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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × Author: Asha, Antony × Start date: 1976 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prenatal development of major lymphocenters and lymphatics in goats (Capra hircus)
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Asha, Antony; KAU; Maya, S
    Prenatal development of the major lymphocenters and lymphatics in goat was studied using 41 foetuses of various ages from 22 to 147 days of gestation. Morphogenesis and histogenesis of lymph nodes from five major lymphocenters, viz. parotid and mandibular from head, prescapular from neck, caudal mediastinal from thoracic cavity, jejunal mesenteric from abdominal viscera and prefemoral from abdominal wall and lymphatics, viz. tracheal and thoracic ducts and cisterna chyli were studied. During the first month, the lymphatic system presented six lymph sacs. By 22 days, paired jugular sacs and unpaired retroperitoneal sac appeared whereas, the cisterna chyli and paired iliac sacs appeared only by 24 days. Jugular sacs started to split into lymphatic spaces adjacent to the internal jugular vein and vagosympathetic trunk by 40 days. Retroperitoneal sac lay ventral to aorta, close to the root of the mesentery, near the kidney anlage and underwent regression by 53 days. Iliac sacs appeared near aorta, dorsolateral to Wolffian bodies and dorsomedial to metanephric kidneys and its onset of regression was by 50 days. Cisterna chyli appeared as a lymphatic space lateral to aorta and became a spindle-shaped dilatation at the level of last thoracic to first lumbar vertebra. By 48 days, thoracic duct formed the cranial continuation of cisterna chyli, near aorta. By 50 days, the tracheal lymph duct was seen in the developing carotid sheath. Valves appeared by fourth month in these ducts. Lymph sacs showed infiltration by lymphocytes and red blood cells by 48 days. The developing lymph nodes exhibited haemopoietic areas between 53 and 60 days. There was a progressive increase in the size of lymph nodes with age. The weight of the lymph nodes exhibited positive correlation with body weight, CRL and age. The superficial lymph nodes occurred as single ones and deep lymph nodes occurred in groups, with slight variation in position in some animals and slightly higher gross values for male animals and for the lymph nodes of right side. Capsule was undifferentiated up to 53 days and presented trabeculae by 75 days in parotid lymph node. The differentiated capsule presented dense fibrous connective tissue with collagen, elastic and smooth muscle fibers and was thicker where the cortex was more developed. Earliest aggregation of lymphocytes occurred in cortex by 60 days, in the parotid and mediastinal nodes. The nodular aggregations occurred by 75 days in the parotid lymph node, but by fifth month in all other nodes. Cortex was denser and thinner than the medulla. Medulla started differentiation by 75 days but macrophages and germinal centers were not detected till the end of gestation. Parotid and mandibular lymph nodes showed a similar pattern of development, but with a denser cortex for the latter. Prescapular lymph node presented lesser cortico-medullary differentiation than the corresponding stages in the lymph nodes of head. Even though the differentiation was slower during the initial stages, during the last month it became similar to that in the lymph nodes of head. Prefemoral lymph node followed a slower pattern of development with lesser number of trabeculae than parotid and prescapular lymph nodes. All lymph nodes presented nodular aggregation of lymphocytes in the cortex by fifth month, thereby attaining a structure similar to that in adults towards the end of gestation except for the absence of macrophages and reactive centers. Lymphocytic proliferation in the thymus preceded the appearance of lymphocytes in lymph nodes indicating these cells got differentiated first in the thymus. Contribution to the body weight of spleen and lymph nodes decreased towards the end of gestation indicating a similar development pattern. Only weak reactions were exhibited by the lymph nodes towards glycogen, acid and alkaline phosphatases and lipids. The superficial lymph nodes were encapsulated by deposition of fat from fourth month onwards.