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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × Author: Indu, V Raj × Start date: 1976 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Postnatal development of the bursa of fabricius in duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
    (Department of Anatomy, College of veterinary and animal sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Indu, V Raj; KAU; Jose John Chungath
    The structure and post natal development of the bursa of Fabricious in White Pekin ducks were investigated using 51 birds aged from day – old to 155 – days. The growth, morphology and histology of the bursa were studied using three birds of each age group. In the day – old ducklings, the bursa could be seen as a smooth, yellow, elongated blind sac – like structure with a tapering apex. By 155 days it was a cylintrical and much reduced pale structure. In all the birds, the bursa communicated with the proctodeum of cloaca by a short stalk. The inner surface of bursa contained two large well – developed plicae on the ventral aspect and about five to eight smaller folds all round the circumference. The number of plicae increased upto 30 days of post natal life. After 80 days a decreasing trend was recorded in their number. After hatch, the bursal growth rate was not in proportion to that of body. It showed a decreasing trend after attaining peak values at five days of age. Though the bursa weight varied with variation in the age and body weight of the bird, a greater percentage variation in its weight was accounted for by body weight. The weight, length, diameter and plical measurements of bursa attained maximum average values at 58 days of age indicating that the bursa of ducks may be most functional at this age. Histologically, the wall of the bursa was divided into three tunics in birds of all ages. The outermost, tunica serosa enveloped the entire organ and increased in thickness gradually. The middle, tunica muscularis consisted of an outer circular and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle fibres with blood vessels in between. The innermost, tunica mucosa consisted of pseudostratified lining epithelium and lamina propria filled with follicles. The epithelium was distinguished into follicle associated epithelium and interfollicular epithelium. Each follicle consisted of a cortex and medulla separated by a layer of epithelial cells with distinct basement membrane in birds of all ages. Lymphoblast, lymphocytes and macrophages formed the cellular component of the follicle. The number, size and cellular details of lymphoid follicles attained their peak – values by about 58 to 65 days of post hatch period. The interfollicular and subepithelial connective tissue was made up of collagen and reticular fibres with a few elastic fibres. The cellular component in it included plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and fat cells. Involutory changes in the bursa were recorded from 95 – days post hatch characterised by degeneration of plical epithelium and follicular atrophy. Prominent microscopic features of involution were evident from 140 days of age. The bursa showed follicular degeneration, fibrosis of subepithelialstroma, collapse of plicae, depletion of lymphocytes and fatty replacement of the organ. The lining epithelial cells of bursal mucosa revealed positive reaction to Schiff’s reagent and metachromasia in birds of all ages. Intense acid phosphatase and moderate alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in the epithelial cells of the bursa, in all the birds. The maximum positive immunoperoxidase activity seen by about 35 to 58 days of age suggested that immunologically the bursa was at its peak functional activity at this age.