Loading...
Theses
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Persistence, mitigation and leaching of atrazine and its metabolites in soil(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Priyanka; Duhan, AnilPersistence, mitigation and leaching potential of atrazine and its metabolites in sandy and clay loam soils was studied. Soil samples were collected periodically for dissipation and mitigation studies. Leaching experiment was performed at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils taken in plexi glass columns. Enzymatic activities were studied as per the explained method in available literature. Sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), was optimized using different solvents for both soils at fortification level of 0.001 μg/g for sample preparation. The limits of detection and quantification were ranged 0.0005-0.001 and 0.001-0.005μg/g, respectively for AT and metabolites. In clay loam and sandy loam soil, average recoveries of atrazine and metabolites ranged from 81.3-83.1% and 84.2-86.3%, respectively in methanol. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics. The residues reached below detectable limit after 30 and 60 days in sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Presence of organic manures stimulated while BGC inhibited the dissipation of atrazine in both soils. Urease activity decreased up to 30 days and boosted thereafter up to 60 days in all treatments of clay loam soil. AT exhibited deleterious effect on urease activity up to 30 DAT followed by DEA and DIA in clay loam soil. AT and DEA stimulated while DIA inhibited DHG activity on 0 DAT in comparison to control. The residues of atrazine and its metabolites found in leachate fractions suggested about its highly mobile nature, and possible threat of surface and ground water contamination. The presence of a notable collection of residues in leachate fractions suggests the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. DEA and DIA metabolites, in particular, caused springtail Folsomia candida and earthworm Eisenia fetida to have longer and more unacceptable risks. If residues similar to those found in leachate fractions reach water bodies, they may be toxic to a variety of freshwater fish, aquatic arthropods, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. Future research should take a more comprehensive approach to assessing ecological health and potential threats to non-target species.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular diversity and stability analysis for seed yield and its components in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.](CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Panchta, Ravish; Pahuja, S.K.Molecular diversity analysis was carried out to identify adaptable and stable genotypes of cluster bean for non-conventional season. A set of 25 cluster bean genotypes comprising released varieties and elite lines was evaluated under eight environments containing two locations Dry land research area Hisar and RRS Bawal. The experiment was conducted during summer and kharif seasons of years 2019 and 2020 in RBD with three replications. The sowing of summer crop was done during first week of March and kharif crop was sown between second fortnights of June to first week of July. In general, genotypes responded differently for various traits under different production systems. Morphological characterization of the genotypes was done based on eight qualitative characters. HG 6 was found shortest, early flowering and early maturing genotype. Seed yield per plot, number of cluster per plant and biological yield of HG 2-20 was found highest. Highest gum content was found in HG 3-52 while, HG75 was found least susceptible against bacterial leaf blight intensity. Clusters per plant, pods on main stem, pod length, branches per plant, biomass per plot, plant height, 100 seed weight and days to maturity towards seed yield while, ADF content, silica content and protein content towards BLB disease intensity were found to be important characters for cluster bean improvement. The G X E interaction was analyzed following two models i) Eberhart and Russell‘s (1966) and ii) AMMI (1997). The mean sum of squares due to genotype x environment interaction were significant for number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod length, number of branches per plant, harvest index, total clusters, protein content and seed yield per plot. Genotypes, RGC 1066 for seed yield per plot whereas, for gum content, HG 2-20, HG 870, HG 563, HG 365, HG 3-52, HG 6, HG 100, X-10, GG-1, RGC 1066, RGC 1033 were found suitable for all environments. Similarly, for low BLB intensity 17 genotypes were found suitable for all environments. According to AMMI biplot analysis, HG 100, RGC 1038, RGC 1066 and HG 870 for seed yield per plot; HG 870, HG 365, HG 100, X-10, GG-1, RGC 1066 and RGC 1033 for gum content and HG 870, HG 563, X-10, RGC 1055, RGC 1002 and RGS 3 were found stable with low BLB intensity were found suitable for general adaptation to all the environments. Markers used in the present investigation were moderately informative. Most of the important cultivated varieties were grouped into a cluster indicating important cultivars in cluster bean have a high level of genetic similarity and have a narrow genetic base.ThesisItem Open Access Development, characterization and application of bionanoconjugate on terminal heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Narender Mohan; Ajay PalTo ensure sustainable farming practices, nanotechnology in modern agriculture must address the worldwide issues of biotic and abiotic stress (Terminal Heat Stress) brought on by climate change and the population load on farms. Numerous biopolymers, including alginate, cellulose, chitin, and chitosan, have increased use in the new nanotechnology period to create new materials useful in crop growth and protection. Chitosan is the most extensively studied biomaterial in nanotechnology because it is the second most prevalent and conveniently accessible biopolymer after cellulose. Due to its unrestricted qualities, such as biocompatibility, antibacterial, biodegradability, and non-toxicity for plants, it is employed primarily as nanochitosan instead of as bulk throughout the world. Compared to pure/bulk chitosan or direct use of ionic metals, nanochitosan biopolymer has been deemed more valuable for its involvement in chelation with metal ions, such as Zn, Cu, Fe, etc. Herein we incorporated plant hormones (Salicylic acid) and metal (Zn) ions into ongoing cross linking of chitosan and TPP to create nano-composites/conjugates, leading to more pronounced and efficient effects on seed germination and screen house. The current study shows that the genotype, species, growth stage, ambient conditions, and ingredients/nutrients affect how plants react to BNCs. It is further inferred that applying BNCs with co-encapsulated SA and Zn improved the crop's resistance to stress. In combination with the slow-release capability of BNCs, it considerably improved the germination potential, antioxidant system, crop yield, and grain quality of both WH-1124 and WH-542, according to laboratory and pot studies. Additionally, we conclude that the synthesis of these BNCs may be accelerated further to assess their efficacy on other crops, which could be advantageous for the technical translation.ThesisItem Open Access Response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-10) Sangeet Kumar; Batra, V. K.The field experiment was conducted during spring summer season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the response of okra to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment combinations comprised of three levels of drip irrigation (80, 100 and 120% ET) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertigation (75, 100, and 125 kg/ha) as sub plots and three level of mulch (no mulch, white plastic mulch and yellow plastic mulch) as sub-sub plots and one control treatment replicated thrice. The growth parameters were recorded maximum under drip irrigation at 120% ET, 125 kg/N per ha and yellow plastic mulch as compared to other levels, respectively, whereas all the yield and quality parameters were recorded maximum with white plastic mulch, 125 kg/N per ha and drip irrigation at 100 and 80% ET, respectively, as compared to other levels. The use of plastic mulch minimizes the weed population and maximizes the weed control efficiency. The lowest Weed dry weight and weed density and maximum weed control efficiency were recorded with white plastic mulch. However, the maximum WUE (71.03, 60.10 and 65.56 kg/ha/mm, respectively) and NUE (152.47, 148.31 and 150.39 kg/ha/kg, respectively) was observed from the level drip irrigation at 80% ET and 125 kg/N per ha, respectively. Further, the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen fertigation and mulch significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest net returns (Rs.128289/ha and Rs.124478/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.00 and 1.99) were recorded in the treatment drip irrigation at 100% ET with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and white plastic mulch as compared to rest of the treatments combinations. In the end it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better quality, maximum NUE, WUE and net profit, the okra crop can be irrigated at 80% ET through drip irrigation in combination with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and milky white coloured plastic mulch.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of microRNAs targets in response to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sharma, Kritika; Yashveer, ShikhaMicroRNAs are small endogenous non-coding RNAs of about 20-24 nucleotides that play an important role in transcriptional and post transcriptional gene expression via directing mRNA cleavage, translational repression, chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation. RECent advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools have enhanced the study related to miRNA discovery and their putative roles in different molecular, biochemical and physiological processes. Development of miRNA and their target related markers have been identified in wheat and other crops which can be used for genetic diversity, population studies and genotype identification in crop improvement programmes of wheat. In this study, a total of 1,14,216 targets were predicted for eight hundred ninety four miRNAs using psRNAtarget tool. About one thousand five hundred twenty-two SSR markers were developed from twenty three targets and validated by insilico PCR. Expression studies were also conducted to study the relative expression of six genes S-adenosylmethionine synthase (ADENO29), Cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CYS4), lipoxygenase (LIPO37), Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (VAC9), Triticum aestivum Salt Response Gene (TaSRG) and stress repressive zinc finger protein 1 (TaSRZ) in six wheat genotypes; WH1105, HD2967 and WH711 (Salt sensitive) and KRL 210, WH157 and Kharchia65 (salt tolerant). Expression of vacuolar cation/proton exchanger gene was found to be high in all genotypes under salt stress (ECe 8dS/m). This gene was targeted by aof-miR12159, ath-miR5025, ath-miR5029 and osa-miR160e-3p miRNA. So these four miRNA might be salt responsive miRNA in wheat. Further studies may possibly reveal the mechanism of these miRNAs under salt stress.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of parasites and minerals on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Khushbu; Gulati, RachnaOn the basis of cultural area, shrimp farmers were classified into three groups: small farmers having up to 2 ha area, medium farmers with 2 to 4 ha area and large farmers having above 4 ha area. Maximum shrimp farmers procured shrimp seed of size post larvae PL 9-11from Tamil Nadu (60%) followed by West Bengal (25%) and Andhra Pradesh (15%) at price ranges between 0.50-0.60₹. Shrimp farmers stocked their ponds at different densities: less than 40 (70%), 40-60 (26%), above 60 (4%) numbers/m2. The shrimp farmers raised two crops (65%), more than two (35%) every year. The majority of shrimp farmers physically checked the soil and water quality characteristics of the ponds on weekly (35%) and monthly basis (65%). Fifty eight percent shrimp farmer faced poor feed conversion ratio (>1.5) and forty percent good FCR (<1.5). Farmers generally engaged farm consultants (87%) from adjacent shrimp farms and two laborers per hectare are employed from surrounding villages and other states and they were paid 8000-15000₹/labor/month. In 90-120 days, the average shrimp harvest yielded 5000 kg to 9000 kg/ha/crop.The total and operational cost was 3164561, 3051033.03, 2930496.03₹ and 2461473.00, 2379772.00 and 2305630₹ for small, medium and larger farmer. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 1.05, 1.15 and 1.23. Bacterial disease was maximum recorded at Faridabad (17%) followed by Fatehabad (14%), Gurugram (13%), Jind(11%), Bhiwani (11%), Dadri (7%), Kaithal (6%) , Hisar (4%) and Jhajjhar (4%) and least number of bacterial disease was encountered at Rohtak shrimp culture pond (2%). The plankton analysis of shrimp culture ponds of Haryana recorded that varied between 50000-126,000/m3. Maximum concentration of nickel, zinc, copper, cobalt and chromium was at Guroothi (0.307ppm), Meham (1.680ppm), Bangaon (0.840ppm), Bangaon(0.560ppm), Kalayat (0.812ppm) and Kherilamba (3.225ppm). Growth performance of shrimp revealed that pathogenicity of Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei varied with different challenge methods in L. vannamei. EHP challenge via oral and injection in HP were more potent in reducing the growth of shrimps. It indicated that significantly higher Litopenaeusvannameiweight was recorded in healthy shrimp of control at all days of exposure and lesser increase in weight was recordedin oral (1.33g to 2.85g) and injection in hepatopancreas (1.44g-2.84g)method of EHP infection. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (0 ppm) and it decreased to 8.47, 7.88, 5.30, 3.83, 3.37, 3.12g with an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0.5 to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (102ppm) and it increased to 12.21, 12.90, 16.83g with an increase in calcium oxide dose from 200-600ppm. But at concentration higher than 600ppm weight of shrimps was significantly decrease 6.64, 5.29g at 700ppm and 800ppm. The results on the growth performance of shrimp revealed that higher doses of potassium chloride showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (155ppm) and it increased to 14.18, 14.99, 18.34, 23.23g with an increase in magnesium sulphate dose from 200-700 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (852ppm) and it increased to 13.33, 14.14, 17.49, 22.38 with an increase in sodium chloride dose from 1000 to 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. he LC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent mortality occur in L. vannamei) along with regression statistics for zinc sulphate, calcium oxide, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride was 0.71,720, 505.5,1 284 and 8565.4ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (7.89 g) in Azolla based feed than commercial feed (6.55g).ThesisItem Open Access Study on green consumerism towards sustainable development(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Santosh Kumari; Dua, KavitaGreen consumer is environmentally and socially conscious and very concerned about the environment and, therefore, only purchases products that are environmentally-friendly or eco-friendly. The present study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state i.e. Hisar and Bhiwani. Two blocks from each district were randomly selected. Further, 75 respondents from each village was selected randomly. Thus, total 4 villages were selected to conduct the study thus making total sample size of 300 respondents for objective 1. For objectives 3twenty five respondents having low pre-exposure knowledge and also who were willing to attend the trainings were purposively selected from each village. Thus, total respondents were 100 (25 from each village). Knowledge was imparted to 100 respondents by imparting trainings through lecture-cum-demonstration and through multimedia (booklet, leaflet, poster and videos) prepared by the researcher. After a period of one month, impact of trainings on these 100 respondents was assessed in terms of gain in knowledge. A well structured and pretested interview schedule was developed according to the objectives of the study. It was found that majority of respondents regarding socio economic status showed that 43.0% of respondents belong from upper middle class. Maximum of respondents (44.7.3%) had medium family education status. This shows that more than half (51.2%) of the respondents had overall low knowledge and awareness at pre-exposure stage. Majority of respondents did not follow the eco friendly practices while purchase products at pre exposure stage. The results show that highly significant gain in knowledge was observed in all the respondents regarding all aspects of green consumerism at post exposure stage and highly gain in knowledge was found in awareness about ordinary products responsible for environmental degradation (9.76) and eco friendly home appliances (12.82). Positive correlation was found in all independent variables at 1% level of significant with gain in knowledge.ThesisItem Open Access An intervention study on reproductive health and family life of rural women in Haryana state(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Diksha; Singh, C.K.Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It reflects health during childhood and crucial during adolescence adulthood, sets and stages for health beyond reproductive years for both women and men, and affects the health of the next generation young people‖ covering the age group of 10-24 years. Family planning (FP) is a solution to control population growth and stop today‘s unsustainable growth. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines family planning as allowing ‗people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility‘. This paper investigates the knowledge and attitude of reproductive health, family life, family planning and birth control in rural women of Haryana state. An intervention programme to improve the knowledge and attitude of reproductive health, family life, family planning and birth control of low performing rural women was imparted. The study was conducted in ten randomly selected villages of Hisar and Jind district of Haryana state. From selected villages 300 respondents in the age group of 18 to 25 years were selected randomly. Results revealed that respondents had moderate knowledge regarding reproductive health and family life and had favorable attitude towards family planning methods.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of chemical fertilizer use in India(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Sharma, Nitin; Pannu, R S.Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in foodgrain production. the effectiveness of fertiliser in enhancing crop productivity is apparent, excessive fertiliser usage has negative environmental repercussions because nutrients pollute the hydrosphere or biosphere. In view of the aforementioned facts, the current research will focus on an economic analysis of chemical fertiliser usage in India the study used both primary and secondary data to fulfil the objective of the study. The present study was conducted in four districts (two from each zone) of Haryana, namely Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad and Yamuna Nagar districts, based on the fertilizer consumption under major crops during 2018-19. Both primary, as well as secondary data, were used for attaining the objectives of the study. The growth of consumption was positive during the period from 1990-91 to 2019-20 Thus, there was considerable increase consumption of fertilizer. Except from the period 2010-11 to 2019-20, phosphorus and potash show negative growth rate. Intensity of fertilizer use was highest in Bihar followed by Pondicherry, Punjab and Haryana. Highest production of fertilizer was in Uttar Pradesh Followed by Maharashtra, UP, MP and Punjab. Whereas Haryana was at rank 13 with the consumption of 1410.45 thousand tonnes in 2019-20. There is increasing trend in the consumption of Urea, DAP, MOP and CAN except CAN. The Paddy wheat cropping system was one of the most prominent cropping systems. Cotton wheat cropping system was second most preferred system followed by the farmers. In BR W cropping system there was negative technology gap, in case of nitrogen and phosphorus there was negative and low technology gap, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium negative. In NBR W cropping system there was negative and very low technology gap in case of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium and positive. In all other cropping system technology gap was medium to high and positive which means the consumption of fertilizer is low as compare to recommendation. Area Under HYV, cropping intensity had signification effect on consumption of fertilizer in Haryana where as in case of Yamuna Nagar and Faridabad price of potash was found to be negative and statistically significant. The results depicted the government policy impact the consumption on fertilizer which affect the balance use of fertilizer. From the results we conclude that policy has direct impact on prices of fertilizer which affect the purchasing power of farmers.
