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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × Author: KAU × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2002 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative efficacy of xylazine-ketamine premedication on propofol anasthesia for caesarean section in dogs
    (Department of Veterinery Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Ranjith Mohan, M; KAU; Rajankutty, K
    A study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine premedication on propofol anaesthesia in twelve female dogs of different breeds subjected to caesarean section at the Veterinary College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. All the dogs were clinically examined and were randomly divided into two group’s viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. They were serially numbered from 1 to 6. To all the dogs, glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight was administered intramuscularly, 15 minutes prior to the administration of preanaesthetic drug (s). In Group I, Xylazine at the rate of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight and in Group II, Xylazine at the rate of 0.5mg/kg and ketamine at the rate of 2.5mg/kg bodyweight as a combined injection was administered intramuscularly for premedication. In both the groups, fifteen minutes later, propofol 1% emulsion was administered by intravenous bolus injection for the induction of general anaesthesia. Thereafter, 20 ml 1% propofol emulsion was mixed with 180 ml of normal saline solution (i.e. 1 ml contains 1 mg propofol) and was administered intravenously at the rate of 6 drops / kg / min (0.4mg propofol / kg /min.) for maintenance of anaesthesia till the surgical manipulations were completed. Endotracheal intubation was carried out in all the dogs for maintaining the airway patency. The dogs were subjected to caesarean section. Following premedication with xylazine/xylazine-ketamine combination, clinical symptoms like winking of eyes, yawning and incoordination of movements with lowering of head were noticed in the dogs of both the groups. The other common symptoms noticed were vomiting (in three dogs), and licking (in seven dogs) during induction and urination (in seven dogs) during recovery. In both the groups, all the dogs assumed sternal recumbency with head down posture. In the present study, salivation was scanty in both the groups. The induction time was 2.23 ± 1.04 and 2.11 ± 1.08 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. Duration of anaesthesia was 49.77 ± 1.01 and 50.35 ± 1.07 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively, depending up on the time taken for completing the surgical procedures. Degree of muscle relaxation was moderate to good in Group I and good to excellent in Group II. Quantity of propofol administered for induction was 76.66 ± 2.11 and 92.76 ± 3.21 and for maintenance it was 188.31 ± 5.06 and 193.58 ± 5.13 milligrams in Group I and Group II respectively. Time required for surgical operation was 52.00 ± 1.02 and 53.01 ± 1.11 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. Recovery time was 17.66 ± 1.81 and 22.68 ± 2.01 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. There was a decrease in rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate following the premedication and after the administration of propofol in both the groups. But the pulse rate was decreased following the premedication and increased during propofol anaesthesia in both the groups. The conjunctival mucous membrane was congested before, after premedication and till complete recovery and was pale roseate by 24 hours after administration of propofol. There was a decrease in the volume of packed red cells, haemoglobin concentration, and total leukocyte count following the premedication and after the administration of propofol in both the groups. There was an increase in the neutrophil count with decrease in lymphocyte count after premedication and decrease in the lymphocyte count with increase in neutrophil count following administration of propofol in both the groups. The variations in monocyte and eosinophil counts were marginal in both the groups. The basophil count was zero throughout the period of study. There was a decrease in the serum sodium and serum potassium concentration after premedication and increase after the administration of propofol in both the groups. The changes were marginal and within the normal limits. There was an increase in the serum total protein content with decrease in albumin/globulin ratio after premedication and a decrease in serum total protein content with a gradual increase in albumin/globulin ratio after the administration of propofol in both the groups. Total number of puppies delivered was 65 from twelve female dogs subjected to caesarean section. Out of the 38 puppies delivered, 29 were live and nine were dead in Group I. Out of the 27 puppies delivered, 20 were live and seven were dead in Group II. In Group I, all the 29 live puppies were active and cried crying within two minutes. In Group II, out of the 20 live puppies, nine were active and cried immediately, but 11 puppies were sluggish and depressed and took 5-10 minutes for revival. But the four puppies delivered from pug died within 24 hours. All the dogs had an uneventful recovery from anaesthesia and were without any postoperative complications.