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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × Author: KAU × End date: 1998 × Start date: 1998 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Processed aortic allografts for oesophagoplasty in dogs
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Balagopalan, T P; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
    The study was conducted with the objectives of a. Preparation, preservation and evaluation of chrome/ glutaraldehyde cross linked aortic tissue of dogs and to compare the relative acceptability and efficacy of them for cervical oesophagoplasty in dogs, and b. Evaluation of modified pharyngostomy feeding method and its effect on healing at cervical oesophagoplasty site in dogs. The experiment was conducted in thirty, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex weighing 9-13 kg. The animals were randomly divided into three groups viz.,, group I, II and III. Group II and III were subdivided into two subgroups each, namely IIA, IIB and iilA, IIIB. Group I and the subgroups consisted of six animals each. Animals of group I were subjected to sham operation. Cervical oesophagoplasty using chrome processed aortic allograft and glutaraldehyde processed aortic allograft were performed in animals of group II and III respectively. Pharyngostomy tube feeding was instituted in three animals of group I and all animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB. Tissue samples of thoracic aorta harvested from dogs, processed and crosslinked with chromic sulfate and glutaraldehyde were used as graft materials. Chrome processed aorta showed better biomechanical qualities except for tensile strength than glutaraldehyde processed aorta. The grafts had fairly good handling qualities and shelf life. All the animals were premedicated with triflupromazine hydrochloride and anaesthetized using thiopentone sodium to effect. Wound, oval in shape measuring 3-4 cm long and l/3rd of the circumference of the oesophagus was created in all experimental animals. Oesophagoplasty was performed by fixing the graft material over the defect using 5-0 braided silk thread and continuous lock stitch sutures. Left side' pharyngostomy was performed in 15 dogs. Suitably designed siliconised catheter made up of modified polyvinyl chloride with an attached X-ray opaque line was used as pharyngostomy tube. The tube was kept in situ for a period of 15 days postoperatively for administration of fluid diet. The animals were kept under observation for varying periods of 15, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB became alert and active earlier than that of IIA and IIIA. At the cervical region, the operated site showed mild inflammatory reaction by 1-2 days postoperatively in all animals. The sutures were removed after normal healing by 7-8th day in all animals except one each in subgroup IIA and IIIB, where it was removed on the 10th day. Mild bleeding while performing pharyngostomy (one dog) and moderate pain and slight swelling around the pharyngostomy tube entrance site (3 dogs) were observed in subgroup IIB. One animal in subgroup IIIB showed severe inflammatory oedema around the tube entrance site. Tolerance of pharyngostomy tube was excellent in 13 dogs. The pharyngostomy wound healed completely by 14-15th day after removal of the tube in all the dogs. All the animals started feeding on liquid food by seventh day postoperatively in subgroups IIA and IIIA following hyperalimentation via intravenous route and by 15th day in subgroups IIB and IIIB following hyperalimentation via pharyngostomy tube. They maintained normal apetite and feeding habits thereafter during the period of observation. Mild swelling at the operated site while swallowing (3 dogs) and vomiting (one dog) were noticed among the animals of subgroup IIA and IIIA. Initial tube obstruction during first feeding (6 dogs), vomiting after first feeding (2 dogs) and mild diarrhoea (one dog) were observed among animals of subgroup IIB and IIIB.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental transplants at the gastroesophageal junction in dogs
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
    The study was undertaken with the objectives of designing a surgical approach to the gastroesophageal region in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental grafting at the gastroesophageal myotomy site. The study was conducted in 30 adult dogs of either sex divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphace (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) IM. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium to effect. Induction of anaesthesia and recovery was smooth and uneventful and the duration was satisfactory. Respiratory arrest observed in a few animals could be corrected except in one and respiration was maintained with respiration pump or Boyles' Tec anaesthetic apparatus. Gastroesophageal myotomy was performed through left side thoracotomy with resection of eighth rib in animals of Group I and by laparotomy, through the 12th intercostal space with resection of 12th rib in animals of Group 11, to study the suitability of surgical approaches. Abdominal approach adopted in Group II was found suitable for experimental approach and was adopted in animals of Groups III, IV and V. In the animals of Groups III, IV and V gastroesophageal myotomy was performed and the myotomy edges were sutured to the overlying portion of diaphragm in Group III, to a deflected portion of diaphragmatic pedicle graft in Group IV and to a deflected portion of omental pedicle graft in Group V. The animals were kept under observation for 21 days post operatively and observed for physiological changes, clinical signs, haematologic, radiographic and electrocardiogram changes. Physiological parameters showed a significant decrease in rectal temperature upto 90th min after surgery and significant increase in pulse and respiration rate upto 24 h. All the animals were alert and active throughout the period of observation. Feed intake and swallowing was normal. Skin wound had healed without complications in all the animals. Haemogram showed normal haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume throughout the period of observation in all the animals. Erythrocyte count was within normal range in all the animals except for a transient decrease in Group I and leucocyte count showed an increase in Group V. An increase in neutrophil count was observed on the 7th and 14th day in Groups III and V with a corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Monocyte count was normal in all the animals and oesinophil count showed a decrease in Group I. The values returned to normal range by 21st day in all the animals. The electrocardiogram changes observed during surgery and in post operative period were spontaneously corrected. Contrast radiography of the oesophagus and stomach revealed normal emptying and absence of leakage. Narrowing' of the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus along with dilatation of the stomach was observed in one animal and dilatation of stomach alone was observed in two animals. Contrast radiography of the autopsy specimen of oesophagus and stomach of one animal each from Group I and 11 revealed increased width of gastroesophageal region and an outpouching of the stomach at the greater curvature. Gross morphological examination on autopsy in Group I revealed adhesion of lung with thoracic wall, diaphragm and oesophagus, congestion and consolidation of lung, collapse of the lung lobes and mediastinial pleuritis in a few animals. Fibrous tissue covering over the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus was also seen in two animals. Adhesion of omentum with abdominal wall and diaphragm was the autopsy changes noticed in Group 11. Oesophagus was normal in size in all the animals except in one animal where slight narrowing at the caudal end was observed. Increased width at the gastroesophageal region was evident in all the animals. An outpouching at the greater curvature of the stomach was seen in all animals except three where slight dilation and flaccidity of the stomach was noticed. The myotomy site was thin in Groups I, II and V. In Groups III, the portion of diaphragm sutured to the myotomy wound was firmly adherent with it and in Group IV, the diaphragm pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy wound has healed and was firmly adherent to the myotomy site. In Group V, the omental pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy site has healed completely and was indistinguishable. On histological examination no sign of inflammation was noticed in the mucosa and submucosa. . At the myotomy site fibrovascular connective tissue proliferation was observed in all the groups. In Groups III and IV peripheral to the fibrovascular connective tissue,the fascicles of diaphragmatic muscle fibrils were observed. In Group V beneath the thin fibrovascular layer infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a few neutrophils were observed extending into the stroma and lamina propria. A layer of fibrous connective tissue was observed as the outermost layer over the thin fibrovascular layer and contained a few fat cells in one animal.