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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology × Author: KAU × End date: 1999 × Start date: 1992 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and mancozeb toxicity in ducks
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandrasekharan Nair, A M; KAU; Rajagopalan, M K
    An investigation was undertaken to assess the chronic toxicity of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and Mancozeb in ducklings. The experiment was carried out in three phases. In the first phase four groups of ducklings were used. Birds in group I, II and III were reared on feed supplemented with 100, 200 and 300 ppm copper respectively. Group IV was reared on control feed. In the second and third phases the experiment was repeated with zinc and Mancozeb respectively. The latter was added at a rate of 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm to diet. The body weight of the ducklings was assessed at fortnight intervals. The erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, ESR, PCV, total and differential leucocyte count, serum AST, AL T and Alkaline phosphatase were noted at monthly intervals. The cell mediated immunity was recorded at intervals of forty five days. Humoral immunity was assessed by estimating the antibody titer at 15 days intervals. The element content in the serum and tissue was also recorded. The gross and histo-pathological lesions were noted at the end of the experiment after six months. The results revealed that body weight of the ducklings was not significantly influenced by feeding copper at the above levels. However, all the treated birds showed a tendency for higher body weight gain than controls. Erythrocyte count was more in the group fed with 100 ppm copper and less in the group fed with 200 and 300 ppm . All the treated birds showed a tendency for low haemoglobin value. The PCV,ESR,total and differential leucocyte count were not significantly affected. In all the groups the difference in the level of AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase. was not clinically significant, Cell mediated and humoral immunity were not significantly altered by copper at the above levels. The serum copper level showed an increase proportional to the duration of treatment and level of copper in the feed. Liver showed more concentration of copper than kidney and muscle.The birds in the group III showed histo-pathological lesion in the kidney. Zinc supplementation in the feed also has no significant influence on the body weight gain. However, the group fed with 200 PPM zinc showed a tendency towards an increase of the body weight gain and the group fed with 100 and 300 PPM zinc showed a tendency towards a decrease in the body weight gain. The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level showed an upward trend in group I. In all the treated groups the PCV, leucocyte count, serum AL T and Alkaline phosphatase showed an upward trend. In group III humoral immunity showed a favourable response. A rapid increase in the level of zinc in the serum proportional to the level in the feed and period of treatment was observed. The tissue zinc concentration was significantly higher in the liver in group I, but it was not proportional to the serum zinc. Histopathologically, mild depletion of lymphoid cells in the spleen of group Ill, congestion and diffuse calcification of small blood vessels of kidney in group II and III were noticed. The body weight of birds reared on Mancozeb added diet was affected adversely in groups Il and Ill. The leucocyte count was reduced in group Ill. The erythrocyte count, Haemoglobin, ESR and PCV were not affected by the treatment. The serum ALT was increased significantly in group Ill. Alkaline phosphatase was increased for the first few months. Humoral and cell mediated immunity was not affected. Serum zinc and manganese level showed an upward trend. The accumulation of zinc was more in the muscles than in the kidney or liver. Most of the treated birds showed focal area of sub- capsular haemorrhage and streaks of necrosis in the borders of liver. Histo- pathologically necrotic changes were seen in the liver, kidney and spleen.