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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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1975 - 197911980 - 19814
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × End date: 1981 × Type: Thesis ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Chloral hydrate for general annaesthesia in goats
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Viswanathan, R; KAU; George, P O
    Thirtysix apparently healthy alpins – malabari cross- bred bucks aged from 17 to 30 months and weighing from 22 to 39.5 kg were used for the present study. They were divided into two groups viz., Group I and II, consisting of 18 animals in each. Each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups viz. A, B and C, consisting of six animals in each. Freshly prepared chloral hydrate six per cent solution was administered intravenously at the rate of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml per kg bodyweight, while triflupromazine hydrochloride (Siquil) at the rate of 0.2 mg per kg bodyweight was also administered intravenously as the premedicant , in group II. Following were the salient results obtained during the present study: When the dose of chloral hydrate was increased, 1) Disappearance of palpebral reflex was quicker and duration was longer, 2) Setting in of incoordination of movements was quicker and the time for assuming the normal gait was longer and 3) Recumbency was seen only in higher doses. Administration of triflupromazine hydrochloride (siquil) as premedicant , increased the efficiency of anaesthetic effect in these animals. Temperature variation consequent on the administration of chloral hydrate, with and without premedication , was not significant the variation being less than 10 P. There was an increase in the rate of respiration and pulse within five minutes of administration of the drug (s), which showed a gradual downward trend. There was reduction in the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume, while there was slight increase in the leucocyte count. On the basis of the present study, intravenous administration of chloral hydrate, six per cent solution, at the rate of two ml per kg bodyweight, may be recommended in goats, for surgical procedures of about half an hour durations. Premedication with triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.2 mg per kg bodyweight would give better results.,
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Experimental studies on rumeno-rectal fistula in calves
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sumangala, M; KAU; Muraleedharan Nair, K N
    Chronic tympany of the rumen is common in cattle. Rumen fistulation has been reported to be successful in the treatment of chronic tympany. Left side external fistulation of rumen has been adopted by many workers. But this was accompanied by seepage of rumen contents and soiling of the flank. While screening the available literature, no reports on an internal rumen fistulation could be found. The effects of rumeno – rectal fistula in experimental calves were studied in the present work. The study was conducted on 12 male calves in two groups , each group consisting of six calves. In the animals of Group – I , laparotomy was performed on the right flank and the right dorsal sac of rumen was anastomosed to the anterior part of the rectum. In the animals of Group II, laparotomy was performed on the left flank and the left dorsal sac of rumen was anastomosed to the anterior part of the rectum. The PH of the rumen contents and the rectal washings, presence of rumen protozoa in the rectal contents, haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, total and differential leucocyte count, nature of dung and the body weight were noted before fistulation and at regular intervals after fistulation. The animals were kept under observation for a period upto 100 days. Closure of the fistula was performed 60 days after fistulation, in two calves, one from each group. The details as described above were noted in these animals also after closure of the fistula. The PH of rectal contents before surgery ranged from 7.3 to 7.5. From the second day after surgery, it ranged between 7.0 and 7.2 in both the groups. The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content showed a progressive reduction in eight animals and packed cell volume showed a reduction in 10 animals. The variation in the total and differential leukocyte counts were within normal limits. Rumen protozoans were present in the rectal contents from the second day after surgery. Loss of body weight was noticed in all the six animals of Group –I, whereas an increase in body weight was noticed in four animals of Group – II. The feeding habits of the calves were normal. Dung was loose in consistency from the second day after surgery and it contained more fluid soon after drinking water. One animal of Group – I died on the 46th post – operative day, and another one was sacrificed on the 53rd post-operative day. Surgical closure of the fistula was performed in two animals, one from each group. All other animals were sacrificed between 60th and 100th post-operative day. At autopsy omental adhesions were noticed at the site of anastomosis in six calves. The fistula was patent and had a diameter of about 2 cm in 11 animals. Rumen contents were present in the rectum. The site of anastomosis was hard to touch and no other abnormalities could be detected in the rumen and rectum. Complete encapsulation of sutures at the site of anastomosis was noticed in four calves. The healing at the site of anastomosis was complete in all the animals. In the two calves in which closure of the fistula was performed, the healing was uneventful and there was progressive improvement in haemogram values and body weight. It is concluded that functional rumeno – rectal fistula could be established in calves and that it did not cause any untoward clinical manifestations. There was escape of rumen contents through the fistula to the rectum. Surgical closure of the fistula could also be done successfully.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on epidural anaesthesia in goats
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; George, P B
    The present study was under taken with the object of finding out the effects of epidural administration of varying doses of lidocaine hydrocaine hydrochloride two per cent solution with and without the addition of hyaluronidase in goates. Epidural injection was given at the lumbosacral site using the Brooks’ epidural needle directed perpendicularly downwards. Thirty – six apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred bucks aged six to fifteen months and weighing seven to twenty – two kilograms were used for the study. The animals were divided into two groups viz., Group 1 and Group 11, each consisting of 18 animals. In Group 1, lidocaine hydrochloride at the rate of 4 mg, 8 mg and 16 mg/kg body – weight was administered as two per cent solution in three Subgroups each consisting of six animals. Similarly in Group 11, lidocaine hydrochloride was administered as two per cent solution along with hyaluronidase (150 I.U./100 ml of lidocaine hydrochloride solution) in three Subgroup each consisting of six animals. Significant positive correlation was noticed between the depth of insertion of the epidural needle and body – weight of the animals. When the dose of lidocaine hydrochloride was increased, there was proportionate decrease in the time of onset and increase in the duration of anaesthesia. In the same dose level when hyaluronidase was added there was further reduction in the time of onset, but the duration of anaesthesia was decreased. On statistical analysis of the data, no significant difference could be seen between 1) the time of onset of flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter 2) the duration of flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter and 3) the time taken for assuming sternal recumbency and complete relaxation of the muscles of hind – limbs. At a dose of 4 mg/kg body – weight in both the groups, the extent of analgesia was found to be the same, irrespective of addition of hyaluronidase. At higher doses (8 mg and 16 mg/kg body – weight), the extent of analgesia was found to be more. But when hyaluronidase was added, the extent of analgesia was still further increased. ‘Dog sitting posture’ was observed during the onset of anaesthesia only at a dose of 4 mg/kg body – weight. The animals got up only when flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter disappeared. At the dose of 4 mg and 8 mg/kg body – weight there were no untoward reactions. But at the dose of 16 mg/kg body – weight lacrimation, salivation, protrusion of tongue, locked jaw, stiffness of head and neck, pedalling movements with the fore – limbs, opisthotonos and dyspnoea were observed in some of the animals during the onset of anaesthesia. Recovery phase was uneventful in all the animals, at all the dose levels. Transient unilateral or bilateral hind – leg lameness, dullness and anorexia were noticed in some of the animals as a post – anaesthetic complication. Epidural injection of lidocaine hydrochloride, two per cent solution at the rate of 4 mg/kg body – weight is recommended for surgical operations of the hind – quarters and inguinal region, while 8 mg/kg body – weight is recommended for operations on the flank region. Hyaluronidase may be added for getting quicker onset and greater extent of analgesia.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Treatment of fracture of tibia in calves and its radiographic evaluation
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Ayyappan, K R; KAU; George, P O
    The present study was conducted on 16 apparently healthy cross – bred bull calves aged from six to nine months and weighing 38 to 75 kg. They were divided into two groups, viz: Group 1 consisting of six animals; and Group 11 consisting of 10 animals. Under chloral nacrosis and epidural anaesthesia, fracture of tibia was created either on the middle or at the lower third after incising the skin medially and sawing the tibia with a wire saw. In Group 1, the skin wound was sutured, fracture reduced and plaster cast applied. Enteromycetin was administered intramuscularly. None of the animals could bear weight on the fractured limb. Wound infection and abscess formation was apparent. Though reduction was proper initially, the fragments showed displacement later. Subsequent radiographs did not show any progressive osteogenic reaction and in none of the animals clinical union was noticed. In Group 11, Kuentscher Cloverleaf nail was directed into the medullary canal with the help of the guide wire and was anchored into the distal fragment. The wound was sutured and plaster of paris cast was applied as an additional support. Excepting two animals, the rest could bear weight by the 10th to 30th day. Streptopenicillin or Munomycin was first administered. This was later followed by a course of Chloramphaenicol after sensitivity test of the pus. Periosteal proliferation was apparent on either fragments by third to fifth week which became more prominent by the fifth to sixth week. Lipping of the fracture edges, obliteration of the fracture line and the formation of the callus were observed by the seventh to eighth week. Later, organisation of the callus took place. Of the ten cases, clinical union had taken place in six animals as evidenced by the dense callus in radiographs. In other cases extension of the local infection into the medullary canal had resulted in non – union of fracture even though osteogenic reaction was in progress inspite of the infection. From the results of the present study it is seen that, (1) Internal fixation using Kuentscher Cloverleaf nail supported by plaster cast and administration of antibiotics would be a satisfactory technique, and (2) reduction followed by immobilisation with plaster cast alone will not be satisfactory in the treatment of tibial fractures in calves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on vesico-colostomy and vesico-rectostomy in dogs
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1975) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Venugopal, A
    Vesico-colostomy and vesico –rectostomy as methods of urinary diversion in dogs and cats had been reported. The following experiments were undertaken to assess the relative efficacy of either of these techniques. Surgery was performed in two groups of dogs. Under genral anaesthesia, after laparotomy, in the vesico-colostomy group, the fundus of the bladder was anastomosed to the terminal part of descending colon; and in vesico-rectostomy group, the neck of the bladder was anastomosed to the anterior part of rectum. In addition to general observations, the postoperative changes in haemoglobin content, leucocyte count, and blood urea nitrogen level were also recorded and are compared to the preoperative levels. Their clinical significance was also assessed. The experimental dogs acquired physiological control over micturition through the anus within three to four days and there was no soiling of the perineum, though no indwelling catcheter was used. The animals were kept under observation for a period up to four weeks and were later sacrificed. Two of the four dogs in vesico-colostomy group was in apparent good health after surgery. Of the other two, one animal died on the 17th day and autopsy revealed nephritis of the left kidney. The other died on the 22nd day and in it the ostium was seen to be closed completely by scar tissue. In the vesico- rectostomy group, three of the four dogs were in apparent good health. One dog in the group showed symptoms of uraemia and died on the 11th day but no abnormally at the level of anastomosis could be detected at autopsy. Haematological studies, in animals of both the groups did not reveal any significant changes except in one dog which had uraemia. Intravenous pyelography after one month, in 2 dogs of vesico-rectostomy group, revealed normal kidney function and emptying of the bladder. At autopsy the areas of anastomoses were studied (grossly and histopathologically) and urine samples were cultured to check up infection. E.coli, streptococci, staphylococci and certain gram negative organisms were isolated from the urine samples collected at autopsy in all animals. In the vesico- rectostomy group the ostium was well established and patent in all animals. In the vesico – colostomy group, there was constriction of ostium in one and in another the ostium was completely closed by scar tissue formation; but the remaining cases were apparently normal. Histopathological examination of bladder, colon and rectum revealed complete healing of the corresponding layers of tissues at the site of anastomosis in the successful cases of either group. Mild cystitis was observed at postmortem in three animals, one in Group I and two animals in Group II. There was faecal regurgitation into the bladder in three cases one from Group I and two from Group II. It is concluded that either vesico-colostomy or vesico-rectostomy could be adopted as urinary diversion technique in dogs; but vesico – rectostomy appeared to be more desirable than vesico – colostomy.