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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × End date: 1994 × Start date: 1994 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Treatment of fracture of metacarpus in calves using autogenous rib graft
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Syam, K Venugopal; KAU; Jalaluddin
    The present study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, crossbred male calves six to twelve months of age and weighing 50 to 80 kg, divided into two groups of six animals each (Group A and B). A transversa mid shaft fracture was created on the right metacarpus by open method under sedation with Triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight IM and diazepam at the rate of 0.20 mg/kg body weight IV followed by local infiltration analgesia using two percent solution of lignocaine hydrochloride. In group A, the fracture was reduced and the fragments were retained in position by placing two freshly cropped autogenous rib grafts subperiosteally, one on the anterior aspect and the other on the posterior aspect of the metacarpus. The grafts were fixed in position by hemicerclage wiring using stainless steel wires at two places. The limb was immobilized with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. In group B, the fracture was reduced and the wounds were sutured. The limb was immobilised with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. A sham operation was performed on the left metacarpal region on the same day by incising the skin upto the periosteum and suturing it. By the end of the second week, all the animals could get up and lie down without assistance. Four animals of Group A and three animals of Group B started bearing weight on the fractured limb from varying periods. Favouring of the fractured limb, limping and nodding of the head were observed in all the animals. Pawing action with the fractured limb and stumbling were observed in two animals each from both the groups. Dragging of the toes was observed only in one animal, in group B. Infection and suppuration at the suture line was observed in one animal of group A. Plaster of paris cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in all the animals. One animal from group A and four animals from group B required reinforcement of plaster cast. Marked displacement of the distal fragment was noticed in one animal each in Group A and B. But deviation of the distal fragment at the fracture site was observed in one animal of Group A and four animals of Group B. Grafts were in position in all the animals throughout the the period of observation. They became radiographically indistinguishable from fourth week onwards. Radiographically visible callus was found by the third week in group A and by the first week in group B. Partial obliteration of the fracture gap was observed by the end of fourth week in both the groups. Fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed mobility between the fragments in both the groups. The bones cropped after four weeks showed well developed callus uniting the fragments and there was no mobility at the fracture site in both the groups. The callus developed at the end of six weeks and four weeks were grossly similar in both the groups. Histological examination of the callus cropped at second week in group A revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation along with new trabecular bone formation around the graft site. In group B, fibrous tissue proliferation exceeded trabecular new bone formation. The callus cropped at fourth week in group A revealed extensive areas of graft vascularisation and zones of new bone formation. In group B, cartilage formation was seen along with zones of new bone formation and fibrous tissue proliferation. Replacement of the graft tissue with proliferating blood vessels, osseous tissue and connective tissue were observed in the callus cropped from the animals of group A, at the end of six weeks. In group B, well developed internal callus, extensive periosteal callus, proliferation of fibrous tissue and trabecular ossification centres were observed. Fibrocartilage was noticed in the callus in one animal of group B.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Paravertebral anaesthesia in goats using bupivacaine hydrochloride
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    The study was conducted in 15 apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred male goats of 9 to 12 months of age. Three goats were embalmed and used for dissection studies and the remaining 12 goats were used for nerve blocking trials, repeatedly at 10 days interval. The study was conducted in three parts. Part 1: Distribution of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves in the abdominal region The origin, course and distribution of the 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were studied on both flank. The spinal nerves emerged through the intervertebral foramina, and divided into dorsal and ventral primary branches. The dorsal primary branch released the dorsomedial branch and continued as the dorsolateral branch. The former ramified into the multifidus dorsi and longissimus dorsi muscles and the latter ramified into the cutaneous truncimuscle and skin of the upper third of the body wall. The dorsolateral branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves supplied the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia in their course. The ventral primary branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves gave away a ventrolateral branch which supplied the intercostal muscles, the origin of obliguus abdominis externus muscle and provided cutaneous innervation to the middle third of chest wall. The ventromedial branch terminated as fine branches between the transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis muscles, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and supplied the skin on the ventral third of the chest wall. The ventral primary branches of the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves coursed below the intertransversalis muscles, released ventrolateral branch and continued as the ventromedial branch. The former supplied the oblique muscles of abdomen and ramified into the skin and cutaneous muscles in the middle third of the flank. The latter terminated as fine branches, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and formed the cutaneous innervation to the ventral abdominal wall. The ventral primary branch of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves have communicating branch, which traversed below the second lumbar transverse process. The ventral primary branch of the second lumbar spinal nerve gave away a small branch which ran caudad, below the lumbar transverse processes. The ventral primary branch of the third lumbar spinal nerve coursed back, below the lumbar transverse processes, between the psoas muscles. The lateral thoracic nerve of the brachial plexus supplied muscles on the ventral part of chest and abdomen and the cranial preputial muscle. One site (proximal site) was found suitable for blocking the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves, while, two sites, proximal and distal, were found suitable for 13th thoracic, first, second and third lumbar spinal nerves. Part 11: The area desensitized by blocking individual spinal nerves supplying the flank region The 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked individually in three different animals using 0.5 per cent bupivacaine hydrochloride solution and the area of analgesia was mapped. The 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves were blocked at the proximal site. The area of analgesia was similar, with S – shape, commencing from the dorsal midline to a point between the costal arch and the ventral midline. The 13th thoracic, first second and third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked at two sites, viz., Proximal site : The area of analgesia for the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves commenced from the dorsal midline, and terminated lateral to the ventral midline. The area of analgesia of the third lumbar spinal nerve extended over the caudodorsal part of the flank. Distal site: The results of the study for each of the spinal nerves were inconsistent. Based on this study, it was concluded that, for anaesthetizing the flank, the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves are to be blocked simultaneously, at the proximal site. Part 111: Anaesthesia of the flank The 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves were blocked simultaneously at the proximal site, in two groups (A and B) of six goats each using 0.5 per cent and 0.25 per cent solutions of bupivacaine hydrochloride respectively. The time for onset of analgesia was 2.83 + 0.87 min. in subgroup A and 2.67 + 0.21 min. in subgroup B. The duration of analgesia was 215.83 + 14.97 min. and 105.67 + 31.13 min. in subgroups A and B respectively. The extent of analgesia obtained in all the trials in both of the subgroups were similar. It extended over the entire flank from dorsal midline to the ventral midline, except : (a) a triangular area at the anterodorsal angle of flank (b) the posteriodorsal corner of the flank, in front of the external angle of ilium and (C) the preputial orifice and the skin around it. The rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of respiration, and the rate of rumen motility did not show significant variation throughout the experiment in both the subgroups. Laparotomy was conducted in two animals from each subgroup. Analgesia was satisfactory over the skin, muscles and peritoneum and muscle relaxation was adequate. In addition, the following symptoms were observed a. Scoliosis at the lumbar region towards the side of nerve block b. bulging of the anaesthetized flank and c. difficulty in bearing weight on the hind limb on the side of nerve block, with knuckling on progression. One animal (No. A6) developed symptoms of toxicity viz., lateral recumbency, dialatation of pupil, champing of jaw, frothy salivation,severe clonic convulsions of neck and limb muscles and paddling movements. The animal had a spontaneous recovery.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anaesthesia in pigeons and quails using ketamine and xylazine
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1994) Lobo, Fabiana; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
    The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of (1) xylazine, (ii) ketamine hydrochloride and (iii) xylazine followed by ketamine hydrochloride, for anaesthetizing pigeons and quails, The study was conducted in 30 pigeons (Columba livia) weighing 120-260 g and 30 quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) weighing 120-180 g. The birds were divided into two groups, Group I (30 pigeons) and Group II (30 quails). Group I and II were further divided into three sub-groups, viz, A, B and C, each consisting of 10 birds. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally in all the sub- groups at the rate of (i) Xylazine 10 mg per kg bodyweight in sub-group A, (ii) ketamine hydrochloride 150 mg per kg body weight in sub-group B and (iii) xylazine 5.0 mg per kg bodyweight followed by ketamine hydrochloride 75mg per kg bodyweight in sub – group C. During the onset of anaesthesia, loss of balance, ruffled feathers, sitting posture, recumbency abolition/sluggishness of pedal reflex were observed in Groups I and II. In addition dropping of wings was noticed in subgroup II A, torticollis and loss of righting reflex in subgroup I B and IIB, fluttering and dropping of wings, and dropping of beak in sub-group I B, dropping of wings, tortocollis, loss of righting reflex in subgroup I C and II C and fluttering of wings and dropping of beak in subgroup II C. Corneal reflex, palpebral reflex and third eyelid movement peristed during anaesthesia. Eyes remained closed in both pigeons and quails during anaesthesia. The time for induction was 12.70 + 0.40 min., 7.60 + 0.42 min. and 6.80 + 0.34 min in subgroup A, B and C respectively in pigeons and 13.10 + 0.43 min, 5.50 + 0.15 min and 8.30 + 0.31 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in quails. The duration of anaesthesia was 47.70 + 1.54 min 37.80 + 2.88 min and 62.00 + 1.15 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in pigeons and 80.40 + 1.96 min, 99.90 + 2.86 min and 202.50 + 7.62 min in sub groups A, B and C respectively in quails. The duration of recovery was 164.80 + 2.82 min 87.70 + 2.98 min and 85.10 + 2.72 min in subgroups A,B and C respectively in pigeons and 99.90 + 5.70 min 97.50 + 4.66 min and 73.80 + 3.19 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in quails. Significant reduction in the temperature was observed during anaesthesia in all the subgroups. Respiration rate showed significant decrease during anaesthesia in all the three subgroups in pigeons and sub-groups A and C in quails whereas no significant reduction in respiration rate was observed with ketamine hydrochloride in quails upto 135 min. However, significant increase was noticed at 150 min and the third hour. Significant decrease in the total erythrocyte count was observed in all the subgroups except in sub-group I A, wherein no significant variation in the count was noticed.Significant decrease in the total leukocyte was observed in all the subgroups except subgroup II A where no significant variation in the count was observed.Significant reduction in the lymphocyte count was observed in all the subgroups. Significant increase in the heterophil count was observed in sub-groups IC, IIA, IIB and IIC but there was significant decrease in sub-group I B, and there was no significant variation in subgroups I A. Significant increase in the eosinophil count was seen in all the subgroups. The haemoglobin content was significantly reduced in groups I and II.Incising and suturing the skin and the wall of the crop did not evince any response but slight body movement was observed in subgroup II A.Mild fatty changes in the liver and congestion on the surface of the kidneys were observed in all the birds of both the groups.