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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Public Health × Author: Asha, K × Author: KAU × End date: 2010 × Start date: 2001 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of bacterial quality and shelf life pasteurized milk
    (Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Asha, K; KAU; Nanu, E
    In the present study raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from two processing plants viz., DP1 and DP2 and pasteurized milk from retail shops. A total of 254 samples were analyzed for the bacterial quality by estimating various bacterial counts and also assessed the presence of certain bacteria of public health importance. The bacterial, physical and organoleptic qualities of pasteurized milk samples from two dairies stored under refrigeration (4 ± 1oC) were evaluated. Raw milk revealed an inferior bacterial quality with 50 per cent samples graded as fair (based on total viable count) and 85.7 per cent as poor quality (based on coliform count). The total viable count from both dairies was obtained at the level of 7 log10 cfu/ml but coliform count was high in the samples obtained from DP1 (3.34 ± 0.05 log10 cfu/ml). The psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count in the samples belonging to both sources were at the level of 7 and 3 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. Bacteria of public health significance like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas was detected from a few samples. Pasteurization reduced the level of total viable count, coliform count, psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count to a highly significant (P<0.01) level. Pasteurized milk under refrigeration (4 ± 1oC) showed an increase in total viable count and psychrotrophic count throughout the storage period with a difference of more than 3 log with that of fresh sample. However, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, and faecal streptococcal count of samples belonging to DP1 initially showed increasing tendency up to six days and thereafter the counts decreased. The increase in total viable count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count between zero and 10th day from DP2 was 4.8, 1.95, 2.08, 4.78 and 2.32 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The increase in the counts during storage may lead to the reduction in shelf life due to bacterial deterioration of milk. Isolates of Escherichia coli was obtained from DP1 on all days except eighth and 10th day. A total of six isolates were obtained from DP2. The isolates belonged to O116 (3), O22, O46, O65 (2), O95 and the rest were rough variety. Staphylococcus aureus was also isolated from two samples stored on sixth day and three from the samples stored on zero, second and fourth day, respectively (DP1). From DP2, three isolates were obtained from the samples stored on 10th day and one from fresh samples. A total of 22.62 and 20.24 per cent Pseudomonas were isolated from DP1 and DP2, respectively and the isolates were identified as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas flourescens. Sensory and physico-chemical (COB test) analyses of refrigerated milk samples showed an overall reduction in the score of colour and appearance, flavour, odour and body as the storage period increased. The mean total scores from DP1 revealed that the samples were of excellent quality for up to second day of storage. The sensory quality of the samples stored on fourth day was good and then the quality of milk remained fair till eighth day and on 10th day the quality became poor. In DP2 samples had excellent quality for upto second day of storage. The sensory quality of the sample stored up to sixth day was good and thereafter the quality of milk remained as fair till the end of storage period. COB test of samples from DP1 showed positive test on all samples stored on 10th day. However, one sample stored on day six was COB test positive. The samples belonging to DP2 showed that three samples stored on 10th day and one sample stored on eighth day was COB positive. The bacterial profile of the retail milk samples of the brands A, B, C, D, E and F was assessed and the samples belonging to the brand D had highest mean total viable count (5.94 ± 0.09 log10 cfu/ml), psychrotrophic count (5.09 ± 0.16 log10 cfu/ml) and faecal streptococcal count (2.87 ± 0.24 log10 cfu/ml). Highest coliform count was seen in the samples of brand A (2.40 ± 0.14 log10 cfu/ml) and Escherichia coli count (3.44 ± 0.72 log10 cfu/ml) in samples of the brand C. Low counts especially total viable count (4.89 ± 0.79 log10 cfu/ml) and coliform count (1.19 ± 0.42 log10 cfu/ml) were seen in the samples of the brand F. Escherichia coli were detected from 20.8 per cent samples and the isolates consisted of the serotypes O46, O65, O95, O116, O166 and O171. Out of 15 isolates obtained six showed a positive congo red reaction indicating their property of invasiveness. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only six samples (6.94 per cent). All retail milk samples were also tested for the isolation and identification of Pseudomonas and the organism was isolated from 16 (22.22 per cent) samples. The isolates were identified as Pseudomonas putida (7), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6) and Pseudomonas flourescens (3). Polymerase Chain reaction was employed to identify and confirm the Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the milk samples and a 366 bp product was obtained.