished preschool children, a total of 110 children were selected from four ICDS centers of Ludhiana city. Out of total subjects, a sample of 60 preschool children in the age group of 3 to 5 years was selected for feeding trial on the basis of z scores. The subjects were divided into two groups i.e. experimental and control with 30 subjects in each group. The subjects of experimental group were supplemented with 120-150 g of the developed product for 120 days. A significant (p < 0.05), (p < 0.01) increase in intake of all food groups except for milk and milk products as well as all macro and micronutrients. An increase in weight (14.12%), BMI (14.64%), MUAC (1.64%), chest circumference (0.14%) and in biochemical parameters like blood albumin (17.35%), blood protein (9.28%) and haemoglobin (8.59%) was observed in the subjects of experimental group after supplementation. The developed products could be recommended for malnourished children under supplementary feeding programmes in the country.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATED SYSTEM IN SUB-MOUNTAINOUS ZONE OF PUNJAB
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2016) Rana, Daljit Singh; Kataria, Poonam
    The sub-mountainous region of the Punjab state, which is primarily rainfed, has undulating topography and is characterized by large number of production and socio -economic constraints. Livestock production is by default an integral part of this region, due to frequent crop failures. The study was undertaken with the primary objectives of characterising the crop livestock production system, gender wise employment, share in the farm income and to identify production and marketing constraints in the system in the sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. In order to accomplish the stipulated objectives of the study, primary data were collected from 240 respondents proportionately distributed over three land holding categories namely small (<5 acre), medium (5-10 acres) and large (>10 acres), from 6 blocks of Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar district representing the zone. The cultivable land constituted about 70 per cent of the total land holdings on small (4.28 acres) and medium farms (9.93 acres) with respective cropping intensity of 174 and 158 per cent. The cropping intensity on large farms was only 122 per cent. The adult cattle unit per farm were minimum on small farms (4.11), and maximum on large farms (6.13). The proportion of in-milk buffaloes and cross bred cattle were 88 and 85 per cent respectively on overall farm. All the cross bred cattle were of improved breed, but in case of buffaloes it was only 27 per cent. The purpose of rearing livestock was to earn additional income and impart economic stability to the farming system against risk arising out of crop failures due to natural calamities or damage by stray or wild animals. Total employment generated in the crop livestock integrated system was found to be 511 person days per annum with crop farming accounting for 42.5 per cent and the rest 57.5 per cent was attributable to livestock farming with a higher participation of women labour in case of livestock farming. The highest annual earnings from the crop livestock integrated system on per acre of operational holdings were obtained by s mall farmers (Rs 49,507/acre) followed by medium (Rs 36,612) and large farmers (Rs 36,430). As regards the net family income from different sources, the off-farm sources accounted for 40.8 per cent and crop livestock system accounted for 58.4 per cent on o verall basis. The analysis has conclusively brought about the importance of off- farm sources of employment in the livelihood security of this oft-neglected region of Punjab, the forerunner in agricultural development of the nation. Low yields, poor quality seeds, animal menace, fragmented land, poor extension services, non availability of processing units and poor connectivity to the market were found to be the major constraints in the crop production and non availability of high quality breeding bulls, hi gh cost of treatment, incidence of reproductive problems, high cost of feed and fodder, poor health care facilities, problem of disposal of unproductive animals were found to be the major constraints in the livestock production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DYNAMICS OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS IN RELATION TO CARBON UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS
    (Punajb Agricultural University, 2016) Prakash, Dhram; Benbi, D. K.
    Dynamics of phosphorus in soils were studied in relation to nutrient management and land-use practices. The nutrient management practices evaluated included source (rock phosphate and single superphosphate) and rates of P application in rice-wheat system; and integrated nutrient management (INM) and organic farming practices in basmati-wheat system in field experiments conducted at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The land-uses studied included ricewheat, maize-wheat, cotton-wheat and poplar based agroforestry systems at farmers’ fields in different districts of Punjab. After seven cycles of rice-wheat cropping, farmyard manure (FYM) and rock phosphate (RP) application increased available P and soil organic carbon (SOC) by 72% and 98%, respectively over control. Inorganic P constituted the largest proportion (88-92%) of total P in soil and relative abundance of different inorganic P fractions in soils followed the order Ca-Al associated > Fe associated > humic bound > water soluble P. In basmati-wheat system, application of recommended rates of NPK and adoption of INM improved available P in soil over unamended control by 75 and 100%, respectively. The comparison of three organic sources revealed that available P was the highest in soil receiving 400 kg N ha -1 through FYM followed by rice straw compost and the lowest in vermicompost-amended plots. Application of FYM significantly increased inorganic, organic and total P, SOC and labile C pools compared to INM treatments. The INM increased inorganic, organic and total P by 77, 82 and 78%, respectively over NPK. Humic-bound organic P constituted major proportion (39.5-49.5%) and water soluble organic P comprised the smallest proportion (0.83-2.5%) of organic P in soils under basmati-wheat system. Beneficial effects of different treatments on soil properties were higher in surface soil (0-7.5 cm), which decreased with soil depth. Generally, soil P fractions were positively correlated with soil C pools. Cumulative P released in 96 hours of equilibration increased with manure and fertilizer application either alone or in combination. Phosphorus release kinetics were best described by Elovich and power function equations (R 2 ≥0.98). Results of land-use studies showed that agroforestry systems had relatively higher proportion of organic P (27%) compared to sole cropping (6-7.7%). Soil organic C was the highest (0.58%) under agroforestry and was significantly correlated with soil P fractions under sole cropping systems. Soil properties viz. clay, organic C, CaCO3 and available P content significantly influenced soil P sorption and release kinetics. Phosphorus release decreased with increase in clay and CaCO 3 content. On the contrary, P release increased with increase in available P and organic C. The results suggested that P availability will be higher in coarse-textured, non-calcareous soils having higher levels of organic C and available P. Therefore, for efficient P management it is important to take into account soil texture, the existing soil P level, organic C content and calcareousness of soil. Practices that increase SOC content and ameliorate CaCO 3 could lead to improved P use efficiency.