Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Open Access
Lobectomy In Goats
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1989) John Joseph, KAU; George, P O
The present study was undertaken with the objectives of finding out a suitable anaesthetic procedure for thoracotomy, feasibility and the effects of lobectomy in goats. The study was conducted on 24 apparently healthy, male goats, aged six to nine months. They were divided into two groups of 12 animals each viz., Group I and Group II. In group I, thoracotomy alone was performed by left intercostal incision in six animals (Group IA), while thoracotomy and lobectomy were done in six animals (Group IS). In Group II, thoracotomy alone was performed by rib resection technique in six animals (Group IIA), while thoracotomy and lobectomy were done in six animals (Group IIB). Administration of chloral hydrate 6 per cent solution at the rate of I ml per 3 kg body weight, followed by thiopentone sodium 5 per cent solution, with positive pressure ventilation had given satisfactory anaesthesia for the surgical procedure. The anaesthetic affect persisted for about 30 minutes though the animals were recumbent for 4 ½ to 5 hours. During the recovery phase, incordination of movements of the head, padding of legs, rolling on the ground and frequent micturition were seen. Nasal discharge and cough were observed post – operatively. Suture materials used for thoracotomy operations were, cotton for ligation of the bronchial stump and for the ribs, silk for periosteal/intercostal and monofilament nylon for the skin incisions. Continuous sutures were inserted for the closure of the periosteum and the intercostal muscles, interrupted sutures for the adjacent ribs. Abscesses at the suture line were seen in a few animals, but wound dehiscence was not observed. There was reduction in the rectal temperature, increase in the pulse rate and no variation in the respiratory rate. There was reduction in the pH following thoracotomy, immediately after the operation, which became normal subsequently. The reduction in the haemoglobin content following thoracotomy and during post – operative period which reached near normal values by the 21st day. Serum chloride levels though varying were within the normal range. There was considerable increase in the ESR values, post – operatively, which reached near normal values by the 21st day. The increase in the plasma bicarbonate level was only marginal. The differential leucocyte count did not show any significant variation. In the present study, for anaesthesia, intravenous administration of chloral hydrate 6 per cent solution followed by thiopentone sodium 5 per cent solution to effect and maintenance of positive pressure ventilation during surgery, was found satisfactory. When lobectomy was performed by the intercostal approach five out of six animals survived and when thoracotomy alone was performed, only two animals survived. Four out of six animals in the control as well as lobectomised group survived when thoracotomy was performed by rib resettion techniques. From the results of the present study, it appears that neither the intercostal approach nor the rib resection technique for lobectomy in goats has any special advantage while considering the rate of survival. It was also found that lobectomy in goats does not interfere with the function of lungs.
Open Access
Tracheal reconstruction in dogs under acepromazine - thiopental anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Angamuthu, Jayasudha; KAU; Ravindran Nayar, S
The experiment was conducted on twelve, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex, divided into two groups, viz., Group 1 and Group 11, each consisting of six animals. Circumferential resection of two adjacent tracheal rings of the cervical trachea was performed and the trachea was reconstructed by end – to – end anastomosis in the animals of Group 1 and with Marlex mesh prosthesis in the animals of Group 11. All the animals were premedicated with acepromazine maleate IM, and anaesthesia was induced by 2.5 per cent solution of thiopentone sodium IV. Induction of anaesthesia was complete by 3.26 + 0.10 minutes, duration of surgical anaesthesia was 65.00 + 3.29 minutes and time for recovery was 192.91 + 13.68 minutes. Variation in the physiological and haematological parameters during anaesthesia were not significant. In Group 1, all the animals had normal respiratory function throughout the period of observation, following surgery. In Group 11, all the animals, except one, developed severe complications and died within one to four weeks postoperatively. Only one dog survived in this group and was sacrificed on the 45th postoperative day. During the postoperative period, the rectal temperature did not show marked variations in both the groups. The pulse and respiration rates showed an initial increase in Group 1. However in Group 11, marked decrease in pulse rate and increase in respiration rate was noticed. Hemogram on the different postoperative days showed an increase in the total leucocyte count in both the groups, and increase in monocyte and eosinophil count in Group 11. Radiography on different postoperative days in Group 1 demonstrated that there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of anastomosis in five of the six animals. In Group 11, radiography revealed a progressive reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of reconstruction in four animals, and only slight reduction in one dog on the 45th postoperative day. At autopsy, gross examination of the trachea at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 showed mild to moderate adhesions to the adjacent tissue and there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen in five of the six dogs of this group. In animals of Group 11, dense adhesion between the site of reconstruction and adjacent tissue was observed. The mesh was fully incorporated at the site of reconstruction in five of the six animals. One animal had shown anastomotic dehiscence. Almost complete occlusion of the trachea by overgrowth of tissue was observed in four animals and slight reduction in the tracheal lumen in one animal. Histopathology at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 revealed complete healing of all the layers of the trachea by the 30th postoperative day. In Group 11, tracheal stenosis was associated with ingrowth of granulation tissue in four animals. The mesh was infiltrated by fibrous tissue in five of the six animals. Epithelium was seen lining the prosthesis on the 45th postoperative day.
Open Access
Cryosurgical treatment for experimentally induced cataract in dogs 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2000) Neelakanta Praveen, Pillai; KAU; Ravindran Nair, S
This study was conducted with the objective of comparing the efficacy of cryo-coagulation and intra-capsular cryo-extraction of experimentally induced cataract in dogs. Twelve nondescript dogs aged approximately one year were used for the study in two groups, A and B, each consisting of six animals. Two clinical cases of cataract were included under the study as Group C. In all the animals of Group A and B, cataract was experimentally induced by injection of 0.5 ml of a 25% solution of calcium borogluconate into the anterior chamber of the eye, in strict aseptic conditionsand under general anaesthesia. In group A. cataract was treated by cryo-coagulation and in Groups Band C intra-capsular cryo-extraction of the cataractous lens was performed after pre-medicating and anaesthetising the animals. Surgery for cryo-coagulation (Group A) or intra-capsular cryo-extraction (Groups B and C) was performed under general anaesthesia with thiopentone sodium after premedication with xylazinc hydrochloride. The anaesthesia was found to be satisfactory at the time of induction and during cataract surgery. Extensive lateral canthotomy was found to be necessary in all the animals at surgery in order to ensure adequate exposure of the globe. Rectal temperature and respiration rate dropped slightly post-operatively, but returned to normal values by the second day after surgery. Pulse rate dropped markedly following surgery, but returned to normal by the sixth day after surgery. Total leukocyte count increased slightly 24 hours after surgery. but then decreased and remained within normal ranges thereafter. There was increase in neutrophil. eosinophil and monocyte count had increased upto 24 hours after surgery. but was normal thereafter. Lymphocyte eount decreased upto 24 hours post-operatively. All the animals .remained in good condition throughout the observation period, except for one animal. Conjunctivitis persisted only in one upto the 11 th day. Corneal oedema persisted throughout the period of observation in four animals. One animal had complete corneal clarity by day seven. In the other animal the cornea cleared on day 23. Uveitis persisted for varymg periods in the animals Photophobia and blepharospasm resolved by day six in all animals. One animal had no posterior or anterior synechiae following surgery and its vitreous body was clear, allowing easy exam ination of the retina. Aqueous flare, indicative of increased protein in the aqueous humour, could not be determined in any animal. Functional vision was not returned in any animal except A4. In Group B, vitreous prolapse occurred during surgical removal of the lens by intra-capsular cryo-extraction. This prolapsed vitreous was excised and did not cause complications. Rectal temperature increased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but had returned to normal values by the 15th post-operative day. Pulse rate decreased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but attained normal values by the second post-operative day and stayed so thereafter. Respiration rate decreased markedly for 24 hours following surgery, but reached normal values two days post-operatively. There was no change in the colour of the mucous membrane of the contralateral eye (used as control) at any time during the period of : observation. The total leukocyte count increased slightly following surgery and continued to be so till 24 hours after surgery and thereafter it decreased and was within normal limits thereafter. The neutrophil count increased till 24 hours post-operatively and returned to normal range thereafter. Lymphocyte count decreased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but returned to normal range by the i s" post-operative day. Eosinophil count increased 24 hours after surgery, but had reached normal values by the i s" post-operative day. Monocyte count became zero after surgery, but then increased slightly and continued so thereafter. All the animals remained in good general condition until the end of the observation period, with no evidence of infection in the operated eye. Intra-ocular pressure decreased slightly following surgery, but had returned to normal ranges by the end of the observation period. Animals B 1, B2 and B4 had persistent conjunctivitis and corneal oedema throughout the period of observation and were unable to negotiate an obstacle course or locate and track mobile or stationary objects even in conditions ofbright ambient light. All other animals in this group were able to perform satisfactorily in the tests of visual function by the end of the observation period. In Group C, treatment of cataract was by intra-capsular cryo- extraction, as in Group B. The results obtained were similar to those for Group B. Animal C2, however. took 52 hours to recover from anaesthesia and died on the sixth day following surgery. The death could not be attributed to complications of cataract surgery. Rectal temperature decreased slightly following surgery, and then increased slightly but returned to normal values at the end of the observation period. Pulse rate decreased immediately after surgery and then returned to normal ranges by the eighth day after surgery. Respiration rate decreased markedly immediately after surgery. but returned to the normal range within 24 hours after surgery. Colour of mucous membrane of the contralateral eye did not show any change at any time during the period of observation. Total leukocytc count increased slightly upto 24 hours after surgery but returned to normal ranges thereafter. The neutrophil and eosinophil and monocyte counts increased after surgery but returned to normal ranges thereafter. The lymphocyte count was markedly decreased at 24 hours after surgery, but then returned to normal ranges thereafter. The surviving animal in Group C showed low grade corneal oedema until day 31 following surgery, but it had blink reflexes and the iris was visible. Conjunctivitis had cleared by day six following surgery. The animals were monitored for visual capability following surgery. The tests were conducted by evaluating the animals' ability to negotiate an obstacle course under photopic and scotopic light conditions, after blind folding the left eye with an eye shield. The animals were also tested for their ability to locate a stationary object and to track a moving object under varying conditions of ambient lighting. Tests of ocular functional integrity were conducted by evaluating menace and photomotor pupillary reflexes. Animal Cl was able to locate or track stationary objects In dim light. It could track moving ohjects in all light conditions. From the results obtained in thc present study. it was found that only one out of the six animals showed restoration of functional vision following treatment of cataract by cryo-coagulation of the lens. In the case of the treatment by intra-capsular cryo-extraction. four out of eight animals showed restoration of functional vision thus showing a success rate of 50% for intra-capsular cryo-extraction of cataract. From the results it can be concluded that: 2. Cataract could be effectively induced using 0.5 ml of calcium borogluconate solution (25%) injected into the anterior chamber of the eye. 3. Pre-medication USing xylazine hydrochloride followed by general anaesthesia USing thiopentone sodium IV was satisfactory for the induction of cataract and the treatment of the cataractous lens. 4. Intra-capsular cryo-extraction IS a better method In treating cataractous lenses in dogs.
Open Access
Comparison of crushing and modified gambee techniques for intestinal anastomosis in dogs under xylazine anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Venkatesan, C; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
The study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, adult mongrel dogs of either sex, dived in to two groups viz, group I and group II, each consisting of 6 dogs. All the animals were pre-mediacated with diazepam at the rate of 1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenous and anaesthetized with intramascular administration of xylazine hydrochloride at the rate of 2 mg/kg bodyweight. In the animals of group I and to end intestinal anaestomosis was performed with crushing pattern of suturing and in the animals of group II end to end intestinal anastomosis was performed with modified Gambee pattern of suturing. The anesthetic technique was satisfactory for the surgical procedure in all the animals . The induction tome for anaesthesia was 15.50 + 1.00 minutes. THe anaesthetic effect persisted for about 48.25-1.10 minutes. The abdominal muscle relaxation and analgesic effect were found satisfactory. The recovery period was 30.00 + 1.50 minutes and was smooth and uneventful. The time required to perform anastomosis using crushing and modified gambee techniques were 26.30 + 1.40 and 35.70 + 0.87 respectively. The average number of sutures used in both techniques were 15. In both groups, animals well tolerated food in the immediate post-operative days. However, one animal in group I and three animals from group II, had vomition immediately after consumption of milk at 12 hours post – operatively. Physiological and haemotological parameters did not reveal any significant variation. In both the groups , post operative lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs showed free passage of contrast medium (Barium Sulphate) upto the terminal colon. There was no evidence of anastomotic leakage and proximal distension in both the groups. Autopsy findings revealed that all the animals had adhesion at the anastomotic site with omentum. Adhesion to adjacent intestinal serosal surface were observed in one animal in each group . Gross evaluation of the adominal cavity revealed a low-grade peritonitis in one animal of group I on 3rd post surgical day. The Luminal stenosis of the anastomotic site revealed, maximum luminal stenosis (47.83%) at 7th post –operative days and minimum (21.74%) at 28th day following crushing pattern. In modified Gambee pattern, the maximum luminal stenosis (42.85%) was noticed at 5th and 7th post –operative days and minimum stenosis (7.32%) at 28th day. The luminal stenosis did not produce any clinical symptom in any of the dogs in both the groups. Angiograms of early post – operative day (5th day) showed diffused, avascular zone at the anastomotic site in both the techniques. Eventhourgh, there was commencement of proliferation of vessels and its invasion into anastomotic site by 14th day in the crushing anastomosis, normal vascularity and its crossing over could not be observed till 28th day, where as the modified gambee anastomosis showed proliferation and crossing over of fine arterioles by 28th day. Histological examination demonstrated that in crushing anastomosis comparatively moderate inflammatory reaction with predominance of mononuclears and few polymorphs on the 3rd day, but from 14th day there was only mild inflammatory reaction which which persisted upto 28th day. In modified Gambee technique, only mild reaction was seen on the early post opestive days and it subsided by 21st day. Rapid regeneration of epithelium was noticed in the modified Gambee (7th day) than the crushing technique. On the 28th day, in both the techniques all layers appeared in good apposition with proliferation of connective tissue on the muscular, subserosal and submucosal layers.
Open Access
Experimently induced torsion of spleen and its treatment in canines
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1988) Mohindar Sing, Bhadwal; KAU; Jalaluddin, Am
Eighteen apparently healthy dogs of either sex, aged one to five years and weighing 10-15 kg were used for the study. All the dogs were dewormed and examined for the presence of blood parasites if any. They were housed separately in cages under identical conditions of feeding and management and kept under observation for 10 days before the experiments. The animals were divided into two groups as detailed below: Group A: Consisting of six animals numbered serially, viz. A(1), A(2), A(3), A(4), A(5) and A(6) and Group B: Consisting of 12 animals divided into two subgroups of six animals each and numbered serially, viz. B1(1), B1(2), B1(3), B1(4), B1(5) and B1(6) and B2(1), B2(2), B2(3), B2(4), B2(5) and B2(6). In the animals of group A, laparotomy was performed and torsion of the spleen was brought about. The observations made in this group served (i) to assess the clinic-pathological changes and (ii) to arrive at appropriate time for the commencement of treatment in group B. In the animals of group B, effectiveness of treatment, following experimently induced torsion of the spleen was studied. In the subgroup B1, detorsion of the spleen was done while in subgroup B2, splenectomy was performed. The animals became dull and recumbent by six hours after experimentally induced torsion of the spleen and remained recumbent till death. The mucous membrane was pale and the capillary refilling time was prolonged. A significant increase in the heart rate, band cell count and serum potassium and a significant decrease in blood pressure, central venous pressure, lymphocyte count and eosinophil count was observed by the ninth hour after torsion. It could be seen that the period from sixth to the ninth hour after torsion of the spleen would be critical and hence the appropriate time to commence the treatment was fixed at six hours after torsion. In group B, where effectiveness of the treatment was studied, only one animal survived after detorsion in subgroup B1 whereas all the animals survived after splenectomy in sub group B2. In subgroup B1, after detorsion most of the animals were recumbent, the extremities were cold and they did not take food and water, whereas in subgroup B2, after splenectomy all the animals were able to stand and they took food and water. The heart rate showed a decreasing trend in both the subgroups. Blood pressure showed a decrease at sixth hour followed by an increase in both the subgroups. Central venous pressure showed an increase at sixth hour followed by a decrease upto 18 hous and then an increase at 24 hours in subgroup B1, whereas in subgroup B2, it increased gradually. Packed cell volume and haemoglobin content decreased in both the subgroups. The serum potassium level remained high in both the subgroups.
Open Access
Treatment of fracture of metacarpus in calves using autogenous rib graft
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Syam, K Venugopal; KAU; Jalaluddin
The present study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, crossbred male calves six to twelve months of age and weighing 50 to 80 kg, divided into two groups of six animals each (Group A and B). A transversa mid shaft fracture was created on the right metacarpus by open method under sedation with Triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight IM and diazepam at the rate of 0.20 mg/kg body weight IV followed by local infiltration analgesia using two percent solution of lignocaine hydrochloride. In group A, the fracture was reduced and the fragments were retained in position by placing two freshly cropped autogenous rib grafts subperiosteally, one on the anterior aspect and the other on the posterior aspect of the metacarpus. The grafts were fixed in position by hemicerclage wiring using stainless steel wires at two places. The limb was immobilized with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. In group B, the fracture was reduced and the wounds were sutured. The limb was immobilised with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. A sham operation was performed on the left metacarpal region on the same day by incising the skin upto the periosteum and suturing it. By the end of the second week, all the animals could get up and lie down without assistance. Four animals of Group A and three animals of Group B started bearing weight on the fractured limb from varying periods. Favouring of the fractured limb, limping and nodding of the head were observed in all the animals. Pawing action with the fractured limb and stumbling were observed in two animals each from both the groups. Dragging of the toes was observed only in one animal, in group B. Infection and suppuration at the suture line was observed in one animal of group A. Plaster of paris cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in all the animals. One animal from group A and four animals from group B required reinforcement of plaster cast. Marked displacement of the distal fragment was noticed in one animal each in Group A and B. But deviation of the distal fragment at the fracture site was observed in one animal of Group A and four animals of Group B. Grafts were in position in all the animals throughout the the period of observation. They became radiographically indistinguishable from fourth week onwards. Radiographically visible callus was found by the third week in group A and by the first week in group B. Partial obliteration of the fracture gap was observed by the end of fourth week in both the groups. Fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed mobility between the fragments in both the groups. The bones cropped after four weeks showed well developed callus uniting the fragments and there was no mobility at the fracture site in both the groups. The callus developed at the end of six weeks and four weeks were grossly similar in both the groups. Histological examination of the callus cropped at second week in group A revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation along with new trabecular bone formation around the graft site. In group B, fibrous tissue proliferation exceeded trabecular new bone formation. The callus cropped at fourth week in group A revealed extensive areas of graft vascularisation and zones of new bone formation. In group B, cartilage formation was seen along with zones of new bone formation and fibrous tissue proliferation. Replacement of the graft tissue with proliferating blood vessels, osseous tissue and connective tissue were observed in the callus cropped from the animals of group A, at the end of six weeks. In group B, well developed internal callus, extensive periosteal callus, proliferation of fibrous tissue and trabecular ossification centres were observed. Fibrocartilage was noticed in the callus in one animal of group B.
Open Access
Comparative study of healing of fracture of metacarpus in calves using different external immobilisation methods
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1990) Kalyani, Biswas; KAU; Muraleedharan, Nayar K N
The study was conducted on 18 crossbred male calves divided in three groups of six animals each. Under local anaesthesia (ring block) fracture was created at the midshaft region of the large metacarpal and was reduced. The limb was immobilized with (i) plaster of paris cast (Group A), (ii) transfixation apparatus and plaster of paris cast (group B) and (iii) cast using freshly prepared gum and bandgage (group C). The animals were kept under observation upto six weeks. One animal from each group was sacrificed at the second week and fourth week, and the remaining animals at the sixth week. Oedema was observed distal to the cast in two animals each in Group A and C and four animals in Group B. Pointing of the toes was noticed in three animals of group A, two animals of group B and one animal of Group C. Dragging of the toes was noticed in three animals each of group A and C. All the animals, except one from Group A, were bearing weight on the limb and could get up and lie down unassisted by the first week. Four animals of group A, two animals of group B and three animals of Group C favoured the limb throughout the period. In group A and B, the plaster cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in one animal, had to be changed once in three animals and twice in two animals. In group C, the cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in three animals and was changed once in three animals. Radiodense area was observed at the fracture site in one animal by the first week, in four animals of each group by the second week and in all animals except one by the third week and in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line had become less district in one animal of group A, two animals of Group B and one animal of group C by the third week. Ossification of the callus was noticed in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line was less distinct in all the animals of Group A, three animals of group B and two animals of Group C. Ossification of the callus and its union was noticed by the fifth week in all the animals except one animal of Group C. However, in group B, ossification was more extensive. Partial obliteration of the fracture line was seen in all except three animals. Extensive ossification of the callus with continuity between the callus of the two fragments and partial obliteration of the fracture line was observed in all the animals, except one animal of Group C by sixth week. The fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed that in Group A, the fragments were separate and there was mobility at the fracture site but in Group B and C , mobility was less. Soft callus between the fragments and restricted mobility at the fracture site was noticed in the bones cropped at four weeks in animals of all the groups. The callus was well developed and the fragments were firmly fixed by the callus in the bones cropped at six weeks, I all animals of groups A and B and in three animals of Group C. Microscopic examination of the callus at two weeks revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation with zones of necrosis of cortical bone at the fracture site in Group A. In group B and C, the proliferative changes were more marked along with zones of ossification. The callus cropped at four weeks, revealed marked connective tissue and capillary proliferation along with zones of ossification and formation of trabeculae in Group A and C, and in Group B ossification was more extensive. Extensive ossification and interconnected trabeculae continous with the cortical bone was observed in the callus cropped at six weeks in all the three groups. Zones of hyaline cartilage were observed in the callus in the animals of Group A and one animal of Group B and Zone of suppuration in one animal of Group C. Suppuration at the suture line involving the callus and fracture site was observed in one animal of Group C. Partial displacement of the fragments after immobilization was noticed in two animals of group A, three animals of Group B and four animals of Group C.
Open Access
Ascending coccygeal venography in evaluation of paraplega in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Joshi George; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was undertaken with an objective of evaluating the comparative efficacy of ascending coccygeal venography and epidurography in locating the site and type oflesion in dogs suffering from paraplegia. The study was conducted in 12 clinical cases presented at the Surgery unit of Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and were designated into two groups (Group A and B) of 6 animals each. Survey radiographs were taken in all the animals prior to the contrast radiographic procedures. Iohexol (300 mgIfrnl) was used as the contrast medium at a dose rate of 80 mgIlkg body weight for epidurography and 100 mgIlkg body weight for ascending coccygeal venography. In Group A, epidurography was conducted by introducing the contrast medium through the lumbosacral junction into the epidural space. The contrast medium was given as slow infusion and the zero minute radiograph was taken, as the last milliliter of the contrast medium remained to be injected. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the 5th minute. In Group B, ascending coccygeal venography was conducted by introducing the contrast medium intravenously as slow infusion into the superficial lateral coccygeal vein of anyone side near the base of the tail, after sufficient abdominal compression. Lateral/ventrodorsal radiographs were taken, as the last milliliter of the contrast remained to be injected. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the Sth minute. All the animals were subjected to a thorough clinical and neurological examination prior to radiography. Physiological and haematological parameters were evaluatedjust before and 24 hours after radiography. All the animals were observed for one week for the presence of any side effects/complications. The physiological and haematological parameters were within the normal range in all the animals both before and 24 hours after radiography. Iohexol was found safe for neuroradiological studies as none of the animals exhibited any side effects/complications during the period of observation for one week. In Group A, epidurography produced good quality radiographs and was consistent in all the six cases. Abnormalities/lesions could be located in four cases. The remaining two cases showed normal epidurographic pattern and could not be correlated with the neurological examination. In Group B, successful venograms were obtained in three cases in which lesions were located and correlated with the neurological examination. In the remaining three cases, the venous sinuses could not be opacified and hence failed in identification oflesion. The changes identifiable as lesions in Group A were attenuation of the contrast col W11l1 , considerable narrowing and elevation of the column, and failure of the opacification ofa specific region of the column. The changes identifiable with a lesion in venography were abrupt attenuation of the venous sinuses, considerable elevation of the venous sinuses and progressive thinning and attenuation of the veins. Thus epidurography showed consistency III all the SIX cases and diagnosis could be made in four out of six cases whereas diagnostic venograms were obtained only in three out of six cases. Thus ascending coccygeal venography was found inconsistent and required further studies before recommending this as a routine practice. Though epidurography possessed a distinct advan tage over ascending coccygeal venography in consistency and technical and diagnostic feasibility, epidurography couldnot be advocated as a sole diagnostic procedure and should be used as an adjunct with other .diagnostic aids after proper clinical and neurological examination.
Open Access
Processed oesophageal allografts for hernioplasty in pigs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Senthil Kumar, S; KAU; Muraleedharan, K N
The present study was conducted with the objectives of: 1. Evaluating the suitability of processed collagen based oesophageal allografts as a biological tissue substitute for hernioplasty in pigs and ii. Comparing the healing in herniorrhaphy and hernioplasty, in pigs. Twelve clinical cases of umbilical hernia in pigs of either sex, aged two to three months were used in the study. The animals were divided into two groups (Group I and Group Il) of six animals each based on the size of hernial ring. Group I animals were subjected to herniorrhaphy and Group Il animals were subjected to hernioplasty. Fresh pieces of oesophagus collected from slaughtered pigs were processed and cross-linked with gl u taraldehyde to prepare the graft. Triflupromazine hydrochloride was administered at the rate of 1.5 mgjkg body weight IjM to all the animals and local infiltration anaesthesia using lignocaine ii hydrochloride at the site was employed for the surgical procedures. In five animals of Group I where the hernial contents were reducible, simple reduction and overlapping mattress sutures with silk were employed for closing the hernial ring. In one animal where it was irreducible, enterotomy was performed to remove the intestinal contents before reduction and herniorrhaphy. In all the six animals of Group II, the hernial ring was large, and the contents were reducible. After reduction, the edges of hernial ring were sutured using silk by simple interrupted sutures, to reduce the size of hernial ring. Processed oesophageal allografts were placed as an only graft over the suture line and fixed using silk sutures. All the animals became active and alert within 24 hours postoperatively except the one, which underwent enterotomy and herniorrhaphy. The surgical site was dressed daily and skin sutures were removed on the seventh postoperative day. In one animal of Group I wound infection resulted in skin wound disruption, which was surgically treated as open wound. Recurrence of hernia was noticed in one animal of Group I, 24 days after herniorrhaphy. Marginal increase in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were observed during early Hi postoperative period in all the animals and it became normal within seven days after surgery. Marginal decrease in haemoglobin concentration was noticed during postoperative period in all the animals but it reached near normal level by 21 st postoperative day. Marginal increase in packed cell volume and total leucocyte count was observed up to third postoperative day. Neutrophilia and lymphopenia was noticed during early postsurgical period but reached near normal level by 14th postoperative day. Marginal decrease in total serum protein was noticed during postoperative period but was normal by 21 st postoperative day. Serum sodium and potassium level did not show any significant variation and the changes were within the normal range. Tissue samples were collected from surgical site from three animals each of Group I and Group II on 180 and 195 days respectively for biomechanical studies, gross and histomorphological changes. The tensile strength was greater . in Group II animals than Group I and normal animals. There was no adhesion of viscera at the surgical site. Remnants of silk suture could be identified in all the animals. The histomorphological study indicated complete healing and replacement of the graft material without any untoward effect.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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