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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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1978 - 197922000 - 20072
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Subject: Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics × Author: KAU × Start date: 1978 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on utrine pathology in repeat breeding cattle
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Aravinda Ghosh, K N; KAU; Bharathan, T R
    An investigation was undertaken to study the uterine pathology in repeat breeding cows employing uterine biopsy as a diagnostic technique. The studies were carried out in 26 repeat breeding cross bred cows from the herd of University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy using a biopsy instrument which was a modification of one designed by Minocha et al. (1964). Four cows which settled at first insemination served as control animals for comparison. From all the animals biopsy was taken during the early part of heat and was inseminated 8 to 12 hours after biopsy followed by intrauterine antibiotic therapy after 12 to 24 hours. Seven out of 17 animals which failed to conceive even after biopsy and treatment were slaughtered and their genitalia were subjected to detailed studies. Nine out of 26 repeat breeders and all the four control animals conceived at inseminations in the same heat of biopsy explaining the fact that biopsy operation did not affect the functional status of uterus. Pathological changes in the endometrium were observed in 14 out of 26 (53.85%) repeat breeding cows. Changes in the uterus observed in the biopsy were significant and consisted of infiltration with various types of inflammatory cells, periglandular fibrosis, cystic dilatation of glands, glandular hypertrophy, stromal hyalinization and sclerosis. It was seen that endometritis constituted the most important lesion. The experimental animals were classified into three groups based on histological findings; group I showing normal or nearly normal endometrium, group II with more extensive inflammatory changes and group III with severe inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Group I and II had a conception rate of 58.33 and 25 per cent respectively. In group III, none conceived. Results of insemination revealed that uterine lesions characterized by severe cellular infiltration and glandular changes affected the changes of conception adversely. The lesions in the slaughtered animals correlated with biopsy findings in general.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ultrasonographic assessment of superovulatory response in crossbred malabari goats
    (Department of Reproduction Gynaecology and Obstertrics, College Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Sandhya, Achuthan; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
    A study was conducted to monitor the ovarian changes ultrasonographically in response to the superovulatory treatment in the crossbred Malabari goats and to compare the sonological findings with the direct visual appraisal of the ovaries. Six does were superovulated with 133mg pFSH after the induction of oestrum using 1.5 mg norgestomet and 10 mg prostaglandin. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed during the various stages of the superovulatory treatment to ascertain the follicular development and dynamics in the responding does. Scanning done on the day of first dose of FSH treatment revealed the dominance of small follicles (10.83 + 1.70). By the day of AI small follicles reduced significantly and the number of medium as well as large follicles reached maximum (8.17 + 0.60 and 6.83 + 0.83 respectively). Ovary appeared distinctly enlarged due to the predominance of medium and large follicles. Ultrasonography was also performed on the previous day of embryo flushing to detect the ovulation rate which gave an indication regarding the probable embryo yield. On day eighth after the onset of oestrus the does were subjected to surgical embryo collection and during this procedure, the superovulatory responses on both the ovaries were noted. Ovulation rate detected by ovarian ultrasonography was significantly lower than that observed on direct visual examination of the ovaries. Out of the six animals selected for this study, three of them showed extensive adhesions in their reproductive tract and they failed to yield any embryo despite the presence of multiple ovulation sites on their ovaries. From the remaining three animals, a total of 22 embryo/ova could be recovered. The percentage of embryo recovery was found to be 50.1 and 82.18 of the recovered embryos were fertilized. The quality of the recovered embryos were assessed based on their morphology and developmental stage. The present study indicated that ovarian ultrasonography helped to detect the follicle numbers as well as dynamics in the superovulated does. However, due to the underestimation of the closely lying CL, the inability to differentiate the prematurely regressing CL from the healthy ones and the presence of reproductive tract adhesions in the animals subjected to repeated embryo collection, the ovulation rate assessed by ultrasonography and that determined by direct visual examination of ovaries differed significantly. The accuracy of this technique can be improved by eliminating animals subjected to repeated embryo collection and by minimizing the stressful situations due to the high frequency of manipulations and ultrasound scanning. The advancements in the ultrasonographic techniques and instruments in addition to the expertise of the technician will contribute for identifying follicular development in both normal cycling and superovulated does, thereby making it an integral part in the routine embryo collection and transfer in goats.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Non-antibiotic therapy for sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeding cattle
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Safna Isaac, M; KAU; Joseph Mathew
    The present investigation “Non-antibiotic therapy for sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeding cattle” was conducted during the period from July 2006 to February 2007 in cross bred animals brought for artificial insemination. The material for the study consisted of repeat breeder cows and heifers maintained at University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and those presented at Artificial insemination centre and Bull station attached to the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The incidence of repeat breeding, the occurrence of sub clinical endometritis and various aspects of oestrous cycle were studied. Repeat breeding animals with sub clinical endometritis were randomly selected and allotted to groups I to V comprising of 10, 12, 12, 10 and 10 animals respectively and following treatment regimes were undertaken. Group I animals were given 50 ml of one per cent lugol’s iodine intrauterine 24 h prior to insemination. Group II animals were given 50 ml of one per cent lugol’s iodine intrauterine 24 h after insemination. In group III, a synthetic PGF2 alpha analogue (CLOSTENOL) was given intramuscularly on eleventh day of oestrous cycle followed by timed inseminations at 72 and 96 h of injection. Group IV animals were subjected to prostaglandin injections at 11 days interval on the luteal phase of oestrous cycle followed by timed inseminations at 72 and 96 h of injection. Group V animals were artificially inseminated without any treatment, which formed the control group. The over all incidence of repeat breeding was found to be 19.01 per cent, out of which 46.36 per cent showed sub clinical endometritis. The characteristics of oestrual cervical mucus and physical changes in the genital tract were examined in detail and found that almost all treatment groups followed similar pattern irrespective of induced and natural oestrum. The intensity of oestrum after induction using prostaglandin analogue was found to be high in most of the repeat breeders with sub clinical endometritis. Time taken for induction of oestrus in animals belonging to group III and IV were 59.38 +2.81 h and 58.88 + 2.75 h respectively. The mean duration of oestrum after induction using PGF2 alpha analogue in group III and IV were 37.5 + 3.70 h and 38.63 + 3.65 h respectively. The conception rates of animals in different experimental groups were 40, 50, 50, 40 and 20 per cent in groups I, II, III, IV and V respectively. The conception rate was highest, 50 per cent in groups II and III, in which animals were subjected to post AI lugol’s iodine and single regime prostaglandin therapy respectively. However, better conception rates could be obtained in all treatment groups when compared to control group in which the success rate was only 20 per cent. Hence it could be inferred that both lugol’s iodine and prostaglandin can be used effectively in the treatment of sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeders. However, treatment with lugol’s iodine is comparatively less expensive and it is easily available also, so can be recommended as the drug of choice for tackling cases of repeat breeding with sub clinical endometritis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Fertility studies of semen preserved in coconut milk extender
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) George, P K; KAU; Neelakantan Iyer, C P
    The object of the study was to assess the fertility of semen extended in CME at various periods of storage In comparison with semen extended in EYC. Semen samples collected from three breeding bulls maintained at the Artificial Insemination Centre, Mannuthy were diluted with CMSE and EYC using split sample technique and stored at room temperature and at 50C respectively. Both the samples were preserved upto 96 hours and utilised for the study, A total number of 1112 animals ware utilised for the fertility evaluation. Alternate animals were inseminated with semen extended in CME or EYC. Conception rates were estimated on the basis of rectal examination. Data from the field comprising of 18,245 first inseminations with CME from 55 artificial insemination centres in Kottayam district were also incorporated in the study. The overall conception rate did not vary significantly between CME and EYC extended semen. The conception rate in cows was significantly higher than in heifers both in CME and EYC. Within the same period of storage, conception rate between CME and EYC was not found significant. In EYC, a significant fall in the conception rate was observed after 48 hours of storage but in CME this was noticed only after 72 hours of storage. The variation in the fertility rate between the bulls was not found to be significant. Higher conception rate was observed in the experimental animals than in the field. Significant fall in the conception rate was observed in the field after 48 hours of storage. Seasonal variation in the conception rate was observed, with higher percentage conception in rainy season (June to October) and lower in winter (November to January). Highly significant difference in the fertility of bulls used in the field was also observed. In conclusion, it may be stated that semen preserved in CME can be used up to 72 hours of storage time without substantial reduction in the fertility.