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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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19951
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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × Author: KAU × Author: Surinder K, Chaudhary × End date: 1995 × Start date: 1995 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of the role of aflatoxin in the aetiology of carcinoma of the mucosa of the ethmoid
    (Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Surinder K, Chaudhary; KAU; Rajan, A
    The present investigations were planned to assess the role of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and /or virus in the aetiology of ethmoid carcinoma using pig as a model in vivo and bovine ethmoid mucosa culture in vitro. Thirty – two, large white Yorkshire piglings of two – three months age were procured from the University pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy and divided at random into four groups of eight each. The pigs in group I and group II were administered aflatoxin B1 (0.070 mg/kg b.wt/inoculums by intravenous route at weekly interval for six months) and /or ethmoid tumour extract (2 ml/pig/inoculums, intranasally, at fortnight interval for three months). The pigs in group III were administered ethmoid tumour extract alone, while the pigs in group IV were kept as negative controls. During the period of observations of 18 months all the pigs of different groups given AFB1 and /or ethmoid tumour extract appeared healthy and no clinical manifestation of the carcinoma of the mucosa of ethmoid was observed. However, there was appreciable reduction in the weight and mild degree of depression. In the AFB1 treated pigs, sacrificed at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of investigation, the ethmoid mucosa had grayish white, soft and oedematous appearance along with scattered small pale elevations at necropsy. Histologically, the ethmoid mucosa exhibited hyperaemia, varying degree of mononuclear cell infiltration and fatty degeneration in the initial stages. In the later stages, there was proliferation of mucous glands showing acinar, tubular or papillary arrangements. Occasionally papillary projection of the surface epithelium and focal squamous metaplasia were also observed. Ultrastructural features of the cells of the ethmoid mucosa consisted of both productive and degenerative changes. The cells had sparse cytoplasmic organelles. The poor cytoplasmic contents and irregular nucleus with nucleolar margination were the other electron microscopic features observed in the ethmoid mucosa of AFB1 treated pigs. AFB1 in the range of 43.12 – 139.43 ppb could be detected in the blood of 52.37 percent of the ethmoid tumour bearing cattle analysed in the present study. The blood samples from the AFB1 treated pigs were positive for AFB1 (40-160 ppb) upto 10 days after the withdrawal of treatment whereas AFM1 could be detected in blood sample of one pig only upto 3 days after the treatment. The ethmoid mucosa analysed after 3 months and at subsequent specified intervals was consistently negative for AFB1 and AFM1. By concerted efforts cells of the mucosa of the ethmoid were established in vitro. AFB1 treatment of long term epithelial cultures intiated from the primary culture of bovine ethmoid mucosa origin resulted in morphological transformation accompanied by increased growth in soft agar and cytochemical positivity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. This confirmed the tumourigenicity of AFB1. The xenotransplantation of these in vitro transformed epithelial cells in mice was not successful. Electron microscopic studies of the cells of the carcinoma of the ethmoid mucosa in spontaneous cases of cattle revealed varying ultrastructural features. The neoplastic cells were either well differentiated secretary structures or undifferentiated ones. Desmosomes and tight junctions were seen between the epithelial cells. Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria varied in their contents and degree of disorganization. Nucleus was highly pleomorphic and predominantly euchromatinic. The retroviral like particles were demonstrated intracellularly and occasionally in extracellular spaces in the neoplastic cells of 7 tumour bearing cattle. Similar particles were also seen in the cell free ethmoid tumour extract in three of21 tissues examined.