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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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1975 - 19802
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × End date: 1980 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Experimental studies on rumeno-rectal fistula in calves
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sumangala, M; KAU; Muraleedharan Nair, K N
    Chronic tympany of the rumen is common in cattle. Rumen fistulation has been reported to be successful in the treatment of chronic tympany. Left side external fistulation of rumen has been adopted by many workers. But this was accompanied by seepage of rumen contents and soiling of the flank. While screening the available literature, no reports on an internal rumen fistulation could be found. The effects of rumeno – rectal fistula in experimental calves were studied in the present work. The study was conducted on 12 male calves in two groups , each group consisting of six calves. In the animals of Group – I , laparotomy was performed on the right flank and the right dorsal sac of rumen was anastomosed to the anterior part of the rectum. In the animals of Group II, laparotomy was performed on the left flank and the left dorsal sac of rumen was anastomosed to the anterior part of the rectum. The PH of the rumen contents and the rectal washings, presence of rumen protozoa in the rectal contents, haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, total and differential leucocyte count, nature of dung and the body weight were noted before fistulation and at regular intervals after fistulation. The animals were kept under observation for a period upto 100 days. Closure of the fistula was performed 60 days after fistulation, in two calves, one from each group. The details as described above were noted in these animals also after closure of the fistula. The PH of rectal contents before surgery ranged from 7.3 to 7.5. From the second day after surgery, it ranged between 7.0 and 7.2 in both the groups. The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content showed a progressive reduction in eight animals and packed cell volume showed a reduction in 10 animals. The variation in the total and differential leukocyte counts were within normal limits. Rumen protozoans were present in the rectal contents from the second day after surgery. Loss of body weight was noticed in all the six animals of Group –I, whereas an increase in body weight was noticed in four animals of Group – II. The feeding habits of the calves were normal. Dung was loose in consistency from the second day after surgery and it contained more fluid soon after drinking water. One animal of Group – I died on the 46th post – operative day, and another one was sacrificed on the 53rd post-operative day. Surgical closure of the fistula was performed in two animals, one from each group. All other animals were sacrificed between 60th and 100th post-operative day. At autopsy omental adhesions were noticed at the site of anastomosis in six calves. The fistula was patent and had a diameter of about 2 cm in 11 animals. Rumen contents were present in the rectum. The site of anastomosis was hard to touch and no other abnormalities could be detected in the rumen and rectum. Complete encapsulation of sutures at the site of anastomosis was noticed in four calves. The healing at the site of anastomosis was complete in all the animals. In the two calves in which closure of the fistula was performed, the healing was uneventful and there was progressive improvement in haemogram values and body weight. It is concluded that functional rumeno – rectal fistula could be established in calves and that it did not cause any untoward clinical manifestations. There was escape of rumen contents through the fistula to the rectum. Surgical closure of the fistula could also be done successfully.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on vesico-colostomy and vesico-rectostomy in dogs
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1975) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Venugopal, A
    Vesico-colostomy and vesico –rectostomy as methods of urinary diversion in dogs and cats had been reported. The following experiments were undertaken to assess the relative efficacy of either of these techniques. Surgery was performed in two groups of dogs. Under genral anaesthesia, after laparotomy, in the vesico-colostomy group, the fundus of the bladder was anastomosed to the terminal part of descending colon; and in vesico-rectostomy group, the neck of the bladder was anastomosed to the anterior part of rectum. In addition to general observations, the postoperative changes in haemoglobin content, leucocyte count, and blood urea nitrogen level were also recorded and are compared to the preoperative levels. Their clinical significance was also assessed. The experimental dogs acquired physiological control over micturition through the anus within three to four days and there was no soiling of the perineum, though no indwelling catcheter was used. The animals were kept under observation for a period up to four weeks and were later sacrificed. Two of the four dogs in vesico-colostomy group was in apparent good health after surgery. Of the other two, one animal died on the 17th day and autopsy revealed nephritis of the left kidney. The other died on the 22nd day and in it the ostium was seen to be closed completely by scar tissue. In the vesico- rectostomy group, three of the four dogs were in apparent good health. One dog in the group showed symptoms of uraemia and died on the 11th day but no abnormally at the level of anastomosis could be detected at autopsy. Haematological studies, in animals of both the groups did not reveal any significant changes except in one dog which had uraemia. Intravenous pyelography after one month, in 2 dogs of vesico-rectostomy group, revealed normal kidney function and emptying of the bladder. At autopsy the areas of anastomoses were studied (grossly and histopathologically) and urine samples were cultured to check up infection. E.coli, streptococci, staphylococci and certain gram negative organisms were isolated from the urine samples collected at autopsy in all animals. In the vesico- rectostomy group the ostium was well established and patent in all animals. In the vesico – colostomy group, there was constriction of ostium in one and in another the ostium was completely closed by scar tissue formation; but the remaining cases were apparently normal. Histopathological examination of bladder, colon and rectum revealed complete healing of the corresponding layers of tissues at the site of anastomosis in the successful cases of either group. Mild cystitis was observed at postmortem in three animals, one in Group I and two animals in Group II. There was faecal regurgitation into the bladder in three cases one from Group I and two from Group II. It is concluded that either vesico-colostomy or vesico-rectostomy could be adopted as urinary diversion technique in dogs; but vesico – rectostomy appeared to be more desirable than vesico – colostomy.