Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Open Access
Pathology of hypothyroidism in pigs
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1995) Prasanna, K S; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in piglets, using thiourea with the objectives of studying the sequence of clinico pathological changes and its influence on the animal health and growth. Tweleve Large White Yorkshire male piglets of 2 – 3 months age were selected for the study. The animals were divided into control group of six animals and experimental group of six animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea daily for a period of three months at the dose level of 50 mg per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum cholesterol and serum thyroxine values were estimated at periodic intervals. The piglets were subjected to detailed autopsy after sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out. During the course of experiment all the experimental animals recorded stunted growth and appreciable reduction in feed intake and alopecia of neck and shoulder regions. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein level in thiourea fed group. A significant reduction in serum thyroxine level was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of experimental animals. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and dilatation of right ventricles were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lining epithelium was also observed. Predominant histological changes in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the basophil cells and degranulation of the acidophil cells. Adrenal glands showed diffuse hyperplasia of zonafasiculata and accessory cortical nodule formation. Skin revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and keratinisation of harifollicles. In all the hypothyroid animals testis showed varying degree of tubular degeneration. A random survey study was conducted to assess the thyroid status of pigs from different parts of Kerala using serum thyroxine as the marker. This concluded that most of the animals had the normal range of serum thyroxine levels.
Open Access
Prevalence and pathology of dermatological disorders in cattle
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Anilkumar, R; KAU; Rajan, A
A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of dermatological disorders encountered m cattle m Kerala To study the prevalence of various types of skin disorders data were collected from the Disease Surveillence Report published by the Directorate of Animal Husbandry during the period 1989 1993 The various skin disorders encountered according to this data were tail necrosis (1 44 per cent) cutaneous mycosis (10 58 per cent) Eczematosis (6 09 per cent) pox (4 75 per cent) tick infestation (37 22 per cent) lice infestation (25 72 per cent) mangy dermatitis (13 82 per cent) wart (0 36 per cent) In this study tick infestation was found to be highly prevalent. Dunng the course of this investigation skin biopsies collected from 97 cattle were subjected to detailed gross and histopathological examination They were classified as Cutaneous ulceration (22 68 per cent) Fly bite dermatitis (15 46 per cent) Decubitus ulcers (12 47 per cent) Hyperkeratosis (9 3 percent) Papillomatosis (9 27 per cent) Hypertrichosis (8 25 per cent) Ectoparasitic mjuiy (6 19 per cent) Teat lesions (6 19 per cent) Fibroma (2 07 per cent) Dermatophilosis (1 03 per cent) Squamous cell carcinoma (1 03 per cent) and Fibrosarcoma (1 03 per cent) Cutaneous ulceration was the most common disorder encountered and Biopsies revealed epidermal lysis In fifteen animals fly bite dermatitis was noticed with greyish white necrotic papules and wheals on the neck shoulder ears and around eyes Perivascular changes were seen microscopically Nine cases of hyperkeratosis were studied which may be associated with hypovitammosis A Udder and teat papillomatosis was encountered m nine animals with ballooning degeneration and clumping of keratohyahn granules microscopically Eight crossbred cattle recovered from the foot and mouth disease had hypertrichosis Hair coat was shaggy and wavy Ectoparasztic injury was encountered m cattle mainly due Boophilus infestation Teat lesions encountered were mamly due to traumatic injury and chapping Two cases of fibroma and one case of fibrosarcoma were encountered on the teat of cattle A growth on the vulval region was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma An expenmental study on the cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction m cattle to PHA, 2 4 DNCB and BCG was earned out Mast cell response to these mitogens was also studied Effect of Agropesticides Furadan and BHC on local application on the skin of calves were studied Dermatosis was the charactenstic response The need for taking care to avoid pesticide contamination on the skin of animals was stressed
Open Access
Aflatoxin induced cytological alterations in ducks
(Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Vigil Anbiah, S; KAU; Manomohan, C B
An experimental study was conducted in desi ducks to assess the cytological alterations induced by aflatoxin Bl (AFB1) and 4 dimethyl amino azo benzene (4 DAB) One hundred and eight desi ducks of one month age were selected for the study The birds were divided into two treatment groups which were given A1 Bl (l0ug/kg body weight and l5ug/ kg body weight) and 4 DAB (5 mg and 10 mg/kg body weight) and a control group each group consisted of thirty six birds Body weight haemogram clotting time total serum protein serum albumin serum globulin albumin-globulin ratio serum aspartate amino transferase serum alanine amino transferase serum bilirubin and cytogenetic assay were estimated at periodic intervals The ducks were subjected to detailed autopsy and histopathology Clinically the exprimental birds were healthy Anaemia leucocytosis and increased blood clotting time were noticed in birds which received 15 ug/kg body weight o f AFB1 and both the dose levels of 4 DAB Total serum protein was reduced in all the treated birds In the aflatoxin group serum albumin and globulin levels were decreased Albumin globulin ratio was increased in 4 DAB tieated buds Serum aspartate ammo transferase level was elevated in buds winch moved 10ug/kg body weight of A1 Bl and 10 mg/kg body weight of 4 DAB Birds which received ATB1 as well as 10 ing/kg body weight of 4 DAB showed an elevation in serum alanine amino transferase level Serum bilirubin was incieased in all the treated birds Those ducks which were fed with AFB1 at 1 5ug/kg body weight showed tendency of hepatoma formation during the experiment The ducks which received 5 mg/kg body weight of 4 DAB exhibited gross and histopathological lesions suggestive of hepatosis and mild curhosis 1 he birds given 10 mg/kg body weight of 4 DAB tevealed gross as well as histopathological lesions of hepatic degeneiutiou and necrosis and indications of neoplatic changes Trend towaids polyploidy was the major chromosomal aberration observed in ducks which received 15g/kg body weight of AFB
Open Access
Neuropathology and diagnosis of rabies in domestic animals
(Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Silamban, S; KAU; Ramachandran, K M (Guide)
An investigation was made to study the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathologic lesions and diagnosis of rabies in domestic animals in the state of Kerala. Epidemiology of rabies for the last 12 year period from July 1983 to June 1995 was assessed from the post – mortem records maintained at the department of Pathology. Regional distribution, Prevalence in each species and year – wise occurrence were studied. Canine rabies was found preponderant. Rabies was recorded in wild animals also. Detailed clinical signs and gross pathological changes in the rabies positive cases were studied. One hundred and six rabies suspected carcasses of different species of animals were examined for the disease employing Sellers’ impression smear staining, histopathology, fluorescent antibody test (FA test) and immunoperoxidase test (IP test). Twenty – two of them were confirmed positive for rabies. Negribodies were demonstrated with Sellers’ staining and histopathological staining. Sellers’ staining was identified to be the simple and rapid staining method that could be employed in the field laboratories. In addition to H & E, Mann’s stain and Sellers’ stain were applied for staining histological sections. H & E was found to be satisfactory for routine staining. Histological changes in the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and hippocampus), salivary gland (parotid and submaxillary) and trigeminal nerve of rabies positive animals were studied. The efficacy of the diagnostic techniques used for rabies diagnosis was compared. FA test confirmed maximum number of rabies positive cases. The results of the rabies diagnosis was cross – checked by Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, USA.
Open Access
Homologous and heterologous transplantation of bovine ethmoid carcinoma cells
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Ajith Jacob George; KAU; Ramachandran, K M
Homologous and heterologous transplantation of bovine ethmoid carcinoma cells were attempted to assess the xenograftic efficiency of the neoplasm. Tumour tissue for the study was obtained from seven clinically affected cows. Histopathologically the tumours were classified as adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour tissue/cell culture was successfully carried out using trypsinised single cell suspension and tumour tissue gragments. Calves were used as homologous hosts and rats, mice and rabbits were used as heterologous hosts. Cyclophosphamide, hydrocortisone and cyclosporine A were used as immunosuppressants. Transplantation was carried out subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. The inoculum consisted of trypsinised single cell suspension, tumour tissue fragments and cell suspension from tissue culture. Neoplastic cells failed to grow in immunosuppressed calves, rats and rabbits. Whereas, the tumour cells obtained by trypsinisation were successfully transplanted in mice immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A. The tumour growth was evident from the second week onwards. In immunosuppressed animals the total leucocyte count, differential leuocyte count and alphanapthyl acetate esterase positive lymphocyte count were very low compared to their controls. The results of the present study indicated that mice could be used as an experimental model for the studies on bovine ethmoid carcinoma.
Open Access
Pathology of ascites syndrome in broiler chicken
(Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Jacob Alexander; KAU
The post mortem reports maintained at the Department of Pathology during the period 1985 – 95 revealed that the prevalence of ascites syndrome (AS) was gradually on the increase. Investigations carried out on field cases showed that AS occurred in better managed farms and also in farms where the feed did not contain aflatoxin. The bacteriological study and screening of ascetic fluid in electron microscope for virus did not indicate a microbial etiology. Two separate experiments were conducted with vencob strain of broiler chicken. In each of the experiments the feed additives were mixed in the feed and fed ad libitum from the second week onwards. The body weight was recorded weekly. The PCV, haemoglobin, serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin – globulin ratio, sodium and potassium were estimated at fortnightly intervals. At the eighth week the live birds were slaughtered and the gross and histopathological lesions were evaluated. The organ weight, relative organ weight and RV : TV were also evaluated. In the first experiment 50 chicks of two weeks of age were randomly divided into three treatment groups of 12 each. The control group consisted remaining 14 chicks. The treatment groups were given monensin sodium, pure sodium chloride (99.99%) and furazolidone in the feed at the rate of 360, 25, 000 and 800 ppm respectively. The birds in the monensin group were stunted due to less feed and water intake. The serum biochemistry, lesions, organ weight and a lesser RV : TV indicated that monensin might not cause AS. The sodium chloride group initially exhibited excessive thirst, diarrhoea, hyperaemic skin and distended abdomen but by the end of the eighth week none had ascites on post mortem examination. The PCV, haemoglobin, serum Na++ and RV : TV were higher than the control. The furazolidone group exhibited nervous symptoms and one bird died of ascites syndrome at the 45th day of treatment. The body weight, PCV, haemoglobin, serum protein, albumin, globulin, potassium and organ weight were lesser than the control group. Congestion, hydropericardium and nephrosis were noticed in the birds. Ectopic cartilaginous nodules, pulmonary congestion and oedema, loss of striation and separation of myocardial fibers and severe diffuse granular degeneration of hepatocytes were also noticed. The second experiment consisted of 80 chicks of two weeks age randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 each. Furazolidone was administered at a higher dose (1000 ppm) and common salt was given instead of sodium chloride at the same dose rate (25,000 ppm). Cephalexin was also administered to another group at the rate of 800 ppm. Two salts of cobalt namely chloride and nitrite were given to two separate groups at 600 ppm each to elucidate its aetiological role. In addition, two groups were utilized for transmission studies using the ascetic fluid and liver suspension collected aseptically from field cases. The birds in the furazolidone group showed nervous symptoms, and was stunted. One bird died of ascites on the 53rd day of the treatment. The PCV, haemoglobin, serum protein, albumin, globulin, Na++ , K+ and organ weight were lesser while the relative organ weight and RV : TV were higher than the control group. These observations suggested that furazolidone was a potential agent which could cause AS. In the common salt group three birds died of AS on the 5th, 11th and 24th days of treatment. They showed sequential progressive lesions. Increased feed and water intake, respiratory distress, and distended abdomen were noticed. Their body weight, PCV, haemoglobin, serum Na++ and K+ content were higher than the control. Congestion, oedema, haemorrhage and ectopic cartilaginous nodules were noticed in the lungs. Severe congestion of the central and portal veins and thickening of the Glisson’s capsule were seen in the liver. Mesangial cell proliferation, and thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerular tuft were evident. The weight and relative weight of the heart, RV and LV were the highest among all the groups. The RV : LV was higher when compared to the control. The weight of the spleen, lungs, liver and intestine was greater than the control. These results indicated that common salt was more potent than sodium chloride in precipitating AS. In the cobalt chloride and nitrite groups, the birds showed a reddened skin and had a lesser body weight than the control. The PCV, haemoglobin and serum Na++ were higher while the serum K+ and absolute organ weight were lesser than the control. The RV : TV ratio was higher than the control in both the groups. These suggested that excess amounts of cobalt in chicken feed might cause ascites. When cephalexin was given to the birds no noticeable symptoms were observed. The serum Na++ , K+ , organ weight, relative organ weight and RV : TV were lesser than the control and it did not cause AS. Transmission studies using liver suspension and ascetic fluid injection intraperitoneally did not cause ascites. A microbial etiology therefore couldnot be elucidated.
Open Access
Neoplasms of the duck with special reference to hepatocarcinogenesis
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Leena Devi, T; KAU; Valsala, K V
At the Centre of Excellence in Pathology during the period from 1989 – 1991 six hundred and eighteen ducks were subjected to detailed post – mortem examination and out of this one hundred and thirty six ducks showed hepatosis, one hundred and twenty six ducks had hepatitis and sixteen ducks had hepatic tumours. At the Government duck farm, Niranam, 14,360 ducks were examined and 46.92 per cent of ducks had hepatic lesions. However, tumours were not recorded. The possible aetiological role of aflatoxin for hepatosis and hepatic tumour was indicated. An experiment was designed taking duck as a model to assess the carcinogenic affect of genotoxic carcinogen aflatoxin and non – genotoxic carcinogen clofibrate. Aflatoxin was administered to twelve ducks at the dose rate of 0.04165 mg/kg body weight every third day for a period of six months. Hepatic tumours were recorded in four ducks out of the six ducks sacrificed on the 90th day and in all the six ducks sacrificed on the 180th day. The body weight, haemoglobin, ESR, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes such as AST, ALT, GGT and ALP were estimated at fortnightly intervals. Clinically there was reduction in the body weight, haemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin and globumin levels by the third month. There was significant increase in ESR, serum AST, ALT, GGT and ALP levels when compared to the control ducks. These clinical changes were attributed to hepatosis and heapatic tumours. Hepatosis characterised by moderate to severe enlargement of the liver with scattered greyish white nodules of varying sizes were the chief lesions encountered in aflatoxin fed ducks at autopsy. The tumours encountered were classified as hepatocellular carcinoma (6) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (4). The gross and histopathological features of these lesions were described in detail. Histochemically the activity of GGT and ALP was moderate to severe in the liver tumours. The sequence of histological changes seen was hapatic degeneration necrosis and tumour formation. Clofibrate was given at the dose rate of 0.05 g/kg body weight per day for six months. In these ducks the liver has a cooked appearance with few focal greyish white patches when sacrificed at the sixth month. There was significant reduction in the body weight, haemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin and globulin levels and serum cholesterol level at the third and sixth month. However, ESR, serum SGOT, SGPT, GGT and ALP showed significant increase as compared to the control ducks. These clinical parameters suggested hepatosis. Histologically there was moderate fatty change, focal disassociation of hepatocytes and biliary hyperplasia. Histochemical expression of ALP was moderate to intense in the liver and there was moderate to severe proliferation of peroxisomes. There was histological evidence of preneoplastic changes although no tumours were seen. By this investigation the high sensitivity of ducks to aflatoxin was clarified and the tumour induction potential of afiatoxin in ducks was evaluated and the nature of hepatic tumours induced and delineated. Clofibrate was demonstrated to induce hepatosis and preneoplastic changes in the hepatic tissue and the possible carcinogenic potential of clofibrate was indicated.
Open Access
Immunopathological response of ducks in aflatoxicosis
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Balakrishnan, P; KAU; Maryamma, K I
The immunopathological effects of AFB1 in ducks were studied in this investigation. Both cell – mediated as well as humoral immune system were assessed using suitable immunological markers. White Pekin ducklings were maintained on aflatoxin free feed. AFB1 was administered orally to the 4 week old experimental ducklings at a dose level of 0.075 mg/kg body weight on every alternate day till the end of the experiment. There was reduction in ANAE positive T cells and reduction in the cutaneous response to 2, 4 – dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and phytohaemagglutinin – M (PHA – M) confirming the immunotoxicity of AFB1 on the cell – mediated immune system. The assessment of phagocytic response of reticulo- endothelial cells also indicated a reduced activity in the AFB1 fed ducks. The humoral immune system was evaluated by estimating the total serum protein (TSP), serum globulin (SGI) and various serum immunoglobulin fractions. The AFB1 at the above dose level had significant biological effect on the humoral immune system. It was further confirmed by reduction in the antibody titre in the AFB1 fed ducks vaccinated with RDF1 vaccine. The gross and histopathological features of AFB1 induced toxicity consisted of enlarged, pale and friable liver with haemorrhages, congested kidney with petechial haemorrhages, atrophied spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and caecal tonsils. There was marked histopatological changes in the liver. It being the primary target organ in case of toxicity induced by AFB1. Fatty changes, paracentral and centrilobular necrosis, Proliferation of bile ducts and ductules, severe disorganization of hepatic cords and grouping of hepatocytes with acini – like formations, were seen in the liver. Tubular degeneration and focal necrosis were seen in the kidney. The lymphoid organs like bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and caecal tonsils showed degenerative changes and loss of lymphoid elements. There were loss of follicular pattern with interstitial fibrosis and necrobiotic changes in lymphoid elements in the bursa of Fabricius. The thymus revealed atrophy, necrosis, interstitial edema and intense lympholytic changes. Caecal tonsils revealed haemorrhages, degeneration of lymphoid cells and necrosis. In this investigation the immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 on the humoral and cell – mediated immune system of ducks were evaluated. Regular screening of feed for AFB1 was advocated as a routine farm practice to prevent the deleterious effect of AFB1 on the health and productivity of ducks.
Open Access
Pathology of the liver in quails
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Krupeshasharma, S R; KAU; Rajan, A
A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and nature of different types of lesions encountered in the liver of Japanese quails. To study the incidence of hepatic disorders in Japanese quails data were collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy for a period of six years from 1986 – 1991. The overall incidence of liver lesions was 34.09 per cent. The incidence was high in quails aged above 6 weeks and low in quail chicks. During the course of this investigation for the period 1990 to 1991, 575 livers with well defined gross lesions were examined for histopathological changes. The different type of lesions encountered were congestion (42.08 per cent), fatty change (30.26 per cent), subcapsular haemorrhage (0.34 per cent), abscesses (0.34 per cent), necrosis (6.78 per cent), Marek’s disease (18.43 per cent) and hepatitis (1.73 per cent). Congestion was the most common lesion observed. The incidence of congestion was 42.08 per cent. It was highest in quail chicks. In adults, in many cases, congestion was associated with other hepatic lesions whereas in quail chicks, congestion was observed as the only change in most of the cases. Out of 575 livers examined, hepatic abscesses were seen in two livers. In one liver gross abscesses were seen, where as in the other case abscesses were seen only in histologic sections. The incidence of fatty change was highest in adults. It was found that fatty change was the significant hepatic response to various toxic conditions in quails. Disintegration of the reticular fibres in case of extensive fatty change was demonstrated. Subcapsular haemorrhage was seen in two livers. Hepatitis was relatively uncommon in quails. It was recorded in 10 cases out of 575 livers examined. Marek’s disease lesions were noticed in 106 livers. Pathological features of Marek’s disease lesions in the liver of quails, were discussed in detail. S. typhimurium was isolated from three cases of hepatitis. Experimental infection was induced in quails with and without immunosuppression. It was observed that the hepatic lesions were more extensive and mortality was higher in immunosuppressed quails. The possible role of stress in enhancing the pathogenicity in field situations was clarified. The zoonotic importance of S. typhimurium infection was discussed. Hepatic toxicity of dietary monensin was studied. Hepatic steatosis was the consistent finding. It was clarified that liver is the target organ in monensin toxicity in quails. The practical importance of this toxicity was highlighted.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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