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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Author: Chandra Rajeswari, K × End date: 1999 × Start date: 1999 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of ephedrine and 4-aminopyridine - yohimbine combination in reversing the ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in rabbits
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandra Rajeswari, K; KAU; Chandrashekaran Nair, A M
    An attempt was made to assess the efficacy of ephedrine as a reversing agent in comparison with the known antagonists combination, yohimbine and 4-AP in xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits. The study was conducted in thirty two NewZealand White rabbits divided into four groups of eight each. All the four groups (C, Tj , T2 and T3) were anaesthetized with 5 mg/kg xylazine and 50 mg/kg ketamine administered intramuscularlyat 15 min. interval. Group 'C' served as control, groups Tj , T2 and T3 served as treatments. In the middle of anaesthesia i.e., 30 min. after induction of anaesthesia, group T 1 received yohimbine and 4-AP combination (0.125 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively IN), group T2 were given ephedrine (10 mg/kg IN) and group T 3 received with ephedrine (20 mg/kg IN). The anaesthetic parameters like the sequence and time of disappearance and reappearance of righting, corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hind limb pedal reflexes, duration of anaesthesia, arousal and recovery time were observed for all groups. The rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 min. during anaesthesia and also after complete recovery. Haemogram was also studied before, during and also after complete recovery from anaesthesia. The sequence and time of disappearance of reflexes are as follows. Righting reflex was the first to disappear (1.4 min.) followed by hindlimb pedal, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes disappeared at 3.7, 4.5 and 4.6 min. respectively after ketamine administration in all the four groups. The mean time for disappearance of aforesaid reflexes showed no significant variation among the different groups as the same anaesthetic schedule was adopted for all the groups. Animals regained consciousness with the onset of Zwangsnagen reflex, followed by reappearance of corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hindlimb pedal reflex. Time for appearance of Zwangsnagen, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes were significantly reduced in treatment groups when compared to control and there was no significant difference between treatment groups for these parameters. Time for reappearance of hindlimb pedal reflex was significantly shorter for group T3 when compared to groups Tl and In companson with control group (60.6 min.) the mean duration of anaesthesia was significantly reduced for treatment groups Tb T2 and T3 (33.6, 34.2 and 31.1 min. respectively). This decrease was significantly greater in T3 when compared to T 1 and T 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant di fference between T 1 and T 2 in duration of anaesthesia. All the four groups differ significantly from each other in the arousal and recovery time. Shortest arousal time was recorded in T 1 group (9.1 min.) followed by T3 (21.3 min.) and T2 (35.5 min.). Arousal time in control group was 103.85 min. The duration of time taken for recovery was greater for control group (86.9 min.) followed by groups Tl and T2 (65.4 and 56.0 min. respectively). These values were found to be significantly shorter for the group T 3 (41.5 min.). The rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates were significantly decreased below normal values during xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. These parameters were found to be increased significantly after administration of reversing agents in all treatment groups when compared to control group. The study of haemogram showed that Hb, PC V, total RBC and total leucocyte counts were significantly decreased during anaesthesia. These haematological changes were completely reversed by administration of reversing agents in treatment groups. From the results of the present study it could be concluded that ephedrine can be used as an alternative to yohimbine and 4-AP combination in reversing the anaesthesia produced by xylazine-ketamine combination in rabbits.