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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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2009 - 20105
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2010 × Start date: 2009 ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of sevoflurane for maintenance of propofol anaesthesia in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Raghavan, K S; KAU; Narayanan, M K
    The present study was aimed to determine the efficacy of sevoflurane for maintaining propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The study was conducted in 12 dogs of either sex, different age groups, breed and body weight brought for various surgical procedures at Veterinary hospitals Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. Six healthy animals for surgical procedures with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status level I and II for anaesthesia were included in Group I and those six animals for surgical procedures in compromised condition with ASA status level III and IV were included in Group II. Glycopyrrolate at the rate of 0.011 mg/kg body weight, followed by xylazine at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight at 15 minutes interval were administered intramuscularly for premedication in both the groups. Fifteen minutes later, propofol at the rate of 4 mg per kg body weight was administered by intravenous bolus injection for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2.5 to 6.0 %) in pure oxygen by Bain’s circuit system utilising sevoflurane vaporiser. The salient clinical signs observed following premedication in both the groups were winking of eyes, lowering of head, scanty salivation, incoordination of gait, ataxia and sitting on haunches followed by sternal recumbency with head down posture. The time for induction of anaesthesia was 1.17 ± 0.17 and 0.92 ± 0.05 minutes in Group I and in Group II animals respectively. Endotracheal intubation was possible in all the dogs. The maintenance quality was good to excellent in animals of both the groups. All surgical procedures were performed in medium plane of surgical anaesthesia. Sevoflurane maintenance provided a good controllable depth of anaesthesia with good to excellent degree of muscle relaxation. The duration of anaesthesia was 56.67 ± 4.09 and 72.50 ± 4.47 minutes in Group I and II animals respectively. The depth of anaesthesia was satisfactory in all the dogs. The recovery time was 18.50 ± 3.19 minutes in Group I and 29.00 ± 1.75 minutes in Group II animals Recovery quality was excellent in all the dogs of both the groups. Vocalisation, regurgitation and sneezing were the undesirable side effects observed during post anaesthetic period. The rectal temperature and respiratory rate recorded a decrease while pulse rate and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation level recorded an increase with sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia in both the groups.The electrocardiographic changes were only transient and got corrected spontaneously during recovery period in both the groups.The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate in all animals of Group I. The two animals of Group II had pale and four had congested mucus membranes. In general other than an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, capillary refill time and clotting time all haematological parameters like volume of packed red cells and total leukocyte count observed a decrease during sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia. There had non significant fluctuations with in the physiological limits in the lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte counts and serum total protein levels on account of anaesthesia, except in Group II animals. There were only non significant fluctuations from the preanaesthetic values in the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in both the groups. All the animals had smooth and uneventful recovery from anaesthesia and surgery.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of plate osteosynthesis for the management of long bone fractures in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Unnikrishnan, K; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    Effectiveness of bone plating in the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs confirmed by radiography was evaluated clinically and radiographically in eight dogs. Dogs with fractures of diaphysis of long bones confirmed by radiography were selected and subjected to bone plating. Selected dogs were subjected to preoperative evaluation and all of them were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively on the immediate postoperative day, 15th, 30th and 60th post operative days. The fractures selected were four tibial, two radio-ulnar, one humerus and one femoral fracture. Anatomically two tibial fractures were short oblique; one was transverse and the other one multiple. One of the short oblique fractures had a butterfly fragment also. The fracture of humerus and femur were transverse which involved the midshaft. One of the radial fractures was 1½ month old with nonunion involving the distal third. Open reduction and plate fixation was done in all cases following standard AO/ASIF principles. Dynamic compression plates (DCP) were used in six dogs and reconstruction plates in two dogs. The DCP was applied in compression mode in five dogs and neutralization mode in one dog. Both the reconstruction plates were applied in neutralization mode. The fracture reduction and plate fixation were done following standard principles. Osteosynthesis was evaluated clinically and radiographically during the observation period. Clinical evaluation was mainly based on observation for symptoms, pain and functional limb usage evaluation. Radiographs were evaluated for apposition, alignment, angulation, apparatus, activity and architecture of the fractured bone. The fracture reduction and plate fixation was satisfactory in all cases except one. Early functional limb usage with partial weight bearing was observed in four dogs. Primary healing with filling of the fracture gap with radio opaque bone was observed in dogs where the implant maintained absolute stability. Healing with callus proliferation was observed in neutralization plating. Mixed healing was observed in cases where the implant lost some rigidity due to loosening of a screw, provided axial alignment was maintained. True implant failure was observed only in one case. An increase in alkaline phosphatase level was observed in all dogs during the immediate post operative day and remained so up to the 30th day. Plate osteosynthesis was found effective in providing pain free early ambulation. Craniomedial plate fixation was more advantageous in distal radius and ulna fractures. Reconstruction plates were found suitable for the fixation of fractures of long bones in animals with low body weight and in cases where contouring of DCP was found difficult due to complex bone contour.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Endoscopic evaluation of oesophageal and gastric disorders and its management in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Lekshmi, V; KAU; Devanand, C B
    Endoscopic evaluation of oesophagus and stomach was conducted in seven dogs of either sex, belonging to different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkali, with the history of reduction in food intake, regurgitation or chronic vomiting. The incidence, clinical signs, haematological and serum biochemical changes, radiographic and endoscopic observations, efficacy of treatment adopted and postoperative management were studied. The incidence of gastro-oesophageal disorders was more in Labrador Retriever and non descript dogs. The age of the dogs ranged from six months to nine years with a mean age of 3.57 + 1.21 years. Gastric foreign body was found in dogs with age six months and two and half years and both of them were female. Megaoesophagus condition was noticed only in male dogs. The body weight of dogs ranged from 12 kg to 38 kg with a mean of 23.14 + 3.34 kg. The prominent clinical signs observed were chronic vomiting, regurgitation or anorexia. Vomitus contained undigested food materials and vomiting was noticed immediately or 10 to 30 minutes after food intake in those dogs suffering from megaoesophagus. Among the dogs examined, four were dull and emaciated. The dogs with gastric foreign body obstruction were active and in good body condition. Pain on palpation of abdomen was observed in the dog with pyloric ulcer and hypertrophy. Palpable mass could be detected in the upper half of the left anterior abdominal region in one dog with gastric foreign body obstruction. The physiological, haematological and serum biochemical parameters were within normal range in all the animals prior to endoscopic evaluation and on eighth day of initiation of treatment. Serum T4 estimation revealed hypothyroidism in two cases of megaoesophagus. The different conditions included gastric foreign body obstruction (2), pyloric ulcer along with hypertrophy (1) and megaoesophagus (4) and were diagnosed by radiographic (plain and contrast) and endoscopic examination. Foreign bodies were retrieved by endoscopy, pyloric ulcer and megaoesophagus were treated medically. In a non-responsive condition of megaoesophagus due to stricture of cardia, cardiomyotomy was performed as surgical treatment. Postoperatively the animal was managed by fluid therapy for three days and antibiotic for seven days. The skin sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day. On 15th day, endoscopic evaluation revealed ulcerations on the distal third of oesophageal mucosa due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Administration of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and oxethazine preparation orally for a week could give favourable result. The appropriate treatment measures adopted viz. endoscopic, medical and surgical were satisfactory to obtain substantial cure from the conditions in all the dogs and the results of treatments were evaluated endoscopically.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of collagen sheet for the management of corneal ulcers in dogs
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Chinchu, Jose; KAU; Anoop, S
    The efficacy of collagen sheet of bovine intestinal origin in the healing of corneal ulcers were studied in six dogs and were compared with the healing without the use of it in another six dogs. Dogs presented with corneal ulcers and/or with staphylomas were clinically examined and selected for the study. Surgical manipulations were performed under general anaesthesia. In Group I, collagen sheet was placed after scarification and/or superficial keratectomy and in Group II, scarification and keratectomy was performed. Temporary tarsorrhaphy was done in all dogs. Oral administration of cephalexin was maintained in all the cases. Ocular instillation of ciprofloxacin as primary antibiotic or based on the culture sensitivity test and flurbiprofen were administered till the complete healing. Elevated intraocular pressure was controlled by acetazolamide orally and by timolol maleate or dorzolamide topically.Collagen sheets of intestinal origin were completely dissolved by 3rd day and no remnants were seen. It was well tolerated by the dogs and no immune reactions were noticed. Since the collagen sheet was very pliable after soaking with gentamicin eye drops, it could be applied over the cornea very easily without any air spaces and retained in position by temporary tarsorrhaphy. Fluorescein dye test became negative by 7th day in most dogs treated with collagen sheet and complete epithelization of the corneal defects was occurred by the time. Whereas the fluorescein dye retention was positive till 14th day in most dogs in Group II. Corneal vascularization developed in all the cases were resolved by the end of the observation period. Complete reconstruction of the cornea was seen early in staphyloma cases under the collagen sheet treatment in Group I. But the clarity of the cornea was unable to regain within the observation period of the study in most cases. In stromal ulcers, the clarity was achieved by 60th day. The presence of anterior synechia was responsible for the delayed corneal clearing most of the staphyloma cases. Corneal pigmentation was the major complication encountered in either modality of treatment under this study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Endoscopic evaluation of otitis and its management in dogs
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Reshmi, P; KAU; Devanand, C.B
    The study was carried out in twelve clinical cases of dogs of either sex with history of affection of ear canal of different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkalai to evaluate the endoscopic changes of the ear canal associated with otitis and its management. The animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination to study the type and extent of lesions present. Microbial culture and antibiotic sensitivity of the otic discharge was done in all cases and animals were subjected to endoscopic evaluation of the ear canal to assess the extent of affection after administering atropine sulphate and xylazine hydrochloride for premedication followed by ketamine hydrochloride to effect anaesthesia. The study revealed a higher incidence of otitis in German Shepherd Dogs. The incidence was more in male dogs than females with a mean age of 4.56 years. The symptoms observed included discharge from the affected ears, pawing and rubbing of the affected ear, shaking of the head, painful responses evinced while palpating the base of the ear, tilting of the head to the side of affection and drooping of the affected ear. Physiological parameters of all the animals were within the normal range on the day of otoscopic examination. There were statistically significant variation in the mean temperature recorded on the day of endoscopic examination and the fourteenth day. Heamatological parameters recorded were within the normal range and there was no statistical variation between these parameters recorded on the day of endoscopic examination and on the fourteenth day. Gram negative coccobacilli, Gram positive cocci, Gram negative short rods, Pseudomonas sp., and mixed culture of Gram negative short rods, Gram negative coccobacilli and fungal spores were isolated from the otic discharge. Majority of the isolates were Gram negative coccobacilli sensitive to gentamicin. Endoscopic evaluation revealed inflammation of the ear canal with ulceration, stenosis and erythema of the lining of the canal. A nodular growth in the ear canal was observed in one case and presence of ear mite Otodectus cynotis were identified in another dog. The status of the tympanic membrane was assessed in cases were the tympanic membrane was visible otoscopically. Radiographic changes noted in plain radiographs in dorso- ventral, lateral- oblique and rostro-caudal open mouth view include ossification of the external ear canal and thickening or lysis of the tympanic bulla. Medical management of otitis was carried out with topical otic preparation containing ofloxacin, beclomethasone dipropionate, clotrimazole and lignocaine and oral antibiotics (cephalexin in nine dogs and one dog each with enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and the response to the treatment was assessed endoscopically after fourteen days of treatment.