Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Now showing 1 - 9 of 24

Open Access
Immunopathologic and toxic effects of endosulfan in chick embryo
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Kalai Selvan, P; KAU; Divakaran Nair, N
The present study was undertaken to investigate the immunopathologic and toxic effects of endosulfan in chick embryo. The embryos were exposed to endosulfan at various dose levels through different routes. The weight of the embryo, bursa, thymus and spleen, histopathology of the lymphoid organs, liver, kidney and brain and quantification of the preformed maternal IgY level in the egg yolk were the parameters analysed to study the effects. Endosulfan was found to be teratogenic at the grven dose levels. The abnormalities observed were agenesis of beak, crossed beak, short lower beak, eventration of viscera and curled toe. Endosulfan did not cause any significant gross changes in the developing embryos except mild haemorrhages. Endosulfan treatment did not produce any significant reduction in the weight of the embryos as well as the weight of the lymphoid organs. On histopathological examinations endosulfan was found to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic to the embryos. Varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis was evident in kidney and liver. Effect on the bursa, thymus and spleen were mild to moderate where in the degenerative changes predominated. Dose dependent increase in the involution process of the thymus as evidenced by increase in the Hassal's zone was observed. The lesions in the developing lymphoid organs reflected that endosulfan is toxic to the system and going to affect the immunocompetency by way of immunosuppression and thereby rendering the chicks susceptible to various diseases. The study indicated that the endosulfan treatment did not have any effect on the preformed maternal immunoglobulin level in the egg yolk.
Open Access
Pathology of cardio-pulmonary disorders in canines
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Pradeep, M; KAU; Vijayan, N
The present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various cardiac and pulmonary disorders in dogs. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and seventy eight samples of heart and lungs from necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Ninety nine per cent cases showed varying types of cardiac and pulmonary lesions. The highest incidence in the heart was dilated (75.32 per cent) and hypertrophic (15.58 per cent) cardiomyopathies. The other lesions found were hydropericardium, cardiac tamponade, haemorrhage, myocarditis, endocarditis, endocardial fibroelastosis, valvular blood cyst coronary arteriosclerosis and mural. thrombus. Myocardial infarction was found to be confined to the left ventricles and interventricular septum in all the encountered cases (5.19 per cent). Pulmonary congestion (70.51 per cent), haemorrhage (32.47 per cent) and edema (31.17 per cent) were observed with higher incidence rate. The other lesions found in the lungs were bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, collapse, infarction, mineralization, ossification, anthracosis and endarteritis obliterans. Metastatic osteosarcoma in the lungs, metastatic lymphosarcoma in the heart and lungs were also observed. The incidence of cardio-pulmonary disorders encountered was relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of the heart and lungs of canines were highlighted.
Open Access
Gastrointestinal and neurotoxic effects of cypermethrin in rats
(Centre For Excellence In Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya Nair, R; KAU
The present study entitled ‘Gastrointestinal and neurotoxic effects of cypermethrin in rats’ was undertaken to investigate the potential toxic effects of cypermethrin in rats with particular emphasis on its effect on the nervous and digestive system.The clinical signs, gross pathology, histopathology, haematology and biochemical parameters were analysed to study the effects. Cypermethrin was found to be neurotoxic and gastroenterotoxic at the given dose levels. Oral administration of cypermethrin in medium and high doses produced nervous signs in animals. However cypermethrin did not cause any significant variation in the body weight of animals. All haematological parameters evaluated showed a dose dependent reduction in its value. Biochemical parameters assessed revealed hepatotoxic and multisystemic effects of cypermethrin. Gross lesions observed in the intoxicated groups were bloat, congestion of lungs, heart, brain, pulmonary haemorrhage and degenerative changes in liver and kidneys. On histopathological examination, cypermethrin was found to be neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, pneumotoxic, cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic as evidenced by varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis in various organs examined. Effects on all organs were mild to moderate degenerative changes at the low dose level. Medium and high dose intoxicated groups revealed necrotic changes, extensive haemorrhages, congestion in organs like liver, kidney and lungs apart from the changes observed in low dose group animals. Haemodynamic disturbances were manifested in the forms of congestion and haemorhages in lungs, heart, liver and kidneys. The histopathological evaluation revealed no cypermethrin induced toxic effects on the oesophagus. Spinal cord lesions were observed only in the lowest dose group. Brain lesions were only degenerative changes. These findings suggested that biochemical effects rather than structural changes were involved in toxicity.
Open Access
Hepato-renal pathology in canines
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Lakshmi, R; KAU; Koshy Varghese
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of the liver and kidney disorders in canines. The results of the present investigation and the evaluation of data from the records revealed a high incidence of liver (76 percent) and kidney (85 per cent) disorders. A detailed systematic examination of one.hundred cases of canine carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail and were classified based on age, sex and breed. Vascular and degenerative changes were the predominant lesions in these organs. The other lesions recorded in the liver were necrosis (15 cases), hepatitis (19 cases), fibrosis (9 cases) and cirrhosis (2 cases). One case each of cholangiocarcinoma, hepatic cyst and adhesion of diaphragm and the liver was encountered in the present study. Among kidney disorders, glomerular lesions were predominant next to vascular and degenerative changes. A total of 59 cases had some lesions in the glomeruli of which, 32 hadglomerulonephritis. PGN was the predominant type of glomerulonephritis. Males had a higher predilection for PGN and it was common in animals less than three years of age. MN and MPGN were common in animals more than three years of age. The high incidence of glomerular lesions and their possible causes were discussed. Tubulo-interstitial nephritis was observed in 16 cases. Interstitial nephritis was common in males while both cases of pyelonephritis were seen in females. Acute interstitial nephritis was seen in animals less than five years of age while all cases of chronic interstitial nephritis was seen in animals more than five years of age. Bacterial isolations were obtained in the liver or kidney or both in only 14 cases. Viral etiology was suspected in two cases where intranuclear inclusions were seen in the hepatocytes and the glomerular epithelium. The high incidence of vascular lesions without any evidence for infectious etiology in rest of the animals suggested the involvement of some toxic factors. The importance of identifying the specific etiology in these suspected cases of toxic conditions and the need and scope for further studies in these lines were highlighted.
Open Access
Pathology of the reproductive system of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Sivakumar, V; KAU; Mammem, J Abraham
The present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various diseases affecting the reproductive system of Japanese quails. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and one hundred and two samples of reproductive organs obtained from the necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Retrospective survey revealed the increasing incidence of the reproductive diseases. Out of the 1139 cases encountered, various reproductive diseases were seen in quails at an incidence rate of 25.11 per cent. Oophoritis was the most prevalent among them at an incidence rate of 9.46 per cent. The higher incidence of reproductive diseases could be attributed to the maintenance of large number of breeder stock in the quail farm, which formed the major source for the necropsy samples. The gross and histopathological examination revealed that among the reproductive diseases the highest mortality was due to oophoritis (12.64 per cent) followed by egg bound (11.75 per cent). Other cases were salpingitis, egg impaction, ovarian fibroma, testicular hypoplasia and orchitis. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus were isolated from various cases. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered was relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the diseases affecting quail reproductive system were highlighted.
Open Access
Utero-ovarian and endocrine pathology in goats
(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Thomas, K Thomas; KAU; Vijayan, N
The present study was aimed at finding out the various utero ovarian disorders affecting goats and correlating with the lesions of pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands. A total number of 1000 genital tracts were examined for utero-ovarian disorders. Out of which 84 genitalia showed one or more lesions in the ovary, oviduct and uterus. A total of 54 cases out of 84 showed lesions in the ovaries. The follicular cysts were the most common condition and were recorded in 14 cases (1.4%). The other conditions encountered were ovarian hypoplasia (0.6%), luteal cyst (0.3 %), embedded corpus luteum (0.3 %), persistent corpus luteum (0.2 %), ovarian haematoma (0.2 %), ovarian sclerosis(0.4 %), senile atrophy (0.3 %), follicular atresia (0.4 %), epoophoron (0.2 %), serous inclusion cyst (0.2 %), parovarian cyst (0.6 %) and perioophoritis (0.3 %). Seven cases showed lesions in the oviduct. The conditions encountered were hydrosalpinx (0.2 %), hyperplasia of the salpingeal epithelium (0.2 %) and ovario-bursal adhesion (0.3%).Uterine disorders were recorded in 36 cases. The conditions encountered were cystic endometrial hyperplasia (0.6%), adenomyosis (0.4 %), mucometra (0.4 %), perimetrial cyst (0.6%), endometritis (1.4 %) and metritis (0.2%). The histopathological changes of all these conditions have been studied in detail and the possible pathogenesis described. The various pathological changes associated with reproductive disorders are suggestive of endocrine imbalances, multiple nutritional deficiencies, infectious nature, managemental factors and developmental defects. The results of the study highlighted the need to monitor the hormonal levels in the blood, micronutrients and managemental factors. Lesions of varying frequency in pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands were recorded in 23 out of 84 cases with utero-ovarian lesions examined. Lesions observed in the pituitary glands were pituitary abscess (1), Pituitary cyst (6) and pituitary apoplexy (2). In the thyroid gland, lesions recorded were hypoplasia (7), colloid goitre (5) and nodular goitre (2). Lesions observed in the adrenal glands were cortical hypoplasia (2), cortical hyperplasia (5) and medullary hyperplasia (8). Correlation study has highlighted that in many of the utero-ovarian disorders there were concurrent affections of the endocrine glands particularly pituitary, adrenal and thyroid glands which is of major significance.
Open Access
Pathology of pneumo-enteric lesions in goats
(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Hamza, Palekkodan; KAU; Vijayan, N
The present study was undertaken to assess the mortality pattern, prevalence and pathology of pulmonary and intestinal tract disorders in goat. The result of the present investigation and evaluation of data from the records revealed a high incidence of pulmonary and intestinal tract disorders in goat. A total of 111 cases were subjected to detailed investigation which included 80 kids, 11 young ones and 20 adults. The samples collected were subjected to detailed gross and histopathological examination. The lesions observed were classified and recorded and the lesions were explicated giving possible etiopathogenesis. The study revealed eighty percentage incidence of pulmonary lesion. The pulmonary lesions observed were congestion, oedema, atelectasis, emphysema, pneumonia and pulmonary haemorrhage. The pneumonic lesions encountered were classified as suppurative pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, haemorrhagic pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia. The gross and histopathological features of each type of pneumonia have been described and possible etiological factors had been indicated. Escherichia coli, klebsiella sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from the pneumonic lungs. The lesions observed in bronchial lymph nodes were congestion, oedema, depletion of lymphocytes and necrotic changes in the cortical area. Bronchi and bronchioles revealed proliferative and inflammatory lesions suggesting a viral etiology with secondary bacterial infection or exposure to chronic air pollutant which act as irritant. Seventy two per cent of cases showed various pathological lesions in intestinal tract. The major lesions encountered in small intestine were congestion, degeneration and necrosis, catarrhal enteritis, subacute enteritis, haemorrhagic enteritis and ulceration. The parasitic lesions observed in intestinal tract were coccidiosis, pimply gut and cestodiasis. Lesions in the large intestine were congestion, degeneration and necrosis, catarrhal colitis and necrotic colitis. Mesenteric lymph node changes included oedema, congestion, degenerative and necrotic changes. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. could be isolated from intestinal contents and the possible role of these organisms in the causation of enteritis had been discussed. An attempt was made to correlate the lesions in respiratory and intestinal tract. Even though there were no typical gross lesions suggesting PPR, the possibility cannot be ruled out without using modern techniques such as immuno histochemical studies.
Open Access
Studies on the pathological effects of fipronil and their amelioration by curcumin in rats
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Senthilkumar, T; KAU; Divakaran Nair, N
The present study entitled ‘Pathological effects of Fipronil and their amelioration by curcumin in rats’ was undertaken by administering with fipronil in group I animals and both fipronil and curcumin in group II animals for 28 days. Group III administered with honey served as control. The weekly body weights, clinical signs, haematology, biochemical parameters, mortality pattern, gross pathology and histopathology of various organs were analysed to study the effect. The oxidative damage of the liver was assessed by the estimation of lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase. A significant decrease in the mean body weights was observed in group I and II. ALT, AST, cholesterol and creatinine levels showed a significant increase in the group I and significantly lower levels in group II. Total protein, albumin, globulin, PCV and Hb levels were significantly lower in group I but significantly higher in group II. TLC, ESR and DLC revealed no variation. Group I showed significantly higher lipid peroxides and lower glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels in the liver. Group II showed significantly lower lipid peroxides and higher glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels in the liver. The animals showed dullness and inappetance in the treatment groups. Mortalities were observed in both groups. Hepatomegaly and focal necrotic spots in the liver, enlargement of thyroid were the major gross lesions in group I. Gross lesions were less in group II. Smaller and cystic dilatation of acini, hyperplasia and fibrosis of thyroid, necrosis, hypertrophy and individualization of hepatocytes, tubular and glomerular degeneration and necrosis of the kidney, alveolar septal thickening, peribronchial lymphoid cell hyperplasia and bronchostenosis of the lung, predominance red pulp of spleen, desquamation and fusion of villi and goblet cell hyperplasia in the intestine, hyalinization of cardiac muscle fibers were observed in group I animal. Uniform sized follicular acini of thyroid, prominent kupffer cell reaction of hepatocytes,mild degeneration of tubules of kidney, predominance of white pulp of spleen, glial cell response in the brain, glandular hyperplasia of intestine were the major findings in group II animals. The study revealed that fipronil is thyrotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to rats and curcumin has good ameliorating effect against fipronil toxicity.
Open Access
Studies on sequential post-mortem changes of isolated chicken eye
(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Arya Aravind; KAU; Vijayan, N
The present investigation was undertaken to study the sequential postmortem changes of different components of chicken eye and to choose an ideal fixative. Six eyes each were fixed at zero hour, half hour, one hour, one and a half hours, two hours, four hours and twelve hours in ten per cent neutral buffered formalin and gluteraldehyde fixative. Eyes were fixed for a minimum of three weeks. A clean cut was made near to the midline of the fixed eye slightly to one side of it, so that the origin of the optic nerve and pupil were included in the sections. The eye consisted of three tunics; tunica fibrosa consisting of cornea and sclera, tunica vasculosa with choroid, ciliary body and iris and tunica interna consisted of retina. The postmortem changes were mostly appreciated in the cornea, which included condensation of the nucleus of the epithelium of cornea, interepithelial detachment and exfoliation of epithelium. The cytoplasm revealed vacuolar and degenerative changes and there was separation of collagen fibres of corneal stroma. The corneal endothelium showed swelling, lysis and detachment. The presence of lysed erythrocytes was prominent after two hours in the choroid. As the time interval advanced, there were varying degrees of dispersion of melanin pigment. The swelling of the cytoplasm of the ciliary body was more evident in the non- pigmented epithelial layer. The epithelium of the iris showed detachment and fragmentation. Retinal detachment was noticed from zero hour of fixation in GF fixative and ten per cent NBF fixative. The changes were prominent in the ganglion cells which showed condensation of the nuclei along with vacuolar and lytic changes of the cytoplasm. Postmortem changes of pecten were appreciated by the lysed erythrocytes in the capillaries along with the vacuolar degeneration and lytic changes affecting melanocytes and hyalocytes. PAS positive areas were detected in the Descemet’s membrane and Bowman’s membrane of cornea, lens capsule, pecten and layer of rods and cones of retina. Masson’s trichrome staining proved to be useful to appreciate the changes in the collagen fibres, muscles and epithelium. The histometry of the eyeball showed a significant decrease in thickness of cornea at 120 minutes when compared with zero hour in neutral buffered formalin fixative. From the study it can be concluded that GF fixative is a better fixative for eye than 10 per cent NBF fixative.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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