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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Public Health × Author: Bhagyalakshmi, P S × End date: 2010 × Start date: 2001 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of microbial quality, adulterants and preservatives in pasteurized milk
    (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Bhagyalakshmi, P S; KAU; Nanu, E
    In the present study 200 pasteurized milk samples were collected from the retail shops of Thrissur and Palakkad districts. From Thrissur district, 20 samples each were collected from five brands viz., A, B, C, D and E, and an equal number of samples were obtained from the brands F, G, H, I and J of Palakkad district. All the samples were analyzed for the microbial quality by estimating various bacterial counts and yeast and mould count and also assessed the presence of certain pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The milk samples were also tested to detect the presence of adulterants viz., starch and cane sugar and preservatives like carbonates and formaldehyde. The study revealed that the samples belonging to Thrissur district had an overall mean total viable count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, psychrotrophic count, faecal streptococcal count and yeast and mould count of 5.08 ± 0.05, 2.89 ± 0.09, 0.53 ± 0.11, 5.30 ± 0.01, 3.40 ± 0.14 and 1.89 ± 0.08 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The corresponding count in the samples of Palakkad district was 5.24 ± 0.04, 3.01 ± 0.20, 0.78 ± 0.12, 4.99 ± 0.05, 3.20 ± 0.07 and 2.03 ± 0.09 log10 cfu/ml. According to the total viable count limit prescribed by BIS (1992) 50 per cent samples from brand E were graded as satisfactory and the samples from all other brands were graded as unsatisfactory. The highest mean total viable count was seen in the samples of brand A (5.39 ± 0.04 log10 cfu/ml). Of the samples collected from Thrissur district, the lowest count (4.51 ± 0.08 log10 cfu/ml) was recorded from the samples of brand E. The samples collected from I brand of Palakkad district had the highest mean total viable count (5.35 ± 0.05 log10 cfu/ml) and the lowest count (5.19 ± 0.09 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of brand G. Of the 100 samples collected from Thrissur district, the samples belonging to brand A had the highest mean coliform count (3.40 ± 0.17 log10 cfu/ml). An equal number of samples collected from Palakkad district revealed that the highest mean count (4.39 ± 0.02 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples belonging to brand I. According to the bacterial count limit prescribed by BIS (1992) 70 per cent of the samples from brand H were graded as satisfactory and the samples belonging to all other brands were graded as unsatisfactory. The overall mean coliform count of the samples belonging to various brands from Thrissur and Palakkad districts were at the level of two and three log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The samples belonging to brand E of Thrissur and brand H of Palakkad had the lowest mean count. The samples collected from brand A of Thrissur district had the highest mean Escherichia coli count (0.92 ± 0.31 log10 cfu/ml) and the lowest count (0.10 ± 0.10 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples belonging to the brand E. Among the samples collected from Palakkad district, the highest mean count (1.54 ± 0.11 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand I and the lowest count (0.43 ± 0.23 log10 cfu/ml) was seen in the samples belonging to the brand H. The highest mean psychrotrophic count (5.39 ± 0.02 log10 cfu/ml) was seen in the samples belonging to brand C of Thrissur district and the lowest count (5.29 ± 0.05 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand B. Among the samples from Palakkad district, the highest mean count (5.43 ± 0.01 log10 cfu/ml) was seen in the samples of the brand I and the lowest count (4.63 ± 0.10 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand H. Of the samples collected from Thrissur district, the lowest mean faecal streptococcal count (2.95 ± 0.17 log10 cfu/ml) was seen in samples belonging to brand C and the highest count (3.78 ± 0.16 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand B. Among the samples belonging to various brands of Palakkad district, the lowest mean count (2.88 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/ml) was seen in samples of the brand G and the highest count (3.51 ± 0.21 log10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand I. Among the samples collected from the five brands of Thrissur district, the highest mean yeast and mould count (2.46 ± 0.17 log 10 cfu/ml) was seen in the samples of the brand A and the lowest count (1.35 ± 0.08 log 10 cfu/ml) was observed in the samples of the brand E. Of the samples belonging to the five brands of Palakkad, the highest mean count was seen in the samples of the brand J (2.40 ± 0.24 log10 cfu/ml) and the lowest count was observed in the samples of the brand F (1.66 ± 0.09 log10 cfu/ml). A highly significant (P<0.01) difference was noticed among the mean total viable count, coliform count, faecal streptoccal count and yeast and mould count of various brands of pasteurized milk from Thrissur district. Similarly a highly significant (P<0.01) difference was noticed among the mean coliform count, Escherichia coli count and psychrotrophic count of the samples belong to the five brands of pasteurized milk from Palakkad district. Escherichia coli was isolated from 10 per cent of the samples belonging to Thrissur and the isolates consisted of serotype of O4 (1), rough strains (2) and untypable strains (7). The organism was isolated from 11 per cent of the samples collected from Palakkad. One of the isolates was serotyped as O4 and three isolates were serotyped as O60. One isolate fell in the class rough and six isolates were untypable. Two isolates each from Thrissur and Palakkad districts revealed congo red binding charecteristics. Staphylococcus aureus could not isolate from the samples obtained from Thrissur and Palakkad districts. Pseudomonas organism was isolated from four and six per cent of the samples from Thrissur and Palakkad. The isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas flourescens, Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas putida. Bacillus cereus was isolated from three samples obtained from Thrissur district and two samples belonging to Palakkad district. None of the samples from Thrissur and Palakkad districts revealed the presence of the adulterants like starch and cane sugar and preservative like bicarbonates. But formaldehyde was detected from 19 per cent of the samples from Thrissur and 47 per cent of the samples from Palakkad.