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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × Author: Shyla Paulose × End date: 1999 × Start date: 1990 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Postnatal development of upper digestive tract in the duck
    (Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1990) Shyla Paulose; KAU; Ommer, P A
    The structure and postnatal development of the upper digestive tract of ducks at different stages of growth was studied using 72 white pekin ducklings aged from day-old to 180 days for the proper understanding of their functional peculiarities. The growth, morphology and histology of the tongue, pharynx, oesophagus and crop, proventriculus and gizzard were studied using six birds at each age group. The oesophagus and the gizzard attained the maximum growth by 75 days whereas the tongue, pharynx, and the proventriculus at 150 days of age. The tongue, pharynx and oesophagus were lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Herbst’s, Grandry’s and Meissaner’s corpuscles, ganglion cells and encapsulated spherical bodies were present in the tongue. Filiform, fungiform and conical papillae, many taste buds, anterior and posterior lingual holocrine mucous glands were observed in the tongue. The tip of the entoglossal bone remained cartilaginous and showed signs of ossification from eighth day of age. Within the choanal slit, cavernous tissue covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium was present. In pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils, palatine, sphenopterygoid and laryngeal salivary glands were noticed. At the inlet of the larynx, the epithelium changed to pseudostratified ciliated columnar. The laryngeal cartilages were cricoids, procricoid and paired arytenoids. The oesophagus consisted of longer cervical part, spindle shaped crop and short thoracic part. The longitudinal mucosal folds were more at the crop and the microscopic papillae appeared on the crop and thoracic oesophagus from 15 days of age. The mucous glands were present throughout the esophagus and crop. The muscularis mucosa and submucosa were absent. Tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscles. The adventitial cost was replaced by a layer of serosa in the thoracic part. A well developed oesophageal tonsil was present at the oesophage –proventricular junction. The elongated proventriculus had narrow cranial and wider caudal ends with numerous small papillae containing the opening of the proventricular gland. The mucosal folds were lined by cuboidal to columnar cells. The superficial proprial glands showed zonation. The unilobular compound tubular glands were lined by oxyntico-peptic cells which had a dentate appearance. In the day –old ducklings, the lobules were elongated in the anterior and middle part and in the posterior portion they were small and polygonal in shape. From 15 days onwards, most of the gland lobules were round or polygonal in cross section. The central cavity of the gland and the duct were lined by tall columnar cells which were PAS positive. The muscularis mucosa as a distinct layer was not seen and the submucosa was absent, Tunica muscularis consisted of inner and outer longitudinal and middle circular layer of smooth muscles and invested by the serous layer. At the isthmus, the proventricular glands and the outer longitudinal muscle layer were absent and the lamina propria contained glands similar to gizzard glands. The gizzard had greater dorso-ventral diameter than cranic –caudal diameter except in day-old ducklings in which the reverse was true. The tendon layer was thickest at the tendinous aponeurosis and absent in the blind sacs. The lateral muscle consisted of single layer of circular smooth muscle whereas the blind sacs had inner longitudinal and outer circular layers of smooth muscle. Submucosa was dense and the muscularis mucosa was absent. The simple tubular gizzard gland was lined mainly by chief cells. The chief cell granules and the luminal contents showed similar reactions in PTAH and trichrome staining. The surface epithelium showed papillary projections and were lined by tall columnar cells which showed supranuclear PAS positive reaction. The thickness of the glandular layer and the gizzard lining consisted of arrays of vertical columns secreted by the tubular glands and the matrix produced by the surface cells. The lining was strongly adherent to the musculature and could not be peeled off. The blood and nerve supplies to these organs were studied using embalmed carcasses and angiograms.