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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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1978 - 197911990 - 19992
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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology × Author: KAU × End date: 2000 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Tiletamin-zolazepam anaesthesia with xylazine premedicaiton and reversal with ainophyllin in dogs
    (Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Mini Bharathan; KAU; Chandrasekharan Nair
    The experiment was conducted to find out the synergistic effect of xylazine with tiletamine – zolazepam anaesthesia and to study the reversing action of aminophylline in tiletamine – zolazepam – xylazine anaesthesia. The study was conducted in 5 batches of 6 dogs each. The first group of animals (c) received tiletamine – zolazepam at the rate of 5 mg/kg I/V. The second group (T1) received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg I/M) and 15 minutes later, tiletamine – zolazepam (2.5 mg/kg I/V). The third group (T2) received xylazine (I mg/kg I/M and 15 minutes later, tiletamine zolazepam (1.25 mg/kg I/V) The treatment schedule that resulted in a greater duration of anaesthesia ie, T2, was chosen for studies in the subsequent groups. The fourth (T3) and fifth (T4) group of animals received the anaesthesia scheduled as in T2, and in the middle of anaesthesia ie. after 8 minutes, the animals were given aminophylline intravenously at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg respectively. The anaesthetic parameters like the time of recumbency, time of appearance and disappearance of skin clamp and tail clamp anaesthesia, time of regaining of righting reflex and sternal recumbency, and the time for standing and walking were recorded for all treatments. The rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration of anaesthetic. The haemogram was also studied before, during and after anaesthesia. All the animals came to recumbency after the injection of tiletamine – zolazepam within a mean time of 10 seconds. The time of recumbency and the time of appearance of tail clamp and skin clamp anaesthesia showed no significant difference between the different groups. The time of disappearance of tail clamp anaesthesia for the group C, T1 and T2 were 23.5, 20.2 and 18.6 minutes and for T3 and T4 were 14.2 and 15.7 minutes respectively. Time of disappearance of skin clamp anaesthesia for the groups C, T1, and T2 were 29.5, 23.3 and 22.7 minutes and for the groups T3 and T4 were 14.8 and 16.7 minutes respectively. The time of regaining of righting reflex for the groups C, T1 and T2 were 23.8, 28.8 and 35.3 minutes and for T3 and T4 were 24 and 24.8 minutes respectively. The time of sternal recumbency were 42.8, 33.2 and 43.3 minutes for the groups C, T1 and T2 and 28.5 and 29.8 minutes for T3 and T4 respectively. All these values showed significant difference between C and T2 and also between T2 and T3 and T4. The mean time for standing and walking showed significant difference only between the control group (73.3 and 78.2 minutes respectively) and T2 (47.5 and 48.3 minutes respectively), but not between T2, T3 and T4. The duration of skin clamp anaesthesia, tail clamp anaesthesia and the recovery time were significantly shorter for the group T3 when compared to T2. The most noticeable behavioural characteristics during recovery were rhythmic head and neck rocking, whining and paddling and these were present only in the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups in the rectal temperature during anaesthesia except at 10 minutes time, when the decrease in temperature was greater for T3 and T4 when compared to T2. There was no significant difference in the pulse rate also between the group throughout anaesthesia, with an exception only at 15 minutes when the increase in pulse rate was greater for C than for T2. The decrease in respiratory rate was significantly greater for T2 when compared to C from 5 to 30 minutes during anaesthesia. The haemogram showed no significant difference between the groups during anaesthesia. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that 1. the combination of xylazine (I mg/kg I/M) and tiletamine – zolazepam (1.25 mg/kg I/V) could be used to produce satisfactory, short – term anaesthesia in dogs and 2. aminophylline at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg I/V could be used to reverse anaesthesia produced by tiletamine – zolazepam – xylazine combinatio
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of tranquillizer on weight gain in broilers
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) Santa George, E; KAU; Jacob Cheeran, V
    A feeding trial of 30 days duration was carried out in 30 days – old commercial broiler chicken to study the effects of two tranquillizers such as meprobamate and nitrazepam incorporated at varying levels in the rations for chicken, on weight gains. There were eight dietary treatments each consisted of 21 birds. The group that had received basal diet without the addition of tranquillizers formed as control while four groups each received basal diet incorporated with meprobamate (Equanil) at levels of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 1.2% of the diet and the remaining three groups received diets added with nitrazepam (Hypnotex) at levels of 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.015% respectively. The gain in body weight, feed consumption and haematology of the chicken were recorded and economics of weight gain in the respective treatments worked out. The results of the study indicated that incorporation of tranquillizers in the diet did not promote growth in chicken at a faster rate than the basal diet. Addition of meprobamate in the diet caused mortality in chicken, the maximum had been in groups that received the highest dose levels. There appeared to have a tendency for longer clotting time for the blood in chicken that had received meprobamate and that their liver showed varying degrees of degenerative changes. None of the tranquillizers at any of the levels studied had any effect on the general behaviour of the birds. Based on the results it was concluded that addition of tranquillisers had not produced any beneficial effect in broiler chicken either in promoting a faster growth rate or a savings in feed consumption.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of ephedrine and 4-aminopyridine - yohimbine combination in reversing the ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in rabbits
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandra Rajeswari, K; KAU; Chandrashekaran Nair, A M
    An attempt was made to assess the efficacy of ephedrine as a reversing agent in comparison with the known antagonists combination, yohimbine and 4-AP in xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits. The study was conducted in thirty two NewZealand White rabbits divided into four groups of eight each. All the four groups (C, Tj , T2 and T3) were anaesthetized with 5 mg/kg xylazine and 50 mg/kg ketamine administered intramuscularlyat 15 min. interval. Group 'C' served as control, groups Tj , T2 and T3 served as treatments. In the middle of anaesthesia i.e., 30 min. after induction of anaesthesia, group T 1 received yohimbine and 4-AP combination (0.125 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively IN), group T2 were given ephedrine (10 mg/kg IN) and group T 3 received with ephedrine (20 mg/kg IN). The anaesthetic parameters like the sequence and time of disappearance and reappearance of righting, corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hind limb pedal reflexes, duration of anaesthesia, arousal and recovery time were observed for all groups. The rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 min. during anaesthesia and also after complete recovery. Haemogram was also studied before, during and also after complete recovery from anaesthesia. The sequence and time of disappearance of reflexes are as follows. Righting reflex was the first to disappear (1.4 min.) followed by hindlimb pedal, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes disappeared at 3.7, 4.5 and 4.6 min. respectively after ketamine administration in all the four groups. The mean time for disappearance of aforesaid reflexes showed no significant variation among the different groups as the same anaesthetic schedule was adopted for all the groups. Animals regained consciousness with the onset of Zwangsnagen reflex, followed by reappearance of corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hindlimb pedal reflex. Time for appearance of Zwangsnagen, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes were significantly reduced in treatment groups when compared to control and there was no significant difference between treatment groups for these parameters. Time for reappearance of hindlimb pedal reflex was significantly shorter for group T3 when compared to groups Tl and In companson with control group (60.6 min.) the mean duration of anaesthesia was significantly reduced for treatment groups Tb T2 and T3 (33.6, 34.2 and 31.1 min. respectively). This decrease was significantly greater in T3 when compared to T 1 and T 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant di fference between T 1 and T 2 in duration of anaesthesia. All the four groups differ significantly from each other in the arousal and recovery time. Shortest arousal time was recorded in T 1 group (9.1 min.) followed by T3 (21.3 min.) and T2 (35.5 min.). Arousal time in control group was 103.85 min. The duration of time taken for recovery was greater for control group (86.9 min.) followed by groups Tl and T2 (65.4 and 56.0 min. respectively). These values were found to be significantly shorter for the group T 3 (41.5 min.). The rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates were significantly decreased below normal values during xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. These parameters were found to be increased significantly after administration of reversing agents in all treatment groups when compared to control group. The study of haemogram showed that Hb, PC V, total RBC and total leucocyte counts were significantly decreased during anaesthesia. These haematological changes were completely reversed by administration of reversing agents in treatment groups. From the results of the present study it could be concluded that ephedrine can be used as an alternative to yohimbine and 4-AP combination in reversing the anaesthesia produced by xylazine-ketamine combination in rabbits.