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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur
The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively.
Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively.
On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs.
In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc.
During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU).
Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on certain gastro-intestinal nematodes with special reference to those found in goats(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sathianesan, V; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RLife history of Triohuris globuloss has been elucidated for the fist time using kids !q as experimental animals. Both free living and parasitic stages have been described in detail with illustrations. The prepatent period of Triohuric globuloss was found to be 85-89 days. T.globulosa failed to develop in guniea pig on experimental transmission. Haematology and histopathology of trichuriacis in kids experimentally infected with T.globulosa have been studied for the first time and heavy infection with the worm was found to cause anaemia and pathology changes in cacum of the host. Prepatent period of Strongyloides napillosus in kids infected orally with 7000 larva has been determined for the first time to be 6-7 days. Neoasoais vitulorum of calves has been found to be not transferable to oat either transplacentally or orally. In gunia pigs M.Vitulorum failed to attain sexual maturity. Calves could not be infected with infected with M.vitulorum post-nataly. Oesphagostomum colubianum of goats has been found to be not transferable to calves. Prepatent period of O.colusbionum in kids infected experimentally was found to be 40 days. Comparative efficacy of 4 anthelminties viz., Oxibendazole, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole was increased by conducting treatment trials. Against monospecific infection of Trichuris globulosa in experimentally infected kids the efficacies of Oxibendazile, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole at the recommended doses of 10mg.50mg, 10mg and 30 mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 48.6%, 41%,47.3% and 49.3% respectively. Even at double the recommended doses the anthelminations were found to be well tolerated by the kids. Oxibendazole and Albendazole at the rate of 10mg and 10mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 100% found to be 100 % effective against colubriformise, effective against respectively were Haemonohus contortue, trichostrongylus .Thiopanate at the recommended dosage (59mg/kg body weight) was also 100% effective against all he nematodes mentioned above except Haemonous contortus against which it was only 97% effective at that dosage. Parbendazole at the recommended dosage shedule (30mg/kg body weight) was 100% effective against the nematodes with the exception of .against which only 86.6% efficacy was noticed. Against in nature nematodes in the gastro-intestinal tract Oxibendazole and Albendazole were 100% effective whereas the efficacies of P`arbendazole and thiophanate were 85% and 74% respectively at their recommended doses. In in vitro studies the anthelmintic efficacy of Oxibendasole against Haemonchus contortus was found to be superior to that of the remaining anthelminties. In ovicidal property also, Oxibendazole was better than all the others, since it was ovicidal in 6 hours after administration whereas albendazole, thiophanate and Parbendazole were ovicidal in 8 hours, 9 hour and 11 hours respectively. Albendazole was found to be superior to al the other 3 anthelmintion in their influences on the body weight gain of treated animals closely followed by Oxibendazole. Perbendazole and thiophanate were inferior to others Judging on the basis of over all efficacies Oxibendazole and Albendazole were found to be superior to thiophanate and Parbendasole. Treatment trials with Oxibendazole, Albendazole and thiophanate against gastro-intestinal nematodes of goats have not been attempted earlier than the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies in sweet potato (ipomoea batatas(l.)lam.) a biometric approach(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1979) Joseph, C A; KAU; Mary George, KIn a varietal evaluation of 40 varieties of sweet potato all the 15 characters studied showed highly significant differences among the varieties. This was also expressed in the higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation. The high degree of variability especially in tuber characters offers scope for recombining desirable genes from different varieties. Tuber yield showed significant positive correlation with number of tubers, tuber diameter and harvest index, and significant negative correlation with internode length, vine length and top weight. Path-coefficient analysis revealed that among the first order components of tuber yield, tuber diameter, length and number and top weight had high positive direct effects while leaf area index had a negative direct effect. A comparison of the direct and indirect effects of first and second order components revealed that while selecting for high yielding types, a balanced approach may be adopted with regard to the different yield attributes. Genetic divergence in the available germ plasm was estimated using the Mahalanobis' D2 statistic and based on this the 40 varieties were grouped into 12 clusters. The number of verities in each cluster ranged from one to eight. The divergence between different clusters was not always due to divergence in the same set of characters but a combination of different sets of characters. Out of the fifteen characters studied seven viz., tuber diameter, vine length, number of branches, number of tubers, tuber yield, top weight and number of leaves accounted for more than 80 per cent of the divergence in the material. Canonical analysis also more or less confirmed the grouping of the verities made by Tocher's method. Eight varieties selected on the basis of genetic divergence were used for progeny studies. All these varieties were found to be completely self-incompatible. It is observed that time of pollination markedly affected fruit and seed set. Maximum fruit and seed set was obtained between 7 and 7.30 a.m. And it progressively decreased as time passes. The weather conditions prevailing during the period of anthesis and pollination also influenced fruit and seed set. Maximum, minimum and mean temperature had significant negative correlation with both fruit and seed set. Path-coefficient anaysis revealed that most of the weather elements studied had negative direct effect on fruit and seed set. The total contribution of weather elements alone on fruit and seed set worked out to 40 and 32.5 percent respectively and hence any study on incompatibility and sterility in sweet potato may be conducted under controlled environmental conditions for reliable results. Genetic analysis of quantitative characters was done utilising line x tester and open pollinated progenies of the eight selected varieties. In the open pollinated progenies, existence of non- additive and environmental effects were observed in top weight, vine length, tuber diameter and leaf area index, and additive effects in number of leaves, number of tubers and tuber yield. In the line x tester progenies, additive variance was high compared to non- additive components in all the characters except the number of branches. The regression coefficients of progenies on male and mid- parental values were significant in seven out of ten characters in the line x teater progenies and in four characters on female parental values in the open pollinated progenies. The standardised regression coefficients reduced the magnitude and variability in the regression coefficients to some extent. The estimates of broad sense heritability from the varietal evaluation was higher in magnitude for most of the characters than the estimates of narrow sense heritability obtained from components of variance in open pollinated and line x tester progenies. Tuber yield showed 70.61 and 43.65 per cent heritability from the components of variance analyses in the open pollinated and line x tester progenies respectively, while number of tubers showed 82.75 and 70.07 per cent heritability. The variance between males was significant in respect of top weight, vine length, number of leaves, number of tubers, tuber diameter, leaf area index and harvest index, while the variance between females was significant only in tuber length. Significant reciprocal differences were observed in top weight, number of tubers, leaf area index and harvest index. With respect to general combining ability significant positive effects were observed in number of tubers in the varieties J.29 and H.42, tuber length in Palchakram and H.42, tuber diamter in IB.40 and Chakkaravalli and harvest index in J.29 and Palchakram. Significant heterotic effects were observed in a number of vine and tuber characters in both hybrid and open pollinated progenies. Seven hybrid progenies showed significant increase in tuber yield which ranged from 31.25 to 84.63 per cent over the higher parental values. Both hybrid and open pollinated progenies gave heterotic combinations for economic characters. The varieties which gave heterotic progenies by open pollination have performed well in certain hybrid combinations also. Considering the difficulties in the large scale hybridization and production of hybrid seedling, it is suggested that open pollination in selected varieties especially good combiners can be adopted as a quick and efficient method for varietal improvement in sweet potatoThesisItem Open Access Studies on the biology, pathogenicity and treatment of important nematodes of domestic duck(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1977) Chandrasekharan, K; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RStudies on the incidence of nematode infections in 340 domestic ducks indicated that 67.94% of birds harboured one or more species of the following nematodes viz., Amidostomum globocaudata skrjabini , capillaria contorta, capillaria , Echinuria uncinate, Epomidiostum uncinatum, Eustrongylides papilosus, Strongyloides avium and tetramers antis. The rate of infection was highest in the case of Epomidiostomum uncinatum (41.86% ) and lowest in the case of strongyloides avium (0.59%). The lifecycles of Echinuria uncinata and Tetramers anatis were worked out in detail. It was established that Tetramers anatis was distinct from Tetramers Fissispina. The complete details of the morphology of juveniles both within the intermediate and final hosts were given. The juveniles of Echinuria uncinata completed the first and second moultings on the third and fifth day respectively and the stage juveiles reached infective stage on the seventh day following infection in Daphnia pulex at a room temperature ranging from 25 to 30C0. In ducklings the juveniles underwent the third and fourth moultings on the third and seventh day respectively and the eggs of the parasite were first found in the droppings on the thirty- third day. The juveniles of Tetramers anatis completed first mopulting on the third day, the second moulting on the fifth day and the third stage encysted in fat bodies of the grasshopper, Spathosternum prasiniferum. The third stage juveniles attained infective stage on the sixth day following infection. Within the ducklings, the parasite underwent the third moulting on the third day. The fourth moulting in respect of males was seen on the nineth day and in the case of females on the tenth day. The prepatent period of the parasite was found to be 24 days. Development of the juveniles was also noticed in five other species of grasshoppers viz., Oxya nitidula, Oedaleus abruptus, Conocephalus maculatus, Ducetia Japonica and Atractomorpha crenulata. No development of Tetrameres anatis, beyound the first stage was observed inDaphnia Pulex and Daphnia Magna on experimental infection. Anaemic changes with significant reduction in weight gain and haematological values were observed in experimental infections of Tetrameres anatis, Amidostomum skrjabini and Epomidiostomum uncinatum. Histopathological changes like haemorrahage, desquamation of cells, catarrbal inflammation and necrosis were seen in experimental tetramerosis. Ulceration and atrophy were also evident in amidostomiasis and epomidiostomiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of 9 drugs against adult worms of Tetrameres anatis, Amidostomum skrjabini and Epomidiostomum uncinatum under experimental infections were determined. The efficacies against tetramerosis, amidostomiasis and epomidiostomiasis were 79.23%,32.15% and 79.88% with Tetramisole by drochloride at 50 mg/kg body weight; 70.36%, 52.42% and 50.23% with phenothiazine at 500 mg/kg; 26.85%, 74.8% and 65.68% with Morantel tartrate at 40mg/kg; 45.70% 67.29% and 57.84% with Parbendazole at 100 mg/kg; 41,0%’63/93% and 43.13% with Thiabendazole at 200 mg/kg; 59.28%,61.06% and 52.66% with Carbontetrachloride at 2ml/kg; 35.94%, 30,12% and 13.13% with Methyridine at 200 mg/kg; 28.87% 20.17% and 11.32% with Disophenol at 10 mg/kg and 31.02%, 39.04% and 12.66% with Cashewnut shell oil at 10 g/kg body weight respeectively. The drug Rametin at 200 mg/kg was found to be fatal to ducklings. In a cross infection trial delyed development and lesser percentage of establishement of Ascaridia galli of fowl origin were observed in ducklings as compared to chicks.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the common ticks affecting live-stock in Kerala(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Rajamohan, K; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RAn investigation was conducted for a period of 5 years from 1974 to 1979 in to the incidence of ticks on domestic animals in Kerala, the biology of the most common species, and their susceptibility to four commonly available organo phosphorus compounds.. Nine different species of ticks belonging to 5 genera were collected from cattle, buffaloes, goats and dogs in different localities of the eleven districts of Kerala. The species of ticks identified were boophilus annulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.haemaphusaloides, R.turanicus, haemaphysalis bispinosa, H. turturis, H.spinigera, Hyalomma anatolicum and Amblyomma integrum. The commonest among them was boophilus annulatus, which was found mainly on cattle. The incidence of this tick was very high in the hilly areas and in the western ghat regions. The other common ticks found on cattle were Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. Tick infestation was found to be rare in buffaloes and goats and the common species found on them were Haemaphysalis bispinosa and B. annulatus. IN dogs the species recorded in the present study were Rhipicephalus sanguienus and R. turanicus. Variations in incidence was evidenced from the present study. The maximum incidence was found in the months of July, August, September, October and November. The life-cycle of B.annulatus was completed experimentally in a period 44 days. The maximum number of eggs produced by one tick was 1420 and minimum 680. The incubation period was dependent on the room temperature and variation in humidity had little influence. The larvae were found to prefer hairy areas of the body for attachment, and they did not attach at the hairless and exposed areas. The engorged females were found to drop off quickly when green grass was spread on the floor of the experimental animal’s shed. The life-cycle patter could be summarised as: Pre-oviposition : 1 to 6 days Oviposition : 5 to 9 days Incubation period : 16 to 30 days Larval fasting : 2 to 5 days Larval feeding : 4 to 7 days Larval moulting : 8th to 12th day of infection Nymphal feeding : 3 to 6 days Moulting of Nymph : 15 to 19th day of infection Adult feeding : 5 to 10 days Detatchment of female : From 20th day of infection onwards Four organophosphorous compounds viz. Malathion, Fenitrothion, Dichlorvos and Phosalone were tested for their action on ticks. The ovicidal and larvicidal actions and the lethal effects on nymphas and engorged females of B. annulatus, R sanguinius and H. bispinosa were studied in the laboratory. Cythion (malathion 50%) 0.5 to 1%, Sumithion (Fenitrothion 50 %) 0.5 to 1%, Dichlorvos (Nuvan) 0.1 to 0.2%, and Zolone (Phosalone 35 %) 0.2 to 0.3% were found effective at different degrees. The efficacy was directly proportional to the concentration of compound and the duration of treatment. Phosalone showed maximum efficacy followed by Dichlorvos. In field trials, all the four compounds gave satisfactory results. But phosalone showed maximum efficacy and least toxicity to animals. Nuvan was also effective but was the most toxic among the four compounds. Thus the acaricide of choice for routine use in Kerala was determined to be Phosalone (35%) at a concentration of 0.3% to be used as a spray or wash.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the metabolic activity of the productive system of chicken(Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) Ramakrishna Pillai, M G; KAU; Nirmalan, GInformation on the specific role of onzymes in controlling the various biochemical events leading to formation of an egg in the avian oviduct is scanty. Hence, it was considered worth while to investigate the onzyme pattern in the plasma and in the reproductive organs in white Leghorn and white Plymouth Rock breeds of fowls, and to studyt the tissue localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases by histochemical techniques. The influences of various oxogenous sex hormones on the development and onzyne pattern of the female reproductive organs was also studied. The blood plasma and tissue homogenatee of the reproductive organs were assayed for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaainace , acid phosphatase, glutante pyruvate transaminases and glucose-6- phosphatase. Many of the enzymes studied were present in the plasma and tissue homogenates without any significant breed difference. Acid phosphatase activity could not be detected in he blood [plasma of one-to-two-months-old white Leghorn and White Plymouth rock birds. In the white plymouth rock chicken,ma glutanate pyruvate transaminase activity also could not be detected. Alkaline activity was higher in the ovary of White Leghorn breed of fowls. phosphatase In the two-to-three-month-old pullets, White Plymouth rock bird showed higher concentration of glucose-6-phosphatase in their oviducts. Five-to six-month-old folwle of both the breed did not show any plasma acid phosphatase activity. But in the infundibulue, activities of both the transminaces were higher in the White Leghorn fowle. Glutamate pyruvate tranminance activity in white Plyouth rock oviducvt was conficed to the megaum and isthmue. While there was not significant difference in the morophological development of the oviduet in immature chicken under the influences of different combination of stilbestrol diprepienate and testoateronar propionate or stilbestrol dipropionate and progeetrone compared to chickens on stil bestrol dipropionate alone the White Leghorn chickens receiving stilbostrol dipropinate and testoaterins propicnate showed higher ovariam levels of acid phosphatase and glutamate transminase. pyruvate Oviducal contents of acid phosphatase, glutamate oxalocetate and glutamate pyruvate transminases were also high. In the white Plymouth rock ehicken, on the other hand, lower concentration of plasma glutnate pyruvate transmainase and lower levels of oviducal alkaline phosphatase, acid phophatase and glutanate oxalocetate transminace were evident. In between the two experimental groups, the white Plymouth rock chickens had higher content of acid phosphatase in the iethmus and glucose-6-phosphatase in the varina. But, among the control groups higher contents of plasma glutamae pyruvate transaminase and oviducak alkaline phosphatase were seen in he whit plymouth rock chicks. Stilbestrol dipropionate and progreaterone administation resulted in higher oviducal concentraion of glutamate oxalocacetate tamsmionase in white plymouth rock chicks. Glutamate pyruvate tranmnase activity could tissues studied. In white Leghorn experimental chicks the ovarian acid phosphatase content was less than their corresponding control chicks. Histochemical localisation of alkline phosphatase was seen in all the region of the female reproductive organs in both the breeds. Ovarian localization of the enzyme was in the follicular optithelium and strima with strong reaction for the enzyme in many of the blood veacole. The reaction was of stronger intensity in magmm and gvagina coupared to other regionsof the oviduct. Localization of acid phosphatase was similar to that of alkaline phosphatase. The histochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the various regions of the female reproductive organs developed under the influence of different sex hormones were similar to those seen in adult fowls. However, the intensity of the staining reaction for the ensyme in the reproductive organs of chicks developed under the influence of stilbestrol dipropionate was more compared to that of the other two experimental groups.ThesisItem Open Access Pedologic studies on lateritic catenary sequences occuring in Kerala(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Venugopal, V K; KAU; Koshy, M NThree toposequences were identified at Varkala, Poruvazhy and Kalliaserry in the midland laterite regions of Kerala using soil maps prepared by the Soil Survey Wing of the Department of Agriculture. A systematic study of these catenary sequences along transects extending from crest to valley was made. Profile pits were dug at the different physiographic positions of the transects, viz., crest, upper midslope, nearly level lower slope and valley at each of these sites are examined for their morphological features. Soil samples representing the different horizons were also collected for laboratory studies. The physicochemical charecteristics, mineral assemblage of fine sand fraction and the minerology of the clays in the profile samples were studied with a view to relating these properties to the genesis of the four diverse groups of soils formed in the transects . Patterns of similarity or otherwise between the three locations of widely different conditions and the four physiographic positions were brought out .ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of multiple cropping on soil fertility and crop yields in wet land(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1978) Sasidhar, V K; KAU; Sadanandan, NThe problem entitled "Studies on the effect of multiple cropping on soil fertility and crop yields in wet land" was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum during the years 1974-76 to assess the effect of five cropping patterns, viz, rice-rice-sweet potato, rice-rice-cowpea, rice-rice-sesamum, rice-rice- groundnut and rice-rice-rice on the various physical and chemical properties of soil and yield of crops and finally to find out the most suitable and efficient cropping pattern. The study revealed that rice-rice-groundnut was the most efficient and suitable cropping pattern for the wet land. The maximum yield per hectare as well as per day was recorded by sweet potato and the minimum by sesamum. While the maximum annual yield was recorded by the cropping pattern rice-rice-sweet potato, the minimum was from the cropping pattern rice-rice-sesamum during both the years. The dry matter production per hectare per year from individual cropping patterns was maximum in rice-rice- sweet potato and minimum in rice-rice-cowpea during the first year and the corresponding rotations were rice-rice- groundnut and rice-rice-sesamum during the second year. The maximum economic returns were obtained from the cropping pattern rice-rice-groundnut during both the years. While the minimum economic returns were obtained from the cropping pattern rice-rice-cowpea during the first year it was from rice-rice-rice during the second year.. Soil fertility studies showed that cropping pattern rice-rice-sweet potato resulted in decrease in bulk density, pH and total nitrogen and increase in water stable aggregates, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, C : N ratio, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potash, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable, magnesium, and exchangeable hydrogen. The cropping pattern rice-rice-cowpea resulted in decrease in bulk density, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, c : 11 ratio, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium and increase in water stable aggregates, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potash and / exchangeable hydrogen. While there was decrease in bulk density, pH and total nitrogen there was increase in cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, G : N ratio, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potash, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable hydrogen in the cropping pattern rice-rice-sesamum. The rice-rice-groundnut cropping pattern resulted in decrease in bulk density, pH,cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, G : W ratio and increase in,water stable aggregates, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potash, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable hydrogen. However, cropping pattern rice-rice-rice resulted in increase in bulk density, 0 * N ratio, exchangeable hydrogen and decrease in water stable aggregates, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potash, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium. While virippu rice was most efficient, in utilizing nitrogen for dry matter production, cowpea was least efficient in this regard. The groundnut crop showed maximum efficiency in the utilization of phosphorus and potash for dry matter production. While sesamum was least efficient in the case of phosphorus it was sweet potato in the case of potash. The highest and the lowest protein yields wereobtained during first and second years from the cropping /pattern rice-rice-groundnut and rice-rice-sesamum respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Biology ecology and host plant relations of the brown planthopper, Nilavaravata lugens Stal(Division of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 1977) Thomas, M J; KAU; Gopalakrishnan, Nair M RThesisItem Open Access Investigations on the microbial deterioration of copra(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1978) Susamma, Philip; KAU; Ramanatha, Menon
